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- THE FREEZE SCRIPT
- =================
-
-
- What is Freeze?
- ---------------
-
- Freeze make it possible to ship arbitrary Python programs to people
- who don't have Python. The shipped file (called a "frozen" version of
- your Python program) is an executable, so this only works if your
- platform is compatible with that on the receiving end (this is usually
- a matter of having the same major operating system revision and CPU
- type).
-
- The shipped file contains a Python interpreter and large portions of
- the Python run-time. Some measures have been taken to avoid linking
- unneeded modules, but the resulting binary is usually not small.
-
- The Python source code of your program (and of the library modules
- written in Python that it uses) is not included in the binary --
- instead, the compiled byte-code (the instruction stream used
- internally by the interpreter) is incorporated. This gives some
- protection of your Python source code, though not much -- a
- disassembler for Python byte-code is available in the standard Python
- library. At least someone running "strings" on your binary won't see
- the source.
-
-
- How does Freeze know which modules to include?
- ----------------------------------------------
-
- Freeze uses a pretty simple-minded algorithm to find the modules that
- your program uses: given a file containing Python source code, it
- scans for lines beginning with the word "import" or "from" (possibly
- preceded by whitespace) and then it knows where to find the module
- name(s) in those lines. It then recursively scans the source for
- those modules (if found, and not already processed) in the same way.
-
- Freeze will not see import statements hidden behind another statement,
- like this:
-
- if some_test: import M # M not seen
-
- or like this:
-
- import A; import B; import C # B and C not seen
-
- nor will it see import statements constructed using string
- operations and passed to 'exec', like this:
-
- exec "import %s" % "M" # M not seen
-
- On the other hand, Freeze will think you are importing a module even
- if the import statement it sees will never be executed, like this:
-
- if 0:
- import M # M is seen
-
- One tricky issue: Freeze assumes that the Python interpreter and
- environment you're using to run Freeze is the same one that would be
- used to run your program, which should also be the same whose sources
- and installed files you will learn about in the next section. In
- particular, your PYTHONPATH setting should be the same as for running
- your program locally. (Tip: if the program doesn't run when you type
- "python hello.py" there's little chance of getting the frozen version
- to run.)
-
-
- How do I use Freeze?
- --------------------
-
- Ideally, you should be able to use it as follows:
-
- python freeze.py hello.py
-
- where hello.py is your program and freeze.py is the main file of
- Freeze (in actuality, you'll probably specify an absolute pathname
- such as /ufs/guido/src/python/Demo/freeze/freeze.py).
-
- Unfortunately, this doesn't work. Well, it might, but somehow it's
- extremely unlikely that it'll work on the first try. (If it does,
- skip to the next section.) Most likely you'll get this error message:
-
- needed directory /usr/local/lib/python/lib not found
-
- The reason is that Freeze require that some files that are normally
- kept inside the Python build tree are installed, and it searches for
- it in the default install location. (The default install prefix is
- /usr/local; these particular files are installed at lib/python/lib
- under the install prefix.)
-
- The particular set of files needed is installed only if you run "make
- libainstall" (note: "liba", not "lib") in the Python build tree (which
- is the tree where you build Python -- often, but not necessarily, this
- is also the Python source tree). If you have in fact done a "make
- libainstall" but used a different prefix, all you need to do is pass
- that same prefix to Freeze with the -p option:
-
- python freeze.py -p your-prefix hello.py
-
- (If you haven't run "make libainstall" yet, go and do it now and don't
- come back until you've done it.)
-
-
- How do I configure Freeze?
- --------------------------
-
- It's a good idea to change the line marked with XXX in freeze.py (an
- assignment to variable PACK) to point to the absolute pathname of the
- directory where Freeze lives (Demo/freeze in the Python source tree.)
- This makes it possible to call Freeze from other directories.
-
- You can also edit the assignment to variable PREFIX -- this saves a
- lot of -p options.
-
-
- How do I use Freeze with extensions modules?
- --------------------------------------------
-
- XXX to be written. (In short: pass -e extensionbuilddir.)
-
-
- How do I use Freeze with dynamically loaded extension modules?
- --------------------------------------------------------------
-
- XXX to be written. (In short: pass -e modulebuilddir -- this even
- works if you built the modules in Python's own Modules directory.)
-
-
-
- What do I do next?
- ------------------
-
- Freeze creates three files: frozen.c, config.c and Makefile. To
- produce the frozen version of your program, you can simply type
- "make". This should produce a binary file. If the filename argument
- to Freeze was "hello.py", the binary will be called "hello". On the
- other hand, if the argument was "hello", the binary will be called
- "hello.bin". If you passed any other filename, all bets are off. :-)
- In any case, the name of the file will be printed as the last message
- from Freeze.
-
-
- Help! I've tried everything but it doesn't work!
- -------------------------------------------------
-
- Freeze is currently beta software. You could email me a bug report.
- Please give as much context as possible -- "Freeze doesn't work" is
- not going to get much sympathy. You could fix the bug and send me a
- patch. You could learn Tcl.
-
- If you are thinking about debugging Freeze, start playing with a
- really simple program first (like "print 'hello world'"). If you
- can't get that to work there's something fundamentally wrong with your
- environment (or with your understanding of it). Gradually build it up
- to use more modules and extensions until you find where it stops
- working. After that, you're on your own -- happy hacking!
-
-
- --Guido van Rossum, CWI, Amsterdam <mailto:Guido.van.Rossum@cwi.nl>
- <http://www.cwi.nl/cwi/people/Guido.van.Rossum.html>
-