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- Date: 07 May 92 19:02:42 Z
- From: KC6HPN@WB6YMH
-
-
- From: KC6HPN @ WB6YMH.#SOCA.CA
-
- TAPR FULL-DUPLEX (NEW) 9600 BAUD MODEM MODS BY KC6HPN (PART 1 OF 4)
- APRIL 23, 1992
-
- These modifications correct several problems that can seriously degrade
- the performance of the new (not the K9NG) TAPR 9600 baud modem. They have
- significantly improved the usability of my modem. DCD (Data Carrier Detect)
- operation, in particular, went from intermittent to rock solid. All mods have
- been implemented on my (first production run) TAPR modem board, which is
- installed in a PK232MBX.
- I welcome any comments and will answer any questions on these
- modifications. Just drop a message in my BBS mailbox,
- KC6HPN @ WB6YMH.#SOCAL.CA.USA.NA.
- 73, Brian, KC6HPN
-
- MODULATOR SIDE MODIFICATION:
-
- 1. HOW: Remove capacitor C5 (0.001 uf).
-
- WHY: Op-amps tend to oscillate when driving a non-isolated capacitive
- load to ground. U22B, a TLC274 op-amp is driving C5 to ground through C31.
- U22B may oscillate at approximately 400 kHz due to the pole created by C5.
- This oscillation will be superimposed on the modulating waveform. To diagnose
- this problem, examine the eye pattern at TXA. The eye should be sharp, if it
- is fuzzy, the op-amp is oscillating.
-
- NOTE: C5 normally functions as part of an RFI filter to prevent noise
- from entering the modem via the TXA line. I have found that in my situation
- C2 and R2 alone are sufficient. Those with RFI problems should not remove C5
- Instead, place a 220 to 470 ohm resistor in series with C31 to provide
- resistive isolation from C5. This resistor will cause a slight loss in output
- drive. If necessary, you may increase output drive by changing R39 to 300 k.
-
- NOTE: The first TAPR kits used a TL084 op-amp for U22 which may be
- slightly more resistant to oscillation. However, the TL084 may still
- oscillate.
-
-
- DEMODULATOR SIDE MODIFICATION:
-
- 1. HOW: Change U4 from a TL084 to a TLC274 op-amp.
- Replace D2 (1N4148) with a germanium diode (Bvr > 15 volts)
- or if not available with a 1N3600 silicon diode.
-
- WHY: Noise margin. The data slicer output is extremely dirty. An
- increase in noise margin represents improved bit recovery performance.
-
- The TLC274 can pull its output nearly to ground, the TL084 cannot. This
- becomes important in U4A, where the op-amp is used as a schmitt-trigger
- comparator (data slicer). The op-amp output drives a digital input to ground
- through diode D2. D2, a 1N4148, adds 0.9 volts offset from ground, and a
- TL084 will add from 0.5 to 0.8 volts to this offset. Since a 74HCxx series
- part must see less than 1.4 volts (VCC=5.0 v) to sense a logic 0, the
- resulting noise margin may be as low as 1.4-(0.8+0.9)= -0.3 volts. This will
- cause bit recovery errors and intermittent dropout of DCD (i.e. many retries)
- With the TLC274 and 1N3600, noise margin is 1.4-(0.05+0.6)= 0.75 volts - much
- better-. Germanium diodes, now somewhat rare, add only 0.35 volts offset and
- will boost noise margin even further to about 1.0 volts.
-
- A trade off is that the TL084 slew rate is twice as fast as the TLC274, making
- it a faster comparator. However, increased noise margin seems to be the
- critical item in my modem.
-
-
- CONTINUED IN PART 2 OF 4 ...
-
-
- Date: 07 May 92 02:44:24 Z
- From: KC6HPN@WB6YMH
-
-
- From: KC6HPN @ WB6YMH.#SOCA.CA
-
- TAPR FULL-DUPLEX (NEW) 9600 BAUD MODEM MODS BY KC6HPN (PART 2 OF 4)
-
- 2. HOW: Remove capacitor C24 (330 pf) and replace resistor R34 (2.2 k)
- with a wire (zero ohm) jumper -BUT ONLY IF YOU PUT IN MOD#3 -
-
- WHY: Capacitance and series resistance are the kiss of death to digital
- circuits. Unless U19F is a schmitt-triggered gate, such as the 74HC14, (which
- it is not), its output will glitch due to the slow risetime of the input
- waveform. Since U19F is in the data path, this will cause an increase in bit
- errors, even when the modem is receiving a strong, well formed signal.
- Ironically, the RC circuit formed by R34 and C24 may have been intended to
- filter out glitches from the bit recovery circuit (U7B, U11D) which has
- problems of its own (see mod#3). Or it may have been intended to solve a
- critical race condition by providing an RC delay (never use an RC for
- this...use a flip-flop instead). In the case of my modem, removing this
- circuit once mod#3 was made improved performance.
-
- 3. Okay, the easy part is over. This mod is the most critical and the most
- difficult. I'm also going to do "WHY" first this time, and "HOW" later.
-
- WHY: It is very, very necessary to add a double-buffering circuit
- directly after the data slicer (U4A, D2). A double buffer circuit consists of
- two flip-flops connected in SERIES and operated off of the same clock (fig.1).
- Its purpose is to synchronize external, asynchronous, signals to an internal
- clock without causing glitches.
-
- +5 v
- _
- |
- D o------------------
- | |
- \ |
- 10K / |
- 74HC74 Dual D Flip-Flop \ |
- / |
- | |
- ---------------------------o o---
- |10 |4 | | |
- ----o---- ----o---- | |14 |
- 12 | PR | 9 2 | PR | 5 | VCC |0.047 uf
- A -------| D Q |--------| D Q |---------- B ---
- Slicer 11 | | 8 3 | | 6 | Buffered ---
- data in ---|>CLK QN|- ---|>CLK QN|- | data out GND |
- | | CL | | | CL | | |7 |
- | ----o---- | ----o---- | | |
- | |13 | |1 | E o---
- 16x | -----------------o---------- |
- clock in | | ---
- C ---------------------- -
-
- Figure 1: DOUBLE BUFFER CIRCUIT
-
-
- CONTINUED IN PART 3 OF 4 ...
-
-
- Date: 07 May 92 19:59:18 Z
- From: KC6HPN@WB6YMH
-
-
- From: KC6HPN @ WB6YMH.#SOCA.CA
-
- TAPR FULL-DUPLEX (NEW) 9600 BAUD MODEM MODS BY KC6HPN (PART 3 OF 4)
-
- If the input signal to a flip-flop is in transition when the flip-flop is
- clocked, the flip-flop will briefly become metastable. That is, its output
- will hover between logic 0 and logic 1. In a short period, the flip-flop will
- resolve the metastable state and settle to a 1 or a 0. Two identical flip-
- flops connected to in PARALLEL to the same asynchronous input (as are U7B and
- U16) may not only produce glitches on their outputs, but will often settle to
- DIFFERENT logic states. Ooops! Half the modem thinks it sees the bit, half
- doesn't. This causes bit errors and faulty DCD.
-
- What the double-buffer does is this: 1. On the first clock edge, the first
- flip-flop clocks in the asynchronous data and resolves the metastable state.
- 2. On the second clock, the second flip-flop clocks in the settled data and
- provides a stable, glitch-free output. Propagation delay and setup and hold
- time requirements prevent the two flip-flops from clocking the glitchy data
- straight through, even though they are using the same clock edge.
-
- A deglitched, synchronous output is then passed to U16 for DCD and bit clock
- generation, and to U7B for bit recovery. Glitches formerly generated in U7B
- by metastability and passed to U19F through U11D are eliminated, removing the
- need for a (bad) glitch filter formed by R34 and C24.
-
- This circuit improved both DCD reliability and data recovery considerably on
- my modem. If your DCD indicator (on the modem) flickers even during a strong
- signal and you get many retries, this circuit will help.
-
- HOW: The general method is to construct a circuit assembly using an IC
- socket and mount the assembly "dead bug" style (upside-down) in the vacant U6
- space. If you are using the optional internal clock generator and U6 is
- present, use any other convenient location. Once assembled and connected, the
- assembly is secured to the modem PC board by double-backed tape.
-
- (A) Obtain a 14-pin PC mount IC socket, preferably with an integral VCC
- decoupling capacitor, such as those made by AUGAT. Turn the socket over.
- Using fine insulated wire or resistor lead stubs, etc., construct the assembly
- as follows:
-
- I. Wire pins 1, 4, 10, and 13 together
- II. Wire pins 3 and 11 together
- III. Wire pins 2 and 9 together
- IV. Solder a 10k resistor between pins 1 and 14
- V. If you are not using a decoupled socket, solder a 0.047 uf capacitor
- between pins 14 and 7
-
- (B) Once the assembly is completed, place it to one side and examine the modem
- board. Using a soldering iron and tweezers, lift the non-banded end of diode
- D2 clear of its mounting hole. Next, using the same procedure, lift the end
- of R19 nearest to U5, the 7805 volt hanging ends of D2
- and R19 together so that they touch.
-
- (C) Using thin, flexible wire, connect point A (pin 12) on the double buffer
- assembly to the joined ends of D2 and R19. Secure with solder
-
- (D) Using thin, flexible wire, connect point B (pin 5) on the double buffer
- assembly to the mounting hole vacated by R19. The area around the empty R19
- hole is crowded, so solder carefully.
-
- CONTINUED IN PART 4 OF 4 ...
-
-
- Date: 07 May 92 19:03:28 Z
- From: KC6HPN@WB6YMH
-
-
- From: KC6HPN @ WB6YMH.#SOCA.CA
-
- TAPR FULL-DUPLEX (NEW) 9600 BAUD MODEM MODS BY KC6HPN (PART 4 OF 4)
-
- (E) Solder one end of a thin, flexible wire to U18, pin 11 on the back side of
- the modem board. Bring the end of the wire up and around to the top of the
- board, routing it alongside U18. Connect the wire to point C (pin 11) on the
- double buffer assembly.
-
- (F) Next, connect a wire to point E (pin 7), ground, of the double buffer
- assembly. Solder the other end of the wire to the center pin of U5, the 7805
- voltage regulator.
-
- (G) Connect a wire to point D (pin 14), +5 volts, of the double buffer
- assembly. Solder the other end of the wire to the pin of U5 furthest from the
- modem PC board edge.
-
- (H) Carefully turn the assembly upright and insert a 74HC74 dual D flip-flop
- IC into the socket. Make sure the notch on the IC is on the same side as the
- notch on the socket.
-
- (I) Apply a thin strip of double-backed tape to the IC, invert the IC and
- assembly and stick it to the modem PC board in the unused U6 location.
-
- (J) Carefully power up the TNC and check for normal operation.
-
- HINTS: Use heat shrink tubing wherever possible to minimize exposed
- connections. Carefully premeasure all wire lengths before soldering. Wires
- to the assembly should be long enough to allow access to the IC, for insertion
- and removal, but no longer.
-
- - END OF TAPR MODEM MODS FILE -
-