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- # $Id: UserAgent.pm,v 1.1 1997/11/18 00:33:13 neeri Exp $
-
- package LWP::UserAgent;
-
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- LWP::UserAgent - A WWW UserAgent class
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- require LWP::UserAgent;
- $ua = new LWP::UserAgent;
-
- $request = new HTTP::Request('GET', 'file://localhost/etc/motd');
-
- $response = $ua->request($request); # or
- $response = $ua->request($request, '/tmp/sss'); # or
- $response = $ua->request($request, \&callback, 4096);
-
- sub callback { my($data, $response, $protocol) = @_; .... }
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- The C<LWP::UserAgent> is a class implementing a simple World-Wide Web
- user agent in Perl. It brings together the HTTP::Request,
- HTTP::Response and the LWP::Protocol classes that form the rest of the
- core of libwww-perl library. For simple uses this class can be used
- directly to dispatch WWW requests, alternatively it can be subclassed
- for application-specific behaviour.
-
- In normal usage the application creates a UserAgent object, and then
- configures it with values for timeouts proxies, name, etc. The next
- step is to create an instance of C<HTTP::Request> for the request that
- needs to be performed. This request is then passed to the UserAgent
- request() method, which dispatches it using the relevant protocol,
- and returns a C<HTTP::Response> object.
-
- The basic approach of the library is to use HTTP style communication
- for all protocol schemes, i.e. you will receive an C<HTTP::Response>
- object also for gopher or ftp requests. In order to achieve even more
- similarities with HTTP style communications, gopher menus and file
- directories will be converted to HTML documents.
-
- The request() method can process the content of the response in one of
- three ways: in core, into a file, or into repeated calls of a
- subroutine. You choose which one by the kind of value passed as the
- second argument to request().
-
- The in core variant simply returns the content in a scalar attribute
- called content() of the response object, and is suitable for small
- HTML replies that might need further parsing. This variant is used if
- the second argument is missing (or is undef).
-
- The filename variant requires a scalar containing a filename as the
- second argument to request(), and is suitable for large WWW objects
- which need to be written directly to the file, without requiring large
- amounts of memory. In this case the response object returned from
- request() will have empty content(). If the request fails, then the
- content() might not be empty, and the file will be untouched.
-
- The subroutine variant requires a reference to callback routine as the
- second argument to request() and it can also take an optional chuck
- size as third argument. This variant can be used to construct
- "pipe-lined" processing, where processing of received chuncks can
- begin before the complete data has arrived. The callback function is
- called with 3 arguments: the data received this time, a reference to
- the response object and a reference to the protocol object. The
- response object returned from request() will have empty content(). If
- the request fails, then the the callback routine will not have been
- called, and the response->content() might not be empty.
-
- The request can be aborted by calling die() within the callback
- routine. The die message will be available as the "X-Died" special
- response header field.
-
- The library also accepts that you put a subroutine reference as
- content in the request object. This subroutine should return the
- content (possibly in pieces) when called. It should return an empty
- string when there is no more content.
-
- The user of this module can finetune timeouts and error handling by
- calling the use_alarm() and use_eval() methods.
-
- By default the library uses alarm() to implement timeouts, dying if
- the timeout occurs. If this is not the prefered behaviour or it
- interferes with other parts of the application one can disable the use
- alarms. When alarms are disabled timeouts can still occur for example
- when reading data, but other cases like name lookups etc will not be
- timed out by the library itself.
-
- The library catches errors (such as internal errors and timeouts) and
- present them as HTTP error responses. Alternatively one can switch off
- this behaviour, and let the application handle dies.
-
- =head1 SEE ALSO
-
- See L<LWP> for a complete overview of libwww-perl5. See L<request> and
- L<mirror> for examples of usage.
-
- =head1 METHODS
-
- =cut
-
-
-
- require LWP::MemberMixin;
- @ISA = qw(LWP::MemberMixin);
-
- require URI::URL;
- require HTTP::Request;
- require HTTP::Response;
-
- use HTTP::Date ();
-
- use LWP ();
- use LWP::Debug ();
- use LWP::Protocol ();
-
- use MIME::Base64 qw(encode_base64);
- use Carp ();
- use Config ();
-
- use AutoLoader ();
- *AUTOLOAD = \&AutoLoader::AUTOLOAD; # import the AUTOLOAD method
-
-
- =head2 $ua = new LWP::UserAgent;
-
- Constructor for the UserAgent. Returns a reference to a
- LWP::UserAgent object.
-
- =cut
-
- sub new
- {
- my($class, $init) = @_;
- LWP::Debug::trace('()');
-
- my $self;
- if (ref $init) {
- $self = $init->clone;
- } else {
- $self = bless {
- 'agent' => "libwww-perl/$LWP::VERSION",
- 'from' => undef,
- 'timeout' => 3*60,
- 'proxy' => undef,
- 'cookie_jar' => undef,
- 'use_eval' => 1,
- 'use_alarm' => ($Config::Config{d_alarm} ?
- $Config::Config{d_alarm} eq 'define' :
- 0),
- 'parse_head' => 1,
- 'max_size' => undef,
- 'no_proxy' => [],
- }, $class;
- }
- }
-
-
- =head2 $ua->simple_request($request, [$arg [, $size]])
-
- This method dispatches a single WWW request on behalf of a user, and
- returns the response received. The C<$request> should be a reference
- to a C<HTTP::Request> object with values defined for at least the
- method() and url() attributes.
-
- If C<$arg> is a scalar it is taken as a filename where the content of
- the response is stored.
-
- If C<$arg> is a reference to a subroutine, then this routine is called
- as chunks of the content is received. An optional C<$size> argument
- is taken as a hint for an appropriate chunk size.
-
- If C<$arg> is omitted, then the content is stored in the response
- object itself.
-
- =cut
-
- sub simple_request
- {
- my($self, $request, $arg, $size) = @_;
- local($SIG{__DIE__}); # protect agains user defined die handlers
-
- my($method, $url) = ($request->method, $request->url);
-
- # Check that we have a METHOD and a URL first
- return HTTP::Response->new(&HTTP::Status::RC_BAD_REQUEST, "Method missing")
- unless $method;
- return HTTP::Response->new(&HTTP::Status::RC_BAD_REQUEST, "URL missing")
- unless $url;
-
- LWP::Debug::trace("$method $url");
-
- # Locate protocol to use
- my $scheme = '';
- my $proxy = $self->_need_proxy($url);
- if (defined $proxy) {
- $scheme = $proxy->scheme;
- } else {
- $scheme = $url->scheme;
- }
- my $protocol;
- eval {
- $protocol = LWP::Protocol::create($scheme);
- };
- if ($@) {
- $@ =~ s/\s+at\s+\S+\s+line\s+\d+//; # remove file/line number
- return HTTP::Response->new(&HTTP::Status::RC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, $@)
- }
-
- # Extract fields that will be used below
- my ($agent, $from, $timeout, $cookie_jar,
- $use_alarm, $use_eval, $parse_head, $max_size) =
- @{$self}{qw(agent from timeout cookie_jar
- use_alarm use_eval parse_head max_size)};
-
- # Set User-Agent and From headers if they are defined
- $request->header('User-Agent' => $agent) if $agent;
- $request->header('From' => $from) if $from;
- $cookie_jar->add_cookie_header($request) if $cookie_jar;
-
- # Inform the protocol if we need to use alarm() and parse_head()
- $protocol->use_alarm($use_alarm);
- $protocol->parse_head($parse_head);
- $protocol->max_size($max_size);
-
- # If we use alarm() we need to register a signal handler
- # and start the timeout
- if ($use_alarm) {
- $SIG{'ALRM'} = sub {
- LWP::Debug::trace('timeout');
- die 'Timeout';
- };
- $protocol->timeout($timeout);
- alarm($timeout);
- }
-
- if ($use_eval) {
- # we eval, and turn dies into responses below
- eval {
- $response = $protocol->request($request, $proxy,
- $arg, $size, $timeout);
- };
- if ($@) {
- if ($@ =~ /^timeout/i) {
- $response = HTTP::Response->new(&HTTP::Status::RC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT, 'User-agent timeout');
- } else {
- $@ =~ s/\s+at\s+\S+\s+line\s+\d+\s*//; # remove file/line number
- $response = HTTP::Response->new(&HTTP::Status::RC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR, $@);
- }
- }
- } else {
- # user has to handle any dies, usually timeouts
- $response = $protocol->request($request, $proxy,
- $arg, $size, $timeout);
- # XXX: Should we die unless $response->is_success ???
- }
- alarm(0) if ($use_alarm); # no more timeout
-
- $response->request($request); # record request for reference
- $cookie_jar->extract_cookies($response) if $cookie_jar;
- $response->header("Client-Date" => HTTP::Date::time2str(time));
- return $response;
- }
-
-
- =head2 $ua->request($request, $arg [, $size])
-
- Process a request, including redirects and security. This method may
- actually send several different simple reqeusts.
-
- The arguments are the same as for C<simple_request()>.
-
- =cut
-
- sub request
- {
- my($self, $request, $arg, $size, $previous) = @_;
-
- LWP::Debug::trace('()');
-
- my $response = $self->simple_request($request, $arg, $size);
-
- my $code = $response->code;
- $response->previous($previous) if defined $previous;
-
- LWP::Debug::debug('Simple result: ' . HTTP::Status::status_message($code));
-
- if ($code == &HTTP::Status::RC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY or
- $code == &HTTP::Status::RC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY) {
-
- # Make a copy of the request and initialize it with the new URI
- my $referral = $request->clone;
-
- # And then we update the URL based on the Location:-header.
- # Some servers erroneously return a relative URL for redirects,
- # so make it absolute if it not already is.
- my $referral_uri = (URI::URL->new($response->header('Location'),
- $response->base))->abs();
-
- $referral->url($referral_uri);
-
- return $response unless $self->redirect_ok($referral);
-
- # Check for loop in the redirects
- my $r = $response;
- while ($r) {
- if ($r->request->url->as_string eq $referral_uri->as_string) {
- # loop detected
- $response->message("Loop detected");
- return $response;
- }
- $r = $r->previous;
- }
-
- return $self->request($referral, $arg, $size, $response);
-
- } elsif ($code == &HTTP::Status::RC_UNAUTHORIZED) {
-
- my $challenge = $response->header('WWW-Authenticate');
- unless (defined $challenge) {
- warn "RC_UNAUTHORIZED without WWW-Authenticate\n";
- return $response;
- }
- if (($challenge =~ /^(\S+)\s+Realm\s*=\s*"(.*?)"/i) or
- ($challenge =~ /^(\S+)\s+Realm\s*=\s*<([^<>]*)>/i) or
- ($challenge =~ /^(\S+)$/)
- ) {
-
- my($scheme, $realm) = ($1, $2);
- if ($scheme =~ /^Basic$/i) {
-
- my($uid, $pwd) = $self->get_basic_credentials($realm,
- $request->url);
-
- if (defined $uid and defined $pwd) {
- my $uidpwd = "$uid:$pwd";
- my $header = "$scheme " . encode_base64($uidpwd, '');
-
- # Need to check this isn't a repeated fail!
- my $r = $response;
- while ($r) {
- my $auth = $r->request->header('Authorization');
- if ($auth && $auth eq $header) {
- # here we know this failed before
- $response->message('Invalid Credentials');
- return $response;
- }
- $r = $r->previous;
- }
-
- my $referral = $request->clone;
- $referral->header('Authorization' => $header);
-
- return $self->request($referral, $arg, $size, $response);
- } else {
- return $response; # no password found
- }
- } elsif ($scheme =~ /^Digest$/i) {
- # http://hopf.math.nwu.edu/digestauth/draft.rfc
- require MD5;
- my $md5 = new MD5;
- my($uid, $pwd) = $self->get_basic_credentials($realm,
- $request->url);
- my $string = $challenge;
- $string =~ s/^$scheme\s+//;
- $string =~ s/"//g; #" unconfuse emacs
- my %mda = map { split(/,?\s+|=/) } $string;
-
- my(@digest);
- $md5->add(join(":", $uid, $mda{realm}, $pwd));
- push(@digest, $md5->hexdigest);
- $md5->reset;
-
- push(@digest, $mda{nonce});
-
- $md5->add(join(":", $request->method, $request->url->path));
- push(@digest, $md5->hexdigest);
- $md5->reset;
-
- $md5->add(join(":", @digest));
- my($digest) = $md5->hexdigest;
- $md5->reset;
-
- my %resp = map { $_ => $mda{$_} } qw(realm nonce opaque);
- @resp{qw(username uri response)} =
- ($uid, $request->url->path, $digest);
-
- if (defined $uid and defined $pwd) {
- my(@order) = qw(username realm nonce uri response);
- if($request->method =~ /^(?:POST|PUT)$/) {
- $md5->add($request->content);
- my($content) = $md5->hexdigest;
- $md5->reset;
- $md5->add(join(":", @digest[0..1], $content));
- $md5->reset;
- $resp{"message-digest"} = $md5->hexdigest;
- push(@order, "message-digest");
- }
- push(@order, "opaque");
- my @pairs;
- for (@order) {
- next unless defined $resp{$_};
- push(@pairs, "$_=" . qq("$resp{$_}"));
- }
- my $header = "$scheme " . join(", ", @pairs);
-
- # Need to check this isn't a repeated fail!
- my $r = $response;
- while ($r) {
- my $auth = $r->request->header('Authorization');
- if ($auth && $auth eq $header) {
- # here we know this failed before
- $response->message('Invalid Credentials');
- return $response;
- }
- $r = $r->previous;
- }
-
- my $referral = $request->clone;
- #$referral->header('Extension' => "Security/Digest");
- $referral->header('Authorization' => $header);
- return $self->request($referral, $arg, $size, $response);
- } else {
- return $response; # no password found
- }
- } else {
- my $class = "LWP::Authen::$scheme";
- eval "use $class ()";
- if($@) {
- warn $@;
- warn "Authentication scheme '$scheme' not supported\n";
- return $response;
- }
- return $class->authenticate($self, $response, $request, $arg, $size, $scheme, $realm);
- }
- } else {
- warn "Unknown challenge '$challenge'";
- return $response;
- }
-
- } elsif ($code == &HTTP::Status::RC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED or
- $code == &HTTP::Status::RC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED) {
- warn 'Resolution of' . HTTP::Status::status_message($code) .
- 'not yet implemented';
- return $response;
- }
- $response;
- }
-
-
- =head2 $ua->redirect_ok
-
- This method is called by request() before it tries to do any
- redirects. It should return a true value if the redirect is allowed
- to be performed. Subclasses might want to override this.
-
- The default implementation will return FALSE for POST request and TRUE
- for all others.
-
- =cut
-
- sub redirect_ok
- {
- # draft-ietf-http-v10-spec-02.ps from www.ics.uci.edu, specify:
- #
- # If the 30[12] status code is received in response to a request using
- # the POST method, the user agent must not automatically redirect the
- # request unless it can be confirmed by the user, since this might change
- # the conditions under which the request was issued.
-
- my($self, $request) = @_;
- return 0 if $request->method eq "POST";
- 1;
- }
-
-
- =head2 $ua->credentials($netloc, $realm, $uname, $pass)
-
- Set the user name and password to be used for a realm. It is often more
- useful to specialize the get_basic_credentials() method instead.
-
- =cut
-
- sub credentials
- {
- my($self, $netloc, $realm, $uid, $pass) = @_;
- @{ $self->{'basic_authentication'}{$netloc}{$realm} } = ($uid, $pass);
- }
-
-
- =head2 $ua->get_basic_credentials($realm, $uri)
-
- This is called by request() to retrieve credentials for a Realm
- protected by Basic Authentication or Digest Authentication.
-
- Should return username and password in a list. Return undef to abort
- the authentication resolution atempts.
-
- This implementation simply checks a set of pre-stored member
- variables. Subclasses can override this method to e.g. ask the user
- for a username/password. An example of this can be found in
- C<lwp-request> program distributed with this library.
-
- =cut
-
- sub get_basic_credentials
- {
- my($self, $realm, $uri) = @_;
- my $netloc = $uri->netloc;
-
- if (exists $self->{'basic_authentication'}{$netloc}{$realm}) {
- return @{ $self->{'basic_authentication'}{$netloc}{$realm} };
- }
-
- return (undef, undef);
- }
-
-
- =head2 $ua->agent([$product_id])
-
- Get/set the product token that is used to identify the user agent on
- the network. The agent value is sent as the "User-Agent" header in
- the requests. The default agent name is "libwww-perl/#.##", where
- "#.##" is substitued with the version numer of this library.
-
- The user agent string should be one or more simple product identifiers
- with an optional version number separated by the "/" character.
- Examples are:
-
- $ua->agent('Checkbot/0.4 ' . $ua->agent);
- $ua->agent('Mozilla/5.0');
-
- =head2 $ua->from([$email_address])
-
- Get/set the Internet e-mail address for the human user who controls
- the requesting user agent. The address should be machine-usable, as
- defined in RFC 822. The from value is send as the "From" header in
- the requests. There is no default. Example:
-
- $ua->from('aas@sn.no');
-
- =head2 $ua->timeout([$secs])
-
- Get/set the timeout value in seconds. The default timeout() value is
- 180 seconds, i.e. 3 minutes.
-
- =head2 $ua->cookie_jar([$cookies])
-
- Get/set the I<HTTP::Cookies> object to use. The default is to have no
- cookie_jar, i.e. never automatically add "Cookie" headers to the
- requests.
-
- =head2 $ua->use_alarm([$boolean])
-
- Get/set a value indicating wether to use alarm() when implementing
- timeouts. The default is TRUE, if your system supports it. You can
- disable it if it interfers with other uses of alarm in your application.
-
- =head2 $ua->use_eval([$boolean])
-
- Get/set a value indicating wether to handle internal errors internally
- by trapping with eval. The default is TRUE, i.e. the $ua->request()
- will never die.
-
- =head2 $ua->parse_head([$boolean])
-
- Get/set a value indicating wether we should initialize response
- headers from the E<lt>head> section of HTML documents. The default is
- TRUE. Do not turn this off, unless you know what you are doing.
-
- =head2 $ua->max_size([$bytes])
-
- Get/set the size limit for response content. The default is undef,
- which means that there is not limit. If the returned response content
- is only partial, because the size limit was exceeded, then a
- "X-Content-Range" header will be added to the response.
-
- =cut
-
- sub timeout { shift->_elem('timeout', @_); }
- sub agent { shift->_elem('agent', @_); }
- sub from { shift->_elem('from', @_); }
- sub cookie_jar { shift->_elem('cookie_jar',@_); }
- sub use_alarm { shift->_elem('use_alarm', @_); }
- sub use_eval { shift->_elem('use_eval', @_); }
- sub parse_head { shift->_elem('parse_head',@_); }
- sub max_size { shift->_elem('max_size', @_); }
-
-
- # Declarations of AutoLoaded methods
- sub clone;
- sub is_protocol_supported;
- sub mirror;
- sub proxy;
- sub env_proxy;
- sub no_proxy;
- sub _need_proxy;
-
-
- 1;
- __END__
-
-
- =head2 $ua->clone;
-
- Returns a copy of the LWP::UserAgent object
-
- =cut
-
-
- sub clone
- {
- my $self = shift;
- my $copy = bless { %$self }, ref $self; # copy most fields
-
- # elements that are references must be handled in a special way
- $copy->{'no_proxy'} = [ @{$self->{'no_proxy'}} ]; # copy array
-
- $copy;
- }
-
-
- =head2 $ua->is_protocol_supported($scheme)
-
- You can use this method to query if the library currently support the
- specified C<scheme>. The C<scheme> might be a string (like 'http' or
- 'ftp') or it might be an URI::URL object reference.
-
- =cut
-
- sub is_protocol_supported
- {
- my($self, $scheme) = @_;
- if (ref $scheme) {
- # assume we got a reference to an URI::URL object
- $scheme = $scheme->abs->scheme;
- } else {
- Carp::croak("Illeal scheme '$scheme' passed to is_protocol_supported")
- if $scheme =~ /\W/;
- $scheme = lc $scheme;
- }
- return LWP::Protocol::implementor($scheme);
- }
-
-
- =head2 $ua->mirror($url, $file)
-
- Get and store a document identified by a URL, using If-Modified-Since,
- and checking of the Content-Length. Returns a reference to the
- response object.
-
- =cut
-
- sub mirror
- {
- my($self, $url, $file) = @_;
-
- LWP::Debug::trace('()');
- my $request = new HTTP::Request('GET', $url);
-
- if (-e $file) {
- my($mtime) = (stat($file))[9];
- if($mtime) {
- $request->header('If-Modified-Since' =>
- HTTP::Date::time2str($mtime));
- }
- }
- my $tmpfile = "$file-$$";
-
- my $response = $self->request($request, $tmpfile);
- if ($response->is_success) {
-
- my $file_length = (stat($tmpfile))[7];
- my($content_length) = $response->header('Content-length');
-
- if (defined $content_length and $file_length < $content_length) {
- unlink($tmpfile);
- die "Transfer truncated: " .
- "only $file_length out of $content_length bytes received\n";
- } elsif (defined $content_length and $file_length > $content_length) {
- unlink($tmpfile);
- die "Content-length mismatch: " .
- "expected $content_length bytes, got $file_length\n";
- } else {
- # OK
- rename($tmpfile, $file) or
- die "Cannot rename '$tmpfile' to '$file': $!\n";
- }
- } else {
- unlink($tmpfile);
- }
- return $response;
- }
-
- =head2 $ua->proxy(...)
-
- Set/retrieve proxy URL for a scheme:
-
- $ua->proxy(['http', 'ftp'], 'http://proxy.sn.no:8001/');
- $ua->proxy('gopher', 'http://proxy.sn.no:8001/');
-
- The first form specifies that the URL is to be used for proxying of
- access methods listed in the list in the first method argument,
- i.e. 'http' and 'ftp'.
-
- The second form shows a shorthand form for specifying
- proxy URL for a single access scheme.
-
- =cut
-
- sub proxy
- {
- my($self, $key, $proxy) = @_;
-
- LWP::Debug::trace("$key, $proxy");
-
- if (!ref($key)) { # single scalar passed
- my $old = $self->{'proxy'}{$key};
- $self->{'proxy'}{$key} = $proxy;
- return $old;
- } elsif (ref($key) eq 'ARRAY') {
- for(@$key) { # array passed
- $self->{'proxy'}{$_} = $proxy;
- }
- }
- return undef;
- }
-
- =head2 $ua->env_proxy()
-
- Load proxy settings from *_proxy environment variables. You might
- specify proxies like this (sh-syntax):
-
- gopher_proxy=http://proxy.my.place/
- wais_proxy=http://proxy.my.place/
- no_proxy="my.place"
- export gopher_proxy wais_proxy no_proxy
-
- Csh or tcsh users should use the C<setenv> command to define these
- envirionment variables.
-
- =cut
-
- sub env_proxy {
- my ($self) = @_;
- while(($k, $v) = each %ENV) {
- $k = lc($k);
- next unless $k =~ /^(.*)_proxy$/;
- $k = $1;
- if ($k eq 'no') {
- $self->no_proxy(split(/\s*,\s*/, $v));
- }
- else {
- $self->proxy($k, $v);
- }
- }
- }
-
- =head2 $ua->no_proxy($domain,...)
-
- Do not proxy requests to the given domains. Calling no_proxy without
- any domains clears the list of domains. Eg:
-
- $ua->no_proxy('localhost', 'no', ...);
-
- =cut
-
- sub no_proxy {
- my($self, @no) = @_;
- if (@no) {
- push(@{ $self->{'no_proxy'} }, @no);
- }
- else {
- $self->{'no_proxy'} = [];
- }
- }
-
-
- # Private method which returns the URL of the Proxy configured for this
- # URL, or undefined if none is configured.
- sub _need_proxy
- {
- my($self, $url) = @_;
-
- $url = new URI::URL($url) unless ref $url;
-
- LWP::Debug::trace("($url)");
-
- # check the list of noproxies
-
- if (@{ $self->{'no_proxy'} }) {
- my $host = $url->host;
- return undef unless defined $host;
- my $domain;
- for $domain (@{ $self->{'no_proxy'} }) {
- if ($host =~ /$domain$/) {
- LWP::Debug::trace("no_proxy configured");
- return undef;
- }
- }
- }
-
- # Currently configured per scheme.
- # Eventually want finer granularity
-
- my $scheme = $url->scheme;
- if (exists $self->{'proxy'}{$scheme}) {
-
- LWP::Debug::debug('Proxied');
- return new URI::URL($self->{'proxy'}{$scheme});
- }
-
- LWP::Debug::debug('Not proxied');
- undef;
- }
-
- 1;
-