home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- /***********************************************************
- Copyright 1991-1995 by Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam,
- The Netherlands.
-
- All Rights Reserved
-
- Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its
- documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted,
- provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
- both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in
- supporting documentation, and that the names of Stichting Mathematisch
- Centrum or CWI or Corporation for National Research Initiatives or
- CNRI not be used in advertising or publicity pertaining to
- distribution of the software without specific, written prior
- permission.
-
- While CWI is the initial source for this software, a modified version
- is made available by the Corporation for National Research Initiatives
- (CNRI) at the Internet address ftp://ftp.python.org.
-
- STICHTING MATHEMATISCH CENTRUM AND CNRI DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES WITH
- REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
- MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL STICHTING MATHEMATISCH
- CENTRUM OR CNRI BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL
- DAMAGES OR ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR
- PROFITS, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER
- TORTIOUS ACTION, ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR
- PERFORMANCE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
-
- ******************************************************************/
-
- /* Parser generator */
- /* XXX This file is not yet fully PROTOized */
-
- /* For a description, see the comments at end of this file */
-
- #include "pgenheaders.h"
- #include "assert.h"
- #include "token.h"
- #include "node.h"
- #include "grammar.h"
- #include "metagrammar.h"
- #include "pgen.h"
-
- extern int debugging;
-
-
- /* PART ONE -- CONSTRUCT NFA -- Cf. Algorithm 3.2 from [Aho&Ullman 77] */
-
- typedef struct _nfaarc {
- int ar_label;
- int ar_arrow;
- } nfaarc;
-
- typedef struct _nfastate {
- int st_narcs;
- nfaarc *st_arc;
- } nfastate;
-
- typedef struct _nfa {
- int nf_type;
- char *nf_name;
- int nf_nstates;
- nfastate *nf_state;
- int nf_start, nf_finish;
- } nfa;
-
- /* Forward */
- static compile_rhs PROTO((labellist *ll, nfa *nf, node *n, int *pa, int *pb));
- static compile_alt PROTO((labellist *ll, nfa *nf, node *n, int *pa, int *pb));
- static compile_item PROTO((labellist *ll, nfa *nf, node *n, int *pa, int *pb));
- static compile_atom PROTO((labellist *ll, nfa *nf, node *n, int *pa, int *pb));
-
- static int
- addnfastate(nf)
- nfa *nf;
- {
- nfastate *st;
-
- RESIZE(nf->nf_state, nfastate, nf->nf_nstates + 1);
- if (nf->nf_state == NULL)
- fatal("out of mem");
- st = &nf->nf_state[nf->nf_nstates++];
- st->st_narcs = 0;
- st->st_arc = NULL;
- return st - nf->nf_state;
- }
-
- static void
- addnfaarc(nf, from, to, lbl)
- nfa *nf;
- int from, to, lbl;
- {
- nfastate *st;
- nfaarc *ar;
-
- st = &nf->nf_state[from];
- RESIZE(st->st_arc, nfaarc, st->st_narcs + 1);
- if (st->st_arc == NULL)
- fatal("out of mem");
- ar = &st->st_arc[st->st_narcs++];
- ar->ar_label = lbl;
- ar->ar_arrow = to;
- }
-
- static nfa *
- newnfa(name)
- char *name;
- {
- nfa *nf;
- static type = NT_OFFSET; /* All types will be disjunct */
-
- nf = NEW(nfa, 1);
- if (nf == NULL)
- fatal("no mem for new nfa");
- nf->nf_type = type++;
- nf->nf_name = name; /* XXX strdup(name) ??? */
- nf->nf_nstates = 0;
- nf->nf_state = NULL;
- nf->nf_start = nf->nf_finish = -1;
- return nf;
- }
-
- typedef struct _nfagrammar {
- int gr_nnfas;
- nfa **gr_nfa;
- labellist gr_ll;
- } nfagrammar;
-
- /* Forward */
- static compile_rule PROTO((nfagrammar *gr, node *n));
-
- static nfagrammar *
- newnfagrammar()
- {
- nfagrammar *gr;
-
- gr = NEW(nfagrammar, 1);
- if (gr == NULL)
- fatal("no mem for new nfa grammar");
- gr->gr_nnfas = 0;
- gr->gr_nfa = NULL;
- gr->gr_ll.ll_nlabels = 0;
- gr->gr_ll.ll_label = NULL;
- addlabel(&gr->gr_ll, ENDMARKER, "EMPTY");
- return gr;
- }
-
- static nfa *
- addnfa(gr, name)
- nfagrammar *gr;
- char *name;
- {
- nfa *nf;
-
- nf = newnfa(name);
- RESIZE(gr->gr_nfa, nfa *, gr->gr_nnfas + 1);
- if (gr->gr_nfa == NULL)
- fatal("out of mem");
- gr->gr_nfa[gr->gr_nnfas++] = nf;
- addlabel(&gr->gr_ll, NAME, nf->nf_name);
- return nf;
- }
-
- #ifdef DEBUG
-
- static char REQNFMT[] = "metacompile: less than %d children\n";
-
- #define REQN(i, count) \
- if (i < count) { \
- fprintf(stderr, REQNFMT, count); \
- fatal("REQN"); \
- } else
-
- #else
- #define REQN(i, count) /* empty */
- #endif
-
- static nfagrammar *
- metacompile(n)
- node *n;
- {
- nfagrammar *gr;
- int i;
-
- printf("Compiling (meta-) parse tree into NFA grammar\n");
- gr = newnfagrammar();
- REQ(n, MSTART);
- i = n->n_nchildren - 1; /* Last child is ENDMARKER */
- n = n->n_child;
- for (; --i >= 0; n++) {
- if (n->n_type != NEWLINE)
- compile_rule(gr, n);
- }
- return gr;
- }
-
- static
- compile_rule(gr, n)
- nfagrammar *gr;
- node *n;
- {
- nfa *nf;
-
- REQ(n, RULE);
- REQN(n->n_nchildren, 4);
- n = n->n_child;
- REQ(n, NAME);
- nf = addnfa(gr, n->n_str);
- n++;
- REQ(n, COLON);
- n++;
- REQ(n, RHS);
- compile_rhs(&gr->gr_ll, nf, n, &nf->nf_start, &nf->nf_finish);
- n++;
- REQ(n, NEWLINE);
- }
-
- static
- compile_rhs(ll, nf, n, pa, pb)
- labellist *ll;
- nfa *nf;
- node *n;
- int *pa, *pb;
- {
- int i;
- int a, b;
-
- REQ(n, RHS);
- i = n->n_nchildren;
- REQN(i, 1);
- n = n->n_child;
- REQ(n, ALT);
- compile_alt(ll, nf, n, pa, pb);
- if (--i <= 0)
- return;
- n++;
- a = *pa;
- b = *pb;
- *pa = addnfastate(nf);
- *pb = addnfastate(nf);
- addnfaarc(nf, *pa, a, EMPTY);
- addnfaarc(nf, b, *pb, EMPTY);
- for (; --i >= 0; n++) {
- REQ(n, VBAR);
- REQN(i, 1);
- --i;
- n++;
- REQ(n, ALT);
- compile_alt(ll, nf, n, &a, &b);
- addnfaarc(nf, *pa, a, EMPTY);
- addnfaarc(nf, b, *pb, EMPTY);
- }
- }
-
- static
- compile_alt(ll, nf, n, pa, pb)
- labellist *ll;
- nfa *nf;
- node *n;
- int *pa, *pb;
- {
- int i;
- int a, b;
-
- REQ(n, ALT);
- i = n->n_nchildren;
- REQN(i, 1);
- n = n->n_child;
- REQ(n, ITEM);
- compile_item(ll, nf, n, pa, pb);
- --i;
- n++;
- for (; --i >= 0; n++) {
- if (n->n_type == COMMA) { /* XXX Temporary */
- REQN(i, 1);
- --i;
- n++;
- }
- REQ(n, ITEM);
- compile_item(ll, nf, n, &a, &b);
- addnfaarc(nf, *pb, a, EMPTY);
- *pb = b;
- }
- }
-
- static
- compile_item(ll, nf, n, pa, pb)
- labellist *ll;
- nfa *nf;
- node *n;
- int *pa, *pb;
- {
- int i;
- int a, b;
-
- REQ(n, ITEM);
- i = n->n_nchildren;
- REQN(i, 1);
- n = n->n_child;
- if (n->n_type == LSQB) {
- REQN(i, 3);
- n++;
- REQ(n, RHS);
- *pa = addnfastate(nf);
- *pb = addnfastate(nf);
- addnfaarc(nf, *pa, *pb, EMPTY);
- compile_rhs(ll, nf, n, &a, &b);
- addnfaarc(nf, *pa, a, EMPTY);
- addnfaarc(nf, b, *pb, EMPTY);
- REQN(i, 1);
- n++;
- REQ(n, RSQB);
- }
- else {
- compile_atom(ll, nf, n, pa, pb);
- if (--i <= 0)
- return;
- n++;
- addnfaarc(nf, *pb, *pa, EMPTY);
- if (n->n_type == STAR)
- *pb = *pa;
- else
- REQ(n, PLUS);
- }
- }
-
- static
- compile_atom(ll, nf, n, pa, pb)
- labellist *ll;
- nfa *nf;
- node *n;
- int *pa, *pb;
- {
- int i;
-
- REQ(n, ATOM);
- i = n->n_nchildren;
- REQN(i, 1);
- n = n->n_child;
- if (n->n_type == LPAR) {
- REQN(i, 3);
- n++;
- REQ(n, RHS);
- compile_rhs(ll, nf, n, pa, pb);
- n++;
- REQ(n, RPAR);
- }
- else if (n->n_type == NAME || n->n_type == STRING) {
- *pa = addnfastate(nf);
- *pb = addnfastate(nf);
- addnfaarc(nf, *pa, *pb, addlabel(ll, n->n_type, n->n_str));
- }
- else
- REQ(n, NAME);
- }
-
- static void
- dumpstate(ll, nf, istate)
- labellist *ll;
- nfa *nf;
- int istate;
- {
- nfastate *st;
- int i;
- nfaarc *ar;
-
- printf("%c%2d%c",
- istate == nf->nf_start ? '*' : ' ',
- istate,
- istate == nf->nf_finish ? '.' : ' ');
- st = &nf->nf_state[istate];
- ar = st->st_arc;
- for (i = 0; i < st->st_narcs; i++) {
- if (i > 0)
- printf("\n ");
- printf("-> %2d %s", ar->ar_arrow,
- labelrepr(&ll->ll_label[ar->ar_label]));
- ar++;
- }
- printf("\n");
- }
-
- static void
- dumpnfa(ll, nf)
- labellist *ll;
- nfa *nf;
- {
- int i;
-
- printf("NFA '%s' has %d states; start %d, finish %d\n",
- nf->nf_name, nf->nf_nstates, nf->nf_start, nf->nf_finish);
- for (i = 0; i < nf->nf_nstates; i++)
- dumpstate(ll, nf, i);
- }
-
-
- /* PART TWO -- CONSTRUCT DFA -- Algorithm 3.1 from [Aho&Ullman 77] */
-
- static void
- addclosure(ss, nf, istate)
- bitset ss;
- nfa *nf;
- int istate;
- {
- if (addbit(ss, istate)) {
- nfastate *st = &nf->nf_state[istate];
- nfaarc *ar = st->st_arc;
- int i;
-
- for (i = st->st_narcs; --i >= 0; ) {
- if (ar->ar_label == EMPTY)
- addclosure(ss, nf, ar->ar_arrow);
- ar++;
- }
- }
- }
-
- typedef struct _ss_arc {
- bitset sa_bitset;
- int sa_arrow;
- int sa_label;
- } ss_arc;
-
- typedef struct _ss_state {
- bitset ss_ss;
- int ss_narcs;
- ss_arc *ss_arc;
- int ss_deleted;
- int ss_finish;
- int ss_rename;
- } ss_state;
-
- typedef struct _ss_dfa {
- int sd_nstates;
- ss_state *sd_state;
- } ss_dfa;
-
- /* Forward */
- static printssdfa PROTO((int xx_nstates, ss_state *xx_state, int nbits,
- labellist *ll, char *msg));
- static simplify PROTO((int xx_nstates, ss_state *xx_state));
- static convert PROTO((dfa *d, int xx_nstates, ss_state *xx_state));
-
- static
- makedfa(gr, nf, d)
- nfagrammar *gr;
- nfa *nf;
- dfa *d;
- {
- int nbits = nf->nf_nstates;
- bitset ss;
- int xx_nstates;
- ss_state *xx_state, *yy;
- ss_arc *zz;
- int istate, jstate, iarc, jarc, ibit;
- nfastate *st;
- nfaarc *ar;
-
- ss = newbitset(nbits);
- addclosure(ss, nf, nf->nf_start);
- xx_state = NEW(ss_state, 1);
- if (xx_state == NULL)
- fatal("no mem for xx_state in makedfa");
- xx_nstates = 1;
- yy = &xx_state[0];
- yy->ss_ss = ss;
- yy->ss_narcs = 0;
- yy->ss_arc = NULL;
- yy->ss_deleted = 0;
- yy->ss_finish = testbit(ss, nf->nf_finish);
- if (yy->ss_finish)
- printf("Error: nonterminal '%s' may produce empty.\n",
- nf->nf_name);
-
- /* This algorithm is from a book written before
- the invention of structured programming... */
-
- /* For each unmarked state... */
- for (istate = 0; istate < xx_nstates; ++istate) {
- yy = &xx_state[istate];
- ss = yy->ss_ss;
- /* For all its states... */
- for (ibit = 0; ibit < nf->nf_nstates; ++ibit) {
- if (!testbit(ss, ibit))
- continue;
- st = &nf->nf_state[ibit];
- /* For all non-empty arcs from this state... */
- for (iarc = 0; iarc < st->st_narcs; iarc++) {
- ar = &st->st_arc[iarc];
- if (ar->ar_label == EMPTY)
- continue;
- /* Look up in list of arcs from this state */
- for (jarc = 0; jarc < yy->ss_narcs; ++jarc) {
- zz = &yy->ss_arc[jarc];
- if (ar->ar_label == zz->sa_label)
- goto found;
- }
- /* Add new arc for this state */
- RESIZE(yy->ss_arc, ss_arc, yy->ss_narcs + 1);
- if (yy->ss_arc == NULL)
- fatal("out of mem");
- zz = &yy->ss_arc[yy->ss_narcs++];
- zz->sa_label = ar->ar_label;
- zz->sa_bitset = newbitset(nbits);
- zz->sa_arrow = -1;
- found: ;
- /* Add destination */
- addclosure(zz->sa_bitset, nf, ar->ar_arrow);
- }
- }
- /* Now look up all the arrow states */
- for (jarc = 0; jarc < xx_state[istate].ss_narcs; jarc++) {
- zz = &xx_state[istate].ss_arc[jarc];
- for (jstate = 0; jstate < xx_nstates; jstate++) {
- if (samebitset(zz->sa_bitset,
- xx_state[jstate].ss_ss, nbits)) {
- zz->sa_arrow = jstate;
- goto done;
- }
- }
- RESIZE(xx_state, ss_state, xx_nstates + 1);
- if (xx_state == NULL)
- fatal("out of mem");
- zz->sa_arrow = xx_nstates;
- yy = &xx_state[xx_nstates++];
- yy->ss_ss = zz->sa_bitset;
- yy->ss_narcs = 0;
- yy->ss_arc = NULL;
- yy->ss_deleted = 0;
- yy->ss_finish = testbit(yy->ss_ss, nf->nf_finish);
- done: ;
- }
- }
-
- if (debugging)
- printssdfa(xx_nstates, xx_state, nbits, &gr->gr_ll,
- "before minimizing");
-
- simplify(xx_nstates, xx_state);
-
- if (debugging)
- printssdfa(xx_nstates, xx_state, nbits, &gr->gr_ll,
- "after minimizing");
-
- convert(d, xx_nstates, xx_state);
-
- /* XXX cleanup */
- }
-
- static
- printssdfa(xx_nstates, xx_state, nbits, ll, msg)
- int xx_nstates;
- ss_state *xx_state;
- int nbits;
- labellist *ll;
- char *msg;
- {
- int i, ibit, iarc;
- ss_state *yy;
- ss_arc *zz;
-
- printf("Subset DFA %s\n", msg);
- for (i = 0; i < xx_nstates; i++) {
- yy = &xx_state[i];
- if (yy->ss_deleted)
- continue;
- printf(" Subset %d", i);
- if (yy->ss_finish)
- printf(" (finish)");
- printf(" { ");
- for (ibit = 0; ibit < nbits; ibit++) {
- if (testbit(yy->ss_ss, ibit))
- printf("%d ", ibit);
- }
- printf("}\n");
- for (iarc = 0; iarc < yy->ss_narcs; iarc++) {
- zz = &yy->ss_arc[iarc];
- printf(" Arc to state %d, label %s\n",
- zz->sa_arrow,
- labelrepr(&ll->ll_label[zz->sa_label]));
- }
- }
- }
-
-
- /* PART THREE -- SIMPLIFY DFA */
-
- /* Simplify the DFA by repeatedly eliminating states that are
- equivalent to another oner. This is NOT Algorithm 3.3 from
- [Aho&Ullman 77]. It does not always finds the minimal DFA,
- but it does usually make a much smaller one... (For an example
- of sub-optimal behaviour, try S: x a b+ | y a b+.)
- */
-
- static int
- samestate(s1, s2)
- ss_state *s1, *s2;
- {
- int i;
-
- if (s1->ss_narcs != s2->ss_narcs || s1->ss_finish != s2->ss_finish)
- return 0;
- for (i = 0; i < s1->ss_narcs; i++) {
- if (s1->ss_arc[i].sa_arrow != s2->ss_arc[i].sa_arrow ||
- s1->ss_arc[i].sa_label != s2->ss_arc[i].sa_label)
- return 0;
- }
- return 1;
- }
-
- static void
- renamestates(xx_nstates, xx_state, from, to)
- int xx_nstates;
- ss_state *xx_state;
- int from, to;
- {
- int i, j;
-
- if (debugging)
- printf("Rename state %d to %d.\n", from, to);
- for (i = 0; i < xx_nstates; i++) {
- if (xx_state[i].ss_deleted)
- continue;
- for (j = 0; j < xx_state[i].ss_narcs; j++) {
- if (xx_state[i].ss_arc[j].sa_arrow == from)
- xx_state[i].ss_arc[j].sa_arrow = to;
- }
- }
- }
-
- static
- simplify(xx_nstates, xx_state)
- int xx_nstates;
- ss_state *xx_state;
- {
- int changes;
- int i, j;
-
- do {
- changes = 0;
- for (i = 1; i < xx_nstates; i++) {
- if (xx_state[i].ss_deleted)
- continue;
- for (j = 0; j < i; j++) {
- if (xx_state[j].ss_deleted)
- continue;
- if (samestate(&xx_state[i], &xx_state[j])) {
- xx_state[i].ss_deleted++;
- renamestates(xx_nstates, xx_state, i, j);
- changes++;
- break;
- }
- }
- }
- } while (changes);
- }
-
-
- /* PART FOUR -- GENERATE PARSING TABLES */
-
- /* Convert the DFA into a grammar that can be used by our parser */
-
- static
- convert(d, xx_nstates, xx_state)
- dfa *d;
- int xx_nstates;
- ss_state *xx_state;
- {
- int i, j;
- ss_state *yy;
- ss_arc *zz;
-
- for (i = 0; i < xx_nstates; i++) {
- yy = &xx_state[i];
- if (yy->ss_deleted)
- continue;
- yy->ss_rename = addstate(d);
- }
-
- for (i = 0; i < xx_nstates; i++) {
- yy = &xx_state[i];
- if (yy->ss_deleted)
- continue;
- for (j = 0; j < yy->ss_narcs; j++) {
- zz = &yy->ss_arc[j];
- addarc(d, yy->ss_rename,
- xx_state[zz->sa_arrow].ss_rename,
- zz->sa_label);
- }
- if (yy->ss_finish)
- addarc(d, yy->ss_rename, yy->ss_rename, 0);
- }
-
- d->d_initial = 0;
- }
-
-
- /* PART FIVE -- GLUE IT ALL TOGETHER */
-
- static grammar *
- maketables(gr)
- nfagrammar *gr;
- {
- int i;
- nfa *nf;
- dfa *d;
- grammar *g;
-
- if (gr->gr_nnfas == 0)
- return NULL;
- g = newgrammar(gr->gr_nfa[0]->nf_type);
- /* XXX first rule must be start rule */
- g->g_ll = gr->gr_ll;
-
- for (i = 0; i < gr->gr_nnfas; i++) {
- nf = gr->gr_nfa[i];
- if (debugging) {
- printf("Dump of NFA for '%s' ...\n", nf->nf_name);
- dumpnfa(&gr->gr_ll, nf);
- }
- printf("Making DFA for '%s' ...\n", nf->nf_name);
- d = adddfa(g, nf->nf_type, nf->nf_name);
- makedfa(gr, gr->gr_nfa[i], d);
- }
-
- return g;
- }
-
- grammar *
- pgen(n)
- node *n;
- {
- nfagrammar *gr;
- grammar *g;
-
- gr = metacompile(n);
- g = maketables(gr);
- translatelabels(g);
- addfirstsets(g);
- return g;
- }
-
-
- /*
-
- Description
- -----------
-
- Input is a grammar in extended BNF (using * for repetition, + for
- at-least-once repetition, [] for optional parts, | for alternatives and
- () for grouping). This has already been parsed and turned into a parse
- tree.
-
- Each rule is considered as a regular expression in its own right.
- It is turned into a Non-deterministic Finite Automaton (NFA), which
- is then turned into a Deterministic Finite Automaton (DFA), which is then
- optimized to reduce the number of states. See [Aho&Ullman 77] chapter 3,
- or similar compiler books (this technique is more often used for lexical
- analyzers).
-
- The DFA's are used by the parser as parsing tables in a special way
- that's probably unique. Before they are usable, the FIRST sets of all
- non-terminals are computed.
-
- Reference
- ---------
-
- [Aho&Ullman 77]
- Aho&Ullman, Principles of Compiler Design, Addison-Wesley 1977
- (first edition)
-
- */
-