C/C++ Users Group Library 1996 July

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MS-DOS help file. The subsections below contains information on various commands and other features which are included with MS-DOS version 5.0. >Commands for general use. This section describes general user commands. >>APPEND [[drive:]path[;...]] [/X[:ON | :OFF]] [/PATH:ON | /PATH:OFF] [/E] or APPEND ; Allows programs to open data files in specified directories as if they were in the current directory. [drive:]path Specifies a drive and directory to append. /X:ON Applies appended directories to file searches and application execution. /X:OFF Applies appended directories only to requests to open files. /X:OFF is the default setting. /PATH:ON Applies appended directories to file requests that already specify a path. /PATH:ON is the default setting. /PATH:OFF Turns off the effect of /PATH:ON. /E Stores a copy of the appended directory list in an environment variable named APPEND. /E may be used only the first time you use APPEND after starting your system. Type APPEND ; to clear the appended directory list. Type APPEND without parameters to display the appended directory list. >>ASSIGN [x[:]=y[:][...]] or ASSIGN /STATUS Redirects requests for disk operations on one drive to a different drive. x Specifies the drive letter to reassign. y Specifies the drive that x: will be assigned to. /STATUS Displays current drive assignments. Type ASSIGN without parameters to remove all drive assignments. >>ATTRIB [+/-R] [+/-A] [+/-S] [+/-H] [[drive:][path]filename] [/S] Displays or changes file attributes. +/-R Set/Clear READ-ONLY file attribute. +/-A Set/Clear ARCHIVE file attribute. +/-S Set/Clear SYSTEM file attribute. +/-H Set/Clear HIDDEN file attribute. /S Recurse into subdirectories. Note: ATTRIB can also be used as a general "find file" program. EG: to display all ".BAT" file on drive C: attrib c:\*.bat /s >>BACKUP source dest: [/S] [/M] [/A] [/F:size] [/D:date[/T:time]] [/L:logfile] Backs up one or more files from one disk to another. source Specifies the files, drive, or directory to back up. dest: Specifies the drive to save backup copies onto. /A Adds files to an existing backup (retains old files). /D:date Backup files changed on or after the specified date. /F:[size] Specifies the size of the disk to be formatted. /L:logfile Logs backup to specified file. /M Backup files that have changed since the last backup. /S Recursivly backup subdirectories. /T:time Backup files changed at or after the specified time. >>BREAK [ON | OFF] Sets or clears extended CTRL+C checking. Type BREAK without a parameter to display the current BREAK setting. >>CD [drive:][path] or CD [..] Displays the name of or changes the current working directory. .. Specifies that you want to change to the parent directory. Type CD drive: to display the current directory in the specified drive. Type CD without parameters to display the current drive and directory. >>CHCP [nnn] Displays or sets the active code page number. nnn Specifies a code page number. Type CHCP without a parameter to display the active code page number. >>CHKDSK [drive:][[path]filename] [/F] [/V] Checks a integrity of FAT's and directories on a drive. [drive:][path] Specifies the drive and directory to check. filename Specifies file(s) to check for fragmentation. /F Fixes errors on the disk. /V Display full path and name of every file on the disk. Type CHKDSK without parameters to check the current disk. >>CLS Clears the console screen. >>COMMAND [[drive:]path] [device] [/E:nnnnn] [/P] [/C string] [/MSG] Starts a new instance of the MS-DOS command interpreter. [drive:]path Specifies the directory containing COMMAND.COM file. device Specifies the device to use for command input and output. /E:nnnnn Sets the initial environment size to nnnnn bytes. /P Makes the new command interpreter permanent (can't exit). /C string Carries out the command specified by string, and then stops. /MSG Specifies that all error messages be stored in memory. You need to specify /P with this switch. >>COMP [data1] [data2] [/D] [/A] [/L] [/N=number] [/C] Compares the contents of two files or sets of files. data1 Specifies location and name(s) of first file(s) to compare. data2 Specifies location and name(s) of second files to compare. /D Displays differences in decimal format. This is the default setting. /A Displays differences in ASCII characters. /L Displays line numbers for differences. /N=number Compares only the first specified number of lines in each file. /C Disregards case of ASCII letters when comparing files. To compare sets of files, use wildcards in data1 and data2 parameters. >>COPY [/A|/B] source [/A|/B] [+source [/A|/B] [+...]] [dest [/A|/B]] [/V] Copies one or more files to another location. source Specifies the file or files to be copied. /A Indicates an ASCII text file. /B Indicates a binary file. dest Specifies the directory and/or filename for the new file(s). /V Verifies that new files are written correctly. To append files, specify a single file for destination, but multiple files for source (using wildcards or file1+file2+file3 format). >>CTTY device Changes the terminal device used to control your system. device The terminal device you want to use, such as COM1. >>DATE [date] Displays or sets the date. Type DATE without parameters to display the current date setting and a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same date. >>DEBUG [[drive:][path]filename [testfile-parameters]] Runs Debug, a program testing and editing tool. [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file you want to test. testfile-parameters Specifies command-line information required by the file you want to test. After Debug starts, type ? to display a list of debugging commands. >>>Assemble : A [address] Translates assembly language mnemonics into machine code, and places it at the specified address. If no address is given, continues from the last address used. >>>Compare : C range address Compares the memory region covered by 'range' with the region beginning at 'address'. >>>Dump : D [range] Dumps the range of memory region specified by range in hex/ASCII dump format. If range is not given, dumps 128 byte from last dump command. >>>Enter : E address [list] Enters data from [list] directly into memory at the specified address. If [list] is not given, an interactive prompt is issued for data. >>>Fill : F range list Fills the memory region covered by range with the data values specified by list. >>>Go : G[=address] [breakpoints] Begins program execution at the specified address. If an address is not given, execution begins at the addrss in CS:IP. Up to 10 temporary breakpoints addresses can be specified, and will cause the program to trap if execution is attempted at any of those addresses. >>>Hex arithmetic : H value1 value2 Displays the sum and difference of the two hex values. >>>Input : I port Reads and displays single data byte from the specified I/O port address. >>>Load : L [address] [drive start number] Loads the number of bytes contained in BX:CX into memory at the specified address (Default is CS contents). The filename must have been passed on the debug command line, or specified with the 'N'ame command. If [drive start number] is specified, the MSDOS file system is bypassed, and the data is loaded directly from the specified disk drive (0=A, 1=B, ...) at the specified sector and number of sectors. >>>Move : M range address Copies the contents of the memory region specified by 'range', to the address given. >>>Name : N filename or parameters This command is used for two purposes: If followed by a filename, that name is used for subsequent 'L'oad and 'W'rite commands. The specified string is also made available as command line parameters to the executable program being tested. >>>Output : O port data Writes the single byte of data to the I/O port address specified. >>>Proceed : P[=address] [number] Executes the specified number of instruction, at the given address, and then returns to debug. If no address is given, the content of CS:IP is used. Default 'number' is one. The instructions executed are NOT displayed. >>>Quit : Q Terminates DEBUG, and return to MS-DOS. >>>Register : R [register] Displays the contents of the named register. If no register is specified, all registers are displayed. >>>Search : S range list Searches the memory region covered by 'range' for the specified list of data bytes. >>>Trace : T[=address] [number] Executes the specified number of instruction, at the given address, and then returns to debug. If no address is given, the content of CS:IP is used. Default 'number' is one. The instructions executed are displayed in disassembly format. >>>Unassemble : U [range] Displays the contents of the specified memory region as machine instruction mnemonics (source statements). If no range is specified, unassembly continues from the last address. >>>Write : W [address] [drive start number] Writes the number of bytes contained in BX:CX from memory at the specified address (Default is CS contents). The filename must have been passed on the debug command line, or specified with the 'N'ame command. If [drive start number] is specified, the MSDOS file system is bypassed, and the data is written directly from the specified disk drive (0=A, 1=B, ...) at the specified sector and number of sectors. >>>XA count Allocates the specified number of 16Kbyte pages of expanded memory, and displays the hexidecimal number of the handle created. >>>XD handle Deallocates the block of expanded memory which is identified by the specified handle. >>>XM lpage ppage handle Maps the specified logical page (lpage) of expanded memory, belonging to 'handle', to the specified physical page of expanded memory (ppage). >>>XS Displays information about the current status of expanded memory. >>>Range-Format Commands requiring a range of memory may be specified as either a startng and ending range, using the two addresses: eg: 1000 10FF or as a starting address, and a length (indicated by 'l'): eg: 1000 l 100 >>DEL [drive:][path]filename [/P] Deletes one or more files. [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file(s) to delete. Specify multiple files by using wildcards. /P Prompts for confirmation before deleting each file. >>DIR [filespec] [/P] [/W] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/O[[:]sortorder]] [/S] [/B] [/L] Displays a list of files and subdirectories in a directory. filespec Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list. /P Pauses after each screenful of information. /W Uses wide list format. /A Displays files with specified attributes. attributes D Directories R Read-only files H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving S System files - Prefix meaning "not" /O List by files in sorted order. sortorder N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first) E By extension (alphabetic) D By date & time (earliest first) G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order /S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories. /B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary). /L Uses lowercase. Switches may be preset in the DIRCMD environment variable. Override preset switches by prefixing any switch with - (hyphen)--for example, /-W. >>DISKCOMP [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/8] Compares the contents of two floppy disks. /1 Compares the first side of the disks. /8 Compares only the first eight sectors of each track. >>DISKCOPY [drive1: [drive2:]] [/1] [/V] Copies the contents of one floppy disk to another. /1 Copies only the first side of the disk. /V Verifies that the information is copied correctly. The two floppy disks must be the same type. You may specify the same drive for drive1 and drive2. >>DOSKEY [/REINSTALL] [/BUFSIZE=size] [/MACROS] [/HISTORY] [/INSERT | /OVERSTRIKE] [macroname=[text]] Edits command lines, recalls MS-DOS commands, and creates macros. /REINSTALL Installs a new copy of Doskey. /BUFSIZE=size Sets size of command history buffer. /MACROS Displays all Doskey macros. /HISTORY Displays all commands stored in memory. /INSERT Specifies that new text you type is inserted in old text. /OVERSTRIKE Specifies that new text overwrites old text. macroname Specifies a name for a macro you create. text Specifies commands you want to record. UP and DOWN ARROWS recall commands; ESC clears command line; F7 displays command history; ALT+F7 clears command history; F8 searches command history; F9 selects a command by number; ALT+F10 clears macro definitions. The following are some special codes in Doskey macro definitions: $T Command separator. Allows multiple commands in a macro. $1-$9 Batch parameters. Equivalent to %1-%9 in batch programs. $* Symbol replaced by everything following macro name on command line. >>DOSSHELL [/T[:res[n]]] [/B] or DOSSHELL [/G[:res[n]]] [/B] Starts MS-DOS Shell. /T Starts MS-DOS Shell in text mode. :res[n] A letter (L, M, H) and number indicating screen resolution. /B Starts MS-DOS Shell using black-and-white color scheme. /G Starts MS-DOS Shell in graphics mode. >>EDIT [[drive:][path]filename] [/B] [/G] [/H] [/NOHI] Starts the MS-DOS Editor, which creates and changes ASCII files. [drive:][path]filename Specifies the ASCII file to edit. /B Allows use of a monochrome monitor with a color graphics card. /G Provides the fastest update of a CGA screen. /H Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware. /NOHI Allows the use of a monitor without high-intensity support. >>EDLIN [drive:][path]filename [/B] Starts Edlin, a line-oriented text editor. /B Ignores end-of-file (CTRL+Z) characters. >>>Append : [n]A Loads a portion of a file into memory when insufficent memory prevents EDLIN from loading the entire file. 'n' specified the number of lines to read. If not given, EDLIN reads until the available memory is 75% full. >>>Copy : [line1],[line2],line3[,count]C Copies the text from line1 to line2, and places it before line3. 'count' specifies the number of times you want EDLIN to insert the lines. If line1 and line2 are not given, EDLIN uses the current line. >>>Delete : [line1][,line2]D Delete the lines between line1 and line2 (inclusive). If one or both lines are not given, EDLIN assumes the current line. >>>End : E Writes the current file to disk, and terminates the EDLIN session. >>>Insert : [line]I Inserts lines before the specified line. (Default is current line) >>>List : [line1][,line2]L Displays the block of lines specified. If line1 is omitted, EDLIN displays from 11 lines before the current line up to line2. If line2 is ommited, EDLIN displays up to one page, beginning with line1. If both line1 and line2 are ommited, EDLIN displays one page, beginning 11 lines before the current line. >>>Move : [line1],[line2],line3M or [line1],+n,line3M Moves a block of lines from line1 to line2 (inclusive), or from line1 to line1+n, and places them before line3. If a line is not specified, EDLIN assumes the current line. >>>Page : [line1][,line2]P Displays all or part of the file, one page at a time. >>>Quit : Q Terminates EDLIN, and discards any changes to the current file. >>>Replace : [line1][,line2][?]R[string1][^Z string2] Searches the file from line1 to line2, and replaces all occurances of string1 with string2. If '?' is specified, EDLIN prompts for Y/N confirmation before replacing each occurance. If string1 is not specified, it defaults to the last one searched for (with either 'S' or 'R' commands). >>>Search : [line1][,line2]?S[string] Search the filr from line1 to line2, and displays the first line that contains the specified string. IF ;?' is specified, EDLIN will prompt with "O.K.?" after locating the string, answer 'Y' to termiante the search, or 'N' to continue. >>>Transfer : [line]T filename Inserts the contents of the specified file before the indicated line. If line is not specified, the current line is assumed. >>>Write : [n]W Writes the first portion of the edited file to disk. Used when editing files larger than available memory, to save changes before reading in the next portion. The 'n' parameter specifies the number of lines to write. If not specified, EDLIN writes until memory is 25% or less used. >>EMM386 [ON | OFF | AUTO] [W=ON | W=OFF] Turns on or off EMM386 expanded memory support. ON | OFF | AUTO Activates or suspends EMM386.EXE device driver, or places it in auto mode. W=ON | OFF Turns on or off Weitek coprocessor support. >>EXE2BIN [drive1:][path1]input-file [[drive2:][path2]output-file] Converts .EXE (executable) files to binary format. input-file Specifies the .EXE file to be converted. output-file Specifies the binary file to be created. >>EXIT Quits the COMMAND.COM program (command interpreter). >>EXPAND [drive:][path]filename [[drive:][path]filename [...]] destination Expands one or more compressed files. [drive:][path]filename Specifies the location and/or name of a file or set of files to be expanded. You cannot use wildcards. destination Specifies the new location and/or name of an expanded file or set of files. Destination can be a drive letter and colon, directory name, filename, or combination. The destination can only be a filename if you have specified a single filename for the source filename parameter. To expand a file or set of files to a different directory and keep the original filename(s), specify only a directory as the destination. >>FASTOPEN drive:[[=]n] [drive:[[=]n][ ...]] [/X] Decreases the amount of time needed to open frequently used files and directories. drive: Specifies the hard disk drive you want Fastopen to work with. n Specifies the maximum number of file locations Fastopen retains in its filename cache. /X Creates the filename cache in expanded memory. >>FC [/A] [/C] [/L] [/LBn] [/N] [/T] [/W] [/nnnn] [file1] [file2] or FC /B [file1] [file2] Compares two files or sets of files and displays the differences between them. /A Displays only first and last lines for each set of differences. /B Performs a binary comparison. /C Disregards the case of letters. /L Compares files as ASCII text. /LBn Sets maximum consecutive mismatches to the specified number of lines. /N Displays the line numbers on an ASCII comparison. /T Does not expand tabs to spaces. /W Compresses white space (tabs and spaces) for comparison. /nnnn Set number of consecutive lines that must match after a mismatch. >>FDISK Configure a hard disk for use with MS-DOS. >>FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]] Searches for a text string in a file or files. /V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string. /C Displays only the count of lines containing the string. /N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines. /I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string. "string" Specifies the text string to find. [drive:][path]filename Specifies a file or files to search. If a pathname is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt or piped from another command. >>FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/F:size] [/B | /S] or FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/T:tracks /N:sectors] [/B | /S] or FORMAT drive: [/V[:label]] [/Q] [/U] [/1] [/4] [/B | /S] or FORMAT drive: [/Q] [/U] [/1] [/4] [/8] [/B | /S] Formats a disk for use with MS-DOS. /V[:label] Specifies the volume label. /Q Performs a quick format. /U Performs an unconditional format. /F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (such as 160, 180, 320, 360, 720, 1.2, 1.44, 2.88). /B Allocates space on the formatted disk for system files. /S Copies system files to the formatted disk. /T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side. /N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track. /1 Formats a single side of a floppy disk. /4 Formats a 5.25-inch 360K floppy disk in a high-density drive. /8 Formats eight sectors per track. >>GRAFTABL [xxx] or GRAFTABL /STATUS Enables MS-DOS to display an extended character set in graphics mode. xxx Specifies a code page number. /STATUS Displays the current code page selected for use with GRAFTABL. >>GRAPHICS [type] [filename] [/R] [/B] [/LCD] [/PRINTBOX:STD|/PRINTBOX:LCD] Loads a program that can print graphics. type Specifies a printer type (see User's Guide and Reference). filename Specifies the file containing information on supported printers. /R Prints white on black as seen on the screen. /B Prints the background in color for COLOR4 and COLOR8 printers. /LCD Prints using LCD aspect ratio. /PRINTBOX:STD | /PRINTBOX:LCD Specifies the print-box size, either STD or LCD. >>JOIN [drive1: [drive2:]path] or JOIN drive1: /D Joins a disk drive to a directory on another drive. drive1: Specifies a disk drive that will appear as a directory on drive2. drive2: Specifies a drive to which you want to join drive1. path Specifies the directory to which you want to join drive1. It must be empty and cannot be the root directory. /D Cancels any previous JOIN commands for the specified drive. Type JOIN without parameters to list currently joined drives. >>KEYB [xx[,[yyy][,[drive:][path]filename]]] [/E] [/ID:nnn] Configures a keyboard for a specific language. xx Specifies a two-letter keyboard code. yyy Specifies the code page for the character set. [drive:][path]filename Specifies the keyboard definition file. /E Specifies that an enhanced keyboard is installed. /ID:nnn Specifies the keyboard in use. >>LABEL [drive:][label] Creates, changes, or deletes the volume label of a disk. >>LOADHIGH [drive:][path]filename [parameters] Loads a program into the upper memory area. parameters Specifies any command-line information required by the program you want to load. >>MEM [/PROGRAM | /DEBUG | /CLASSIFY] Displays the amount of used and free memory in your system. /PROGRAM or /P Displays status of programs currently loaded in memory. /DEBUG or /D Displays status of programs, internal drivers, and other information. /CLASSIFY or /C Classifies programs by memory usage. Lists the size of programs, provides a summary of memory in use, and lists largest memory block available. >>MIRROR [drive:[ ...]] [/1] [/Tdrive[-entries][ ...]] or MIRROR [/U] or MIRROR [/PARTN] Records information about one or more disks. drive: Specifies the drive for which you want to save information. /1 Saves only the latest disk information (does not back up previous information). /Tdrive Loads the deletion-tracking program for the specified drive. -entries Specifies maximum number of entries in the deletion-tracking file. /U Unloads the deletion-tracking program. /PARTN Saves hard disk partition information to a floppy diskette. MIRROR, UNDELETE, and UNFORMAT Copyright (C) 1987-1991 Central Point Software, Inc. >>MKDIR [drive:]path or MD [drive:]path Creates a directory. >>MODE - Configures system devices. Printer port: MODE LPTn[:] [COLS=c] [LINES=l] [RETRY=r] Serial port: MODE COMm[:] [BAUD=b] [PARITY=p] [DATA=d] [STOP=s] [RETRY=r] Device Status: MODE [device] [/STATUS] Redirect printing: MODE LPTn[:]=COMm[:] Prepare code page: MODE device CP PREPARE=((yyy[...]) [drive:][path]filename) Select code page: MODE device CP SELECT=yyy Refresh code page: MODE device CP REFRESH Code page status: MODE device CP [/STATUS] Display mode: MODE [display-adapter][,n] MODE CON[:] [COLS=c] [LINES=n] Typematic rate: MODE CON[:] [RATE=r DELAY=d] >>MORE < [drive:][path]filename or command-name | MORE Displays output one screen at a time. [drive:][path]filename Specifies a file to display one screen at a time. command-name Specifies a command whose output will be displayed. >>MSHERC [/HALF] Installs support for QBasic graphics programs using the Hercules graphics card. /HALF Use when a color adapter is also installed. >>NLSFUNC [[drive:][path]filename] Loads country-specific information. [drive:][path]filename Specifies the file containing country-specific information. >>PATH [[drive:]path[;...]] Displays or sets a search path for executable files. Type PATH ; to clear all search-path settings and direct MS-DOS to search only in the current directory. Type PATH without parameters to display the current path. >>PRINT [/D:device] [/B:size] [/U:ticks1] [/M:ticks2] [/S:ticks3] [/Q:qsize] [/T] [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]] [/C] [/P] Prints a text file while you are using other MS-DOS commands. /D:device Specifies a print device. /B:size Sets the internal buffer size, in bytes. /U:ticks1 Waits the specified maximum number of clock ticks for the printer to be available. /M:ticks2 Specifies the maximum number of clock ticks it takes to print a character. /S:ticks3 Allocates the scheduler the specified number of clock ticks for background printing. /Q:qsize Specifies the maximum number of files allowed in the print queue. /T Removes all files from the print queue. /C Cancels printing of the preceding filename and subsequent filenames. /P Adds the preceding filename and subsequent filenames to the print queue. Type PRINT without parameters to display the contents of the print queue. >>PROMPT [text] Changes the MS-DOS command prompt. text Specifies a new command prompt. Prompt can be made up of normal characters and the following special codes: $Q = (equal sign) $$ $ (dollar sign) $T Current time $D Current date $P Current drive and path $V MS-DOS version number $N Current drive $G > (greater-than sign) $L < (less-than sign) $B | (pipe) $H Backspace (erases previous character) $E Escape code (ASCII code 27) $_ Carriage return and linefeed Type PROMPT without parameters to reset the prompt to the default setting. >>QBASIC [/B] [/EDITOR] [/G] [/H] [/MBF] [/NOHI] [[/RUN] [drive:][path]filename] Starts the MS-DOS QBasic programming environment. /B Allows use of a monochrome monitor with a color graphics card. /EDITOR Starts the MS-DOS Editor. /G Provides the fastest update of a CGA screen. /H Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware. /MBF Converts the built-in functions MKS$, MKD$, CVS, and CVD to MKSMBF$, MKDMBF$, CVSMBF, and CVDMBF, respectively. /NOHI Allows the use of a monitor without high-intensity support. /RUN Runs the specified Basic program before displaying it. [[drive:][path]filename] Specifies the program file to load or run. >>RECOVER drive:[path]filename Recovers readable information from a bad or defective disk. Consult your User's Guide and Reference before using the RECOVER command. >>RENAME [drive:][path]filename1 filename2 Renames a file or files. Note that you cannot specify a new drive or path for your destination file. >>REPLACE [drive1:][path1]filename [drive2:][path2] [/A] [/P] [/R] [/W] or REPLACE [drive1:][path1]filename [drive2:][path2] [/P] [/R] [/S] [/W] [/U] Replaces files. [drive1:][path1]filename Specifies the source file or files. [drive2:][path2] Specifies the directory where files are to be replaced. /A Adds new files to destination directory. Cannot use with /S or /U switches. /P Prompts for confirmation before replacing a file or adding a source file. /R Replaces read-only files as well as unprotected files. /S Replaces files in all subdirectories of the destination directory. Cannot use with the /A switch. /W Waits for you to insert a disk before beginning. /U Replaces (updates) only files that are older than source files. Cannot use with the /A switch. >>RESTORE drive1: drive2:[path[filename]] [/S] [/P] [/B:date] [/A:date] [/E:time] [/L:time] [/M] [/N] [/D] Restores files that were backed up by using the BACKUP command. drive1: Specifies the drive on which the backup files are stored. drive2:[path[filename]] Specifies the file(s) to restore. /S Restores files in all subdirectories in the path. /P Prompts before restoring read-only files or files changed since the last backup (if appropriate attributes are set). /B Restores only files last changed on or before the specified date. /A Restores only files changed on or after the specified date. /E Restores only files last changed at or earlier than the specified time. /L Restores only files changed at or later than the specified time. /M Restores only files changed since the last backup. /N Restores only files that no longer exist on the destination disk. /D Displays files on the backup disk that match specifications. >>RMDIR [drive:]path or RD [drive:]path Removes (deletes) a directory. >>SET [variable=[string]] Displays, sets, or removes MS-DOS environment variables. variable Specifies the environment-variable name. string Specifies a series of characters to assign to the variable. Type SET without parameters to display the current environment variables. >>SETVER - Sets the version number that MS-DOS reports to a program. Display current version table: SETVER [drive:path] Add entry: SETVER [drive:path] filename n.nn Delete entry: SETVER [drive:path] filename /DELETE [/QUIET] [drive:path] Specifies location of the SETVER.EXE file. filename Specifies the filename of the program. n.nn Specifies the MS-DOS version to be reported to the program. /DELETE or /D Deletes the version-table entry for the specified program. /QUIET Hides the message typically displayed during deletion of version-table entry. >>SHARE [/F:space] [/L:locks] Installs file-sharing and locking capabilities on your hard disk. /F:space Allocates file space (in bytes) for file-sharing information. /L:locks Sets the number of files that can be locked at one time. >>SORT [/R] [/+n] < [drive1:][path1]filename1 [> [drive2:][path2]filename2] [command |] SORT [/R] [/+n] [> [drive2:][path2]filename2] Sorts input and writes results to the screen, a file, or another device. /R Reverses the sort order; that is, sorts Z to A, then 9 to 0. /+n Sorts the file according to characters in column n. [drive1:][path1]filename1 Specifies a file to be sorted. [drive2:][path2]filename2 Specifies a file where the sorted input is to be stored. command Specifies a command whose output is to be sorted. >>SUBST [drive1: [drive2:]path] or SUBST drive1: /D Associates a path with a drive letter. drive1: Specifies a virtual drive to which you want to assign a path. [drive:2]path Specifies a physical drive and path you want to assign to a virtual drive. /D Deletes a substituted (virtual) drive. Type SUBST with no parameters to display a list of current virtual drives. >>SYS [drive1:][path] drive2: Copies MS-DOS system files and command interpreter to a disk you specify. [drive1:][path] Specifies the location of the system files. drive2: Specifies the drive the files are to be copied to. >>TIME [time] Displays or sets the system time. Type TIME with no parameters to display the current time setting and a prompt for a new one. Press ENTER to keep the same time. >>TREE [drive:][path] [/F] [/A] Graphically displays the directory structure of a drive or path. /F Displays the names of the files in each directory. /A Uses ASCII instead of extended characters. >>TYPE [drive:][path]filename Displays the contents of a text file. >>UNDELETE [[drive:][path]][filename] [/LIST | /ALL] [/DT | /DOS] Restores files which have been deleted. /LIST Lists the deleted files available to be recovered. /ALL Undeletes all specified files without prompting. /DT Uses only the deletion-tracking file. /DOS Uses only the MS-DOS directory. MIRROR, UNDELETE, and UNFORMAT Copyright (C) 1987-1991 Central Point Software, Inc. >>UNFORMAT drive: [/J] or UNFORMAT drive: [/U] [/L] [/TEST] [/P] or UNFORMAT /PARTN [/L] Restores a disk erased by the FORMAT command or restructured by the RECOVER command. drive: Specifies the drive to unformat. /J Verifies that the mirror files agree with the system information on the disk. /U Unformats without using MIRROR files. /L Lists all file and directory names found, or, when used with the /PARTN switch, displays current partition tables. /TEST Displays information but does not write changes to disk. /P Sends output messages to printer connected to LPT1. /PARTN Restores disk partition tables. MIRROR, UNDELETE, and UNFORMAT Copyright (C) 1987-1991 Central Point Software, Inc. >>VER Displays the MS-DOS version. >>VERIFY [ON | OFF] Tells MS-DOS whether to verify that your files are written correctly to a disk. Type VERIFY without a parameter to display the current VERIFY setting. >>VOL [drive:] Displays the disk volume label and serial number, if they exist. >>XCOPY source [destination] [/A | /M] [/D:date] [/P] [/S [/E]] [/V] [/W] Copies files (except hidden and system files) and directory trees. source Specifies the file(s) to copy. destination Specifies the location and/or name of new files. /A Copies files with the archive attribute set, doesn't change the attribute. /M Copies files with the archive attribute set, turns off the archive attribute. /D:date Copies files changed on or after the specified date. /P Prompts you before creating each destination file. /S Copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones. /E Copies any subdirectories, even if empty. /V Verifies each new file. /W Prompts you to press a key before copying. >BatchCommands This section describes commands which are intended for use as control structures in batch files. >>CALL [drive:][path]filename [batch-parameters] Calls one batch program from another. batch-parameters Specifies any command-line information required by the batch program. >>ECHO [ON | OFF] or ECHO [message] Displays messages, or turns command-echoing on or off. Type ECHO without parameters to display the current echo setting. >>FOR %variable IN (set) DO command [command-parameters] Runs a specified command for each file in a set of files. %variable Specifies a replaceable parameter. (set) Specifies a set of one or more files. Wildcards may be used. command Specifies the command to carry out for each file. command-parameters Specifies parameters or switches for the specified command. To use the FOR command in a batch program, specify %%variable instead of %variable. >>GOTO label Directs MS-DOS to a labelled line in a batch program. label Specifies a text string used in the batch program as a label. You type a label on a line by itself, beginning with a colon. >>IF [NOT] string1==string2 command or IF [NOT] ERRORLEVEL number command or IF [NOT] EXIST filename command Performs conditional processing in batch programs. NOT Specifies that MS-DOS should carry out the command only if the condition is false. ERRORLEVEL number Specifies a true condition if the last program run returned an exit code equal to or greater than the number specified. command Specifies the command to carry out if the condition is met. string1==string2 Specifies a true condition if the specified text strings match. EXIST filename Specifies a true condition if the specified filename exists. >>PAUSE Suspends processing of a batch program and displays the message "Press any key to continue...." >>REM [comment] Records comments (remarks) in a batch file or CONFIG.SYS. >>SHIFT Shifts the parameters in a batch file by one place. '%0' takes the value of '%1', '%1' takes the value of '%2' etc... '%9' takes the value of any additional parameter on the command line, which was previously unaccessable. >DeviceDrivers This section describes the device drivers which are supplied with DOS. >>ANSI.SYS [/x] [/k] Allows the PC console to recognize ANSI escape sequences. /x Remaps extended keys independantly on 101 key keyboards /k Ignores extended keys on 101 key keyboards >>DISPLAY.SYS con[:]=(type[,hwcp][,(n,m)]]) Allows the PC console to support code page switching. type Display type: MONO, CGA, EGA or LCD MONO and CGA are ignored - code page switching not supported Use EGA for EGA or VGA displays hwcp Specifies the number of code pages supported by your hardware. This list shows the code pages MS-DOS supports, and the country or language for each: 437 United States 850 Multilingual (Latin I) 852 Slavic (Latin II) 860 Portuguese 863 Canadian-French 865 Nordic n Specifies number of additional code pages the hardware can support in addition to the hwcp parameter. Valid range is 0-6. For EGA, the maximum value is 6, for LCD, the maximum value is 1. m Specifies the number of subfonts the hardware supports for each code page. The default is 2 for EGA, and 1 for LCD. >>DRIVER.SYS /d:number [/C /f:factor /h:heads /s:sectors /t:tracks] Creates a logical drive that you can use to refer to a physical floppy disk drive. /d:number Specifies the number of the floppy disk drive (0=A, 1=B, ...) /c Indicates that the physical drive has change line support. /f:factor Indicates the type of disk drive: 0 = 160/180K or 320/360K 1 = 1.2 Megabyte 2 = 720K (default) 7 = 1.44 Megabyte 9 = 2.88 Megabyte /h:heads Specifies the number of heads in the disk drive. /s:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track. /t:tracks Specifies the total number of tracks on the disk drive. >>EGA.SYS Saves and restores the display when using the MS-DOS task swapper. If you have an EGA display, you must install EGA.SYS if using the task swapper. >>EMM386.EXE [ON|OFF|AUTO memory W=ON|OFF Mx|FRAME=address/Pmmmm Pn=address X=mmmm-nnnn I=mmmm-nnnn B=address L=minXMS A=altregs H=handles D=nnn RAM NOEMS] Simulates expanded memory while using extended memory, and provides access to the opper memory area on a computer with 80386 or higher processor. ON|OFF|AUTO Activates(ON) or deactivates(OFF) the EMM386 driver. AUTO activates EMM386 only of a program calls for it. memory Specifies the amount of memory (in K) to allocate to EMM386. W=ON|OFF Enable(ON) or Disable(OFF) Weitek co-processor support. Mx Specifies address of page frame: 1=C000, 2=C400, 3=C800, 4=CC00, 5=D000, 6=D400, 7=D800 8=DC00, 9=E000, 10=8000, 11=8400, 12=8800, 13=8C00, 14=9000 frame=addr Specify the page frame segment base directly. /Pmmmm Specifies the address of the page frame. Pn=address Specify the segment address of a specific page. X=mmmm-nnnn Prevents EMM386 from using the specified range of segments. I=mmmm-nnnn Allows EMM386 to use the specified range of segments B=address Set lowest segment address available for EMS banking. L=minXMS Insure that nK of XMS memory is available after loading EMM386. A=altregs Specifies how many alternalte register sets to allocate. H=handles Specifies how many handls EMM386 can use. D=nnn Specified how many K of memory reserved for buffered DMA. RAM Provides access to both expanded memory and upper memory are. NOEMS Provides access to upper memory area, but prevents expanded. >>HIMEM.SYS [/hmamin=m /numhandles=n /int15=xxxx /machine:xxxx /a20control:OFF|ON /shawdowram:OFF|ON /cpuclock:OFF|ON] Manages the use of extended memory and the high memory are (HMA). /hmamin=m Amount of memory (K) a program must use before HIMEM.SYS allows it to use the high memory area. /numhandles=n Maximum number of EMB handles that can be used simultaneously. /int15=xxx Allocates xxxK of extended memory for int15 (VDISK) interface. /machine:xxx Specifies the A20 handler to be used. See manual. /a20control OFF=Do not take control of A20 if already switched on. /shawdowram OFF=Disable shadow RAM and add it to himem's pool. /cpuclock ON=try and avoid changing CPU clock speed on some hardware. >>PRINTER.SYS LPTx=(type[,[hwcp][,n]]) Supports code page switching for parallel ports. LPTx Specifies the number of the parallel port type Specifies the printer in use. (See manual) hwcp Specifies the code page your hardware supports. 437 United States 850 Multilingual (Latin I) 852 Slavic (Latin II) 860 Portuguese 863 Canadian-French 865 Nordic n Specifies the number of additional code pages your hardware supports. >>RAMDRIVE.SYS [disksize secsize [Entries]] [/E|/A] Creates a RAM disk from system memory to simulate a fast hard drive. Disksize Specifies the size (K) of the RAM disk (default=64) Secsize Specifies the sector size (default 512 recommended) Entries Specifies the number of root directory entries created. /E Use extended memory. (if neither '/E' or '/A' is specified, the /A Use expanded memory. RAMdrive is created in conventional memory) >>SETVER.EXE Loads the MSDOS version table into memory. See also the SETVER command. >>SMARTDRV.SYS [Initsize] [minsize] [/A] Creates a disk cache in extended or expanded memory. Initsize Specifies the initial size of the cache (K). Minsize Specifies the minimum cache size (K). /A Use expanded memory, otherwise extended is used. >Config.Sys The following statements are for use in the system configuration file. >>Break Use BREAK=ON or BREAK=OFF to enable/disable extended control-C checking. >>Buffers - Allocate memory for disk buffers. BUFFERS=n[,m] n Specifies the number of disk buffers (1 to 99) m Specifies the number of buffers in the secondary cache (1 to 8) >>Country - Enables international time/date/currency and case conversions. COUNTRY=xxx[,[yyy][,[file]] xxx Specifies the country code yyy Specifies the code page for the country file Specifies the file containing country information >>Device - Load a device driver into memory DEVICE=filename [parameters] filename The name of the file containing the device driver [parameters] Any command parameters to be passed to the driver. >>Devicehigh - Load a device driver into the upper memory area DEVICEHIGH=[filename] [parameters] or DEVICEHIGH SIZE=hexsize [filename] [parameters] hexsize Specifies the minimum amount of memory (in hex) that must be available before DEVICEHIGH will attempt to load the driver. filename The name of the file containing the device driver. [parameters] Any command parameters to tbe passed to the driver. >>Dos - Specifies DOS's use of upper and high memory areas. DOS=HIGH|LOW[,UMB|NOUMB] HIGH Indicates that DOS should load partly into the HIGH memory area. LOW Indicates that DOS should load itself into conventional memory. UMB Indicates that DOS should maintain links to upper memory. NOUMB Indicates that DOS should not maintain links to upper memory. Note: You must first install HIMEM.SYS before using HIGH or UMB. >>Drivparm - Define parameters for block devices. DRIVPARM=/d:number [/c /f:factor /h:heads /i /n /s:sectors /d:number Specifies the physical drive number (0=A, 1=B, ...) /c Indicates that the physical drive has change line support. /f:factor Indicates the type of disk drive: 0 = 160/180K or 320/360K 1 = 1.2 Megabyte 2 = 720K (default) 7 = 1.44 Megabyte 9 = 2.88 Megabyte /h:heads Specifies the number of heads in the disk drive. /i Specifies an "electonically compatible" 3.5-inch floppy drive. Use this switch if your BIOS does not support 3.5-inch drives. /n Indicates a non-removable block device. /s:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track. /t:tracks Specifies the total number of tracks on the disk drive. >>Fcbs - Specify number of File Control Blocks that MS-DOS can open. FCBS=x X Specify the number of file control blocks that MS-DOS can have open at any one time. Valid range is 1 to 255. Default is 4. >>Files - Set the number of file that MS-DOS can open at one time. FILES=x X Specifies the number of files that MS-DOS can access at one time. Valid range is 8 to 255. Default is 8. >>Install - Installs memory resident programs INSTALL-filename [parameters] filename The name of the file containing the memory resident program. [parameters] Any command parameters to be passed to the program. >>Lastdrive - Specify the maximum number of disk drives in the system. LASTDRIVE=x x Specifies the last drive letter which is recognized by the system. >>Rem - Insert a comment line The REM statement causes the remainder of the line to be ignored. >>Shell - Specify the name of the MS-DOS command interpreter. SHELL=filename [parameters] filename The name of the file containing the command interpreter. [parameters] Any command parameters to be passed to the command interpreter. >>Stacks - Supports dynamic use of data stacks to handle hardware interrupts. STACKS=n,s n Specifies the number of stacks. Valid values are 0, and 8-64. s Specifies the size (in bytes) of each stack. Valid is 0, and 32-512. >>Switches - Force enhanced keyboard to behave like standard one. SWITCHES=/K /K Indicates that the extended keyboard keys are to be ignored.