home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
open in: 
MacOS 8.1
|
Win98
|
DOS
view JSON data
|
view as text
This file was processed as: LaTeX Document
(document/latex).
You can browse this item here: rlabp_tex
| Confidence | Program | Detection | Match Type | Support
|
|---|
| 100%
| dexvert
| LaTeX Document (document/latex)
| magic
| Supported |
| 1%
| dexvert
| Text File (text/txt)
| fallback
| Supported |
| 100%
| file
| LaTeX document text
| default
| |
| 99%
| file
| LaTeX document, ASCII text
| default
| |
| 100%
| TrID
| LaTeX 2e document (with rem)
| default
| |
| 100%
| checkBytes
| Printable ASCII
| default
| |
| 100%
| perlTextCheck
| Likely Text (Perl)
| default
| |
| 100%
| siegfried
| fmt/281 LaTeX (Subdocument)
| default
| |
| 100%
| detectItEasy
| Format: plain text[LF]
| default (weak)
| |
| 100%
| xdgMime
| text/x-matlab
| default (weak)
|
|
hex view+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
|00000000| 25 25 20 52 4c 61 42 20 | 50 72 69 6d 65 72 0a 25 |%% RLaB |Primer.%|
|00000010| 0a 25 25 20 54 68 69 73 | 20 66 69 6c 65 20 64 6f |.%% This| file do|
|00000020| 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 | 52 4c 61 42 2c 20 61 20 |cuments |RLaB, a |
|00000030| 56 65 63 74 6f 72 20 61 | 6e 64 20 4d 61 74 72 69 |Vector a|nd Matri|
|00000040| 78 20 50 72 6f 67 72 61 | 6d 6d 69 6e 67 20 4c 61 |x Progra|mming La|
|00000050| 6e 67 75 61 67 65 0a 25 | 25 20 43 6f 70 79 72 69 |nguage.%|% Copyri|
|00000060| 67 68 74 20 40 63 6f 70 | 79 72 69 67 68 74 7b 7d |ght @cop|yright{}|
|00000070| 20 31 39 39 32 2c 20 31 | 39 39 33 2c 20 31 39 39 | 1992, 1|993, 199|
|00000080| 34 20 49 61 6e 20 52 2e | 20 53 65 61 72 6c 65 0a |4 Ian R.| Searle.|
|00000090| 25 25 0a 25 25 20 50 65 | 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e |%%.%% Pe|rmission|
|000000a0| 20 69 73 20 67 72 61 6e | 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6d | is gran|ted to m|
|000000b0| 61 6b 65 20 61 6e 64 20 | 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 |ake and |distribu|
|000000c0| 74 65 20 76 65 72 62 61 | 74 69 6d 20 63 6f 70 69 |te verba|tim copi|
|000000d0| 65 73 20 6f 66 0a 25 25 | 20 74 68 69 73 20 6d 61 |es of.%%| this ma|
|000000e0| 6e 75 61 6c 20 70 72 6f | 76 69 64 65 64 20 74 68 |nual pro|vided th|
|000000f0| 65 20 63 6f 70 79 72 69 | 67 68 74 20 6e 6f 74 69 |e copyri|ght noti|
|00000100| 63 65 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 68 69 73 20 70 65 72 6d |ce and t|his perm|
|00000110| 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 6e | 6f 74 69 63 65 0a 25 25 |ission n|otice.%%|
|00000120| 20 61 72 65 20 70 72 65 | 73 65 72 76 65 64 20 6f | are pre|served o|
|00000130| 6e 20 61 6c 6c 20 63 6f | 70 69 65 73 2e 0a 25 25 |n all co|pies..%%|
|00000140| 0a 25 25 20 50 65 72 6d | 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 69 |.%% Perm|ission i|
|00000150| 73 20 67 72 61 6e 74 65 | 64 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f |s grante|d to pro|
|00000160| 63 65 73 73 20 74 68 69 | 73 20 66 69 6c 65 20 74 |cess thi|s file t|
|00000170| 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 54 | 65 58 20 61 6e 64 20 70 |hrough T|eX and p|
|00000180| 72 69 6e 74 20 74 68 65 | 0a 25 25 20 72 65 73 75 |rint the|.%% resu|
|00000190| 6c 74 73 2c 20 70 72 6f | 76 69 64 65 64 20 74 68 |lts, pro|vided th|
|000001a0| 65 20 70 72 69 6e 74 65 | 64 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 |e printe|d docume|
|000001b0| 6e 74 20 63 61 72 72 69 | 65 73 20 61 20 63 6f 70 |nt carri|es a cop|
|000001c0| 79 69 6e 67 20 70 65 72 | 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 0a |ying per|mission.|
|000001d0| 25 25 20 6e 6f 74 69 63 | 65 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 |%% notic|e identi|
|000001e0| 63 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 74 | 68 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 20 |cal to t|his one |
|000001f0| 65 78 63 65 70 74 20 66 | 6f 72 20 74 68 65 20 72 |except f|or the r|
|00000200| 65 6d 6f 76 61 6c 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 |emoval o|f this p|
|00000210| 61 72 61 67 72 61 70 68 | 0a 25 25 20 28 74 68 69 |aragraph|.%% (thi|
|00000220| 73 20 70 61 72 61 67 72 | 61 70 68 20 6e 6f 74 20 |s paragr|aph not |
|00000230| 62 65 69 6e 67 20 72 65 | 6c 65 76 61 6e 74 20 74 |being re|levant t|
|00000240| 6f 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 | 69 6e 74 65 64 20 6d 61 |o the pr|inted ma|
|00000250| 6e 75 61 6c 29 2e 0a 25 | 25 0a 25 25 20 50 65 72 |nual)..%|%.%% Per|
|00000260| 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 | 69 73 20 67 72 61 6e 74 |mission |is grant|
|00000270| 65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 6f | 70 79 20 61 6e 64 20 64 |ed to co|py and d|
|00000280| 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 | 65 20 6d 6f 64 69 66 69 |istribut|e modifi|
|00000290| 65 64 20 76 65 72 73 69 | 6f 6e 73 20 6f 66 20 74 |ed versi|ons of t|
|000002a0| 68 69 73 0a 25 25 20 6d | 61 6e 75 61 6c 20 75 6e |his.%% m|anual un|
|000002b0| 64 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 | 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 6f |der the |conditio|
|000002c0| 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 20 76 | 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d 20 |ns for v|erbatim |
|000002d0| 63 6f 70 79 69 6e 67 2c | 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 65 |copying,| provide|
|000002e0| 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 0a |d also t|hat the.|
|000002f0| 25 25 20 73 65 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 20 65 6e 74 69 |%% secti|ons enti|
|00000300| 74 6c 65 64 20 60 60 44 | 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 |tled ``D|istribut|
|00000310| 69 6f 6e 27 27 20 61 6e | 64 20 60 60 47 65 6e 65 |ion'' an|d ``Gene|
|00000320| 72 61 6c 20 50 75 62 6c | 69 63 20 4c 69 63 65 6e |ral Publ|ic Licen|
|00000330| 73 65 27 27 20 61 72 65 | 0a 25 25 20 69 6e 63 6c |se'' are|.%% incl|
|00000340| 75 64 65 64 20 65 78 61 | 63 74 6c 79 20 61 73 20 |uded exa|ctly as |
|00000350| 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6f | 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c 2c |in the o|riginal,|
|00000360| 20 61 6e 64 20 70 72 6f | 76 69 64 65 64 20 74 68 | and pro|vided th|
|00000370| 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 65 | 6e 74 69 72 65 0a 25 25 |at the e|ntire.%%|
|00000380| 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 69 | 6e 67 20 64 65 72 69 76 | resulti|ng deriv|
|00000390| 65 64 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 | 69 73 20 64 69 73 74 72 |ed work |is distr|
|000003a0| 69 62 75 74 65 64 20 75 | 6e 64 65 72 20 74 68 65 |ibuted u|nder the|
|000003b0| 20 74 65 72 6d 73 20 6f | 66 20 61 20 70 65 72 6d | terms o|f a perm|
|000003c0| 69 73 73 69 6f 6e 0a 25 | 25 20 6e 6f 74 69 63 65 |ission.%|% notice|
|000003d0| 20 69 64 65 6e 74 69 63 | 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | identic|al to th|
|000003e0| 69 73 20 6f 6e 65 2e 0a | 25 25 0a 25 25 20 50 65 |is one..|%%.%% Pe|
|000003f0| 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e | 20 69 73 20 67 72 61 6e |rmission| is gran|
|00000400| 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 63 | 6f 70 79 20 61 6e 64 20 |ted to c|opy and |
|00000410| 64 69 73 74 72 69 62 75 | 74 65 20 74 72 61 6e 73 |distribu|te trans|
|00000420| 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 |lations |of this |
|00000430| 6d 61 6e 75 61 6c 0a 25 | 25 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 61 |manual.%|% into a|
|00000440| 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6c | 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 2c |nother l|anguage,|
|00000450| 20 75 6e 64 65 72 20 74 | 68 65 20 61 62 6f 76 65 | under t|he above|
|00000460| 20 63 6f 6e 64 69 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 20 | conditi|ons for |
|00000470| 6d 6f 64 69 66 69 65 64 | 20 76 65 72 73 69 6f 6e |modified| version|
|00000480| 73 2c 0a 25 25 20 65 78 | 63 65 70 74 20 74 68 61 |s,.%% ex|cept tha|
|00000490| 74 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 | 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 65 |t the se|ctions e|
|000004a0| 6e 74 69 74 6c 65 64 20 | 60 60 44 69 73 74 72 69 |ntitled |``Distri|
|000004b0| 62 75 74 69 6f 6e 27 27 | 20 61 6e 64 20 60 60 47 |bution''| and ``G|
|000004c0| 65 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 50 | 75 62 6c 69 63 0a 25 25 |eneral P|ublic.%%|
|000004d0| 20 4c 69 63 65 6e 73 65 | 27 27 20 6d 61 79 20 62 | License|'' may b|
|000004e0| 65 20 69 6e 63 6c 75 64 | 65 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 |e includ|ed in a |
|000004f0| 74 72 61 6e 73 6c 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 61 70 70 72 |translat|ion appr|
|00000500| 6f 76 65 64 20 62 79 20 | 74 68 65 20 61 75 74 68 |oved by |the auth|
|00000510| 6f 72 20 69 6e 73 74 65 | 61 64 0a 25 25 20 6f 66 |or inste|ad.%% of|
|00000520| 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c | in the |original|
|00000530| 20 45 6e 67 6c 69 73 68 | 2e 0a 25 0a 25 20 54 68 | English|..%.% Th|
|00000540| 69 73 20 64 6f 63 75 6d | 65 6e 74 20 63 6f 70 79 |is docum|ent copy|
|00000550| 72 69 67 68 74 0a 25 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |right.% | |
|00000560| 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 61 | 6e 20 52 2e 20 53 65 61 | Ia|n R. Sea|
|00000570| 72 6c 65 0a 25 09 09 69 | 61 6e 73 40 65 73 6b 69 |rle.%..i|ans@eski|
|00000580| 6d 6f 2e 63 6f 6d 0a 25 | 20 61 6e 64 0a 25 20 20 |mo.com.%| and.% |
|00000590| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 50 68 69 | | Phi|
|000005a0| 6c 6c 69 70 20 4d 75 73 | 75 6d 65 63 69 2c 20 45 |llip Mus|umeci, E|
|000005b0| 6c 65 63 74 72 69 63 61 | 6c 20 45 6e 67 69 6e 65 |lectrica|l Engine|
|000005c0| 65 72 69 6e 67 20 44 65 | 70 61 72 74 6d 65 6e 74 |ering De|partment|
|000005d0| 2c 0a 25 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |,.% | |
|000005e0| 20 20 55 6e 69 76 65 72 | 73 69 74 79 20 43 6f 6c | Univer|sity Col|
|000005f0| 6c 65 67 65 2c 20 41 75 | 73 74 72 61 6c 69 61 6e |lege, Au|stralian|
|00000600| 20 44 65 66 65 6e 63 65 | 20 46 6f 72 63 65 20 41 | Defence| Force A|
|00000610| 63 61 64 65 6d 79 2c 0a | 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |cademy,.|% |
|00000620| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 43 61 6e 62 65 72 72 61 | |Canberra|
|00000630| 20 41 2e 43 2e 54 2e 20 | 32 36 30 30 2c 20 41 55 | A.C.T. |2600, AU|
|00000640| 53 54 52 41 4c 49 41 2e | 0a 25 0a 25 25 20 46 6f |STRALIA.|.%.%% Fo|
|00000650| 72 20 70 65 72 6d 69 73 | 73 69 6f 6e 73 20 72 65 |r permis|sions re|
|00000660| 6c 61 74 69 6e 67 20 74 | 6f 20 72 65 70 72 6f 64 |lating t|o reprod|
|00000670| 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f | 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 64 |uction o|f this d|
|00000680| 6f 63 75 6d 65 6e 74 2c | 0a 25 25 20 73 65 65 20 |ocument,|.%% see |
|00000690| 50 45 52 4d 49 53 53 49 | 4f 4e 53 20 62 65 6c 6f |PERMISSI|ONS belo|
|000006a0| 77 2e 0a 25 25 0a 25 25 | 20 46 6f 72 20 63 6f 72 |w..%%.%%| For cor|
|000006b0| 72 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 20 61 6e 64 20 73 75 67 |rections| and sug|
|000006c0| 67 65 73 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 20 72 65 6c 61 74 69 6e |gestions| relatin|
|000006d0| 67 20 74 6f 20 74 68 69 | 73 20 64 6f 63 75 6d 65 |g to thi|s docume|
|000006e0| 6e 74 2c 0a 25 25 20 73 | 65 65 20 53 55 47 47 45 |nt,.%% s|ee SUGGE|
|000006f0| 53 54 49 4f 4e 53 20 62 | 65 6c 6f 77 2e 0a 25 0a |STIONS b|elow..%.|
|00000700| 20 0a 5c 64 6f 63 75 6d | 65 6e 74 73 74 79 6c 65 | .\docum|entstyle|
|00000710| 5b 31 31 70 74 5d 7b 61 | 72 74 69 63 6c 65 7d 0a |[11pt]{a|rticle}.|
|00000720| 0a 5c 6e 65 77 63 6f 6d | 6d 61 6e 64 7b 5c 64 65 |.\newcom|mand{\de|
|00000730| 66 69 6e 65 64 7d 7b 5c | 62 75 69 6c 64 72 65 6c |fined}{\|buildrel|
|00000740| 20 7b 5c 74 72 69 61 6e | 67 6c 65 7d 5c 6f 76 65 | {\trian|gle}\ove|
|00000750| 72 20 3d 7d 0a 5c 6e 65 | 77 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 |r =}.\ne|wcommand|
|00000760| 7b 5c 64 66 6e 7d 7b 5c | 62 75 69 6c 64 72 65 6c |{\dfn}{\|buildrel|
|00000770| 20 7b 5c 74 72 69 61 6e | 67 6c 65 7d 5c 6f 76 65 | {\trian|gle}\ove|
|00000780| 72 20 3d 7d 0a 5c 6e 65 | 77 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 |r =}.\ne|wcommand|
|00000790| 7b 5c 74 65 6e 64 73 7d | 7b 5c 6d 62 6f 78 7b 24 |{\tends}|{\mbox{$|
|000007a0| 5c 72 69 67 68 74 61 72 | 72 6f 77 24 7d 7d 0a 5c |\rightar|row$}}.\|
|000007b0| 6e 65 77 63 6f 6d 6d 61 | 6e 64 7b 5c 68 61 6c 66 |newcomma|nd{\half|
|000007c0| 7d 7b 5c 6d 62 6f 78 7b | 24 7b 31 20 5c 6f 76 65 |}{\mbox{|${1 \ove|
|000007d0| 72 20 32 7d 24 7d 7d 0a | 0a 25 5c 74 79 70 65 6f |r 2}$}}.|.%\typeo|
|000007e0| 75 74 7b 52 4c 61 42 20 | 70 72 69 6d 65 72 20 76 |ut{RLaB |primer v|
|000007f0| 30 2e 31 20 70 68 69 6c | 6c 69 70 40 65 65 2e 61 |0.1 phil|lip@ee.a|
|00000800| 64 66 61 2e 6f 7a 2e 61 | 75 20 32 32 2f 31 2f 39 |dfa.oz.a|u 22/1/9|
|00000810| 33 7d 0a 0a 5c 61 64 64 | 74 6f 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 |3}..\add|tolength|
|00000820| 7b 5c 74 6f 70 6d 61 72 | 67 69 6e 7d 7b 2d 31 2e |{\topmar|gin}{-1.|
|00000830| 39 63 6d 7d 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 25 20 73 68 |9cm} | % sh|
|00000840| 72 69 6e 6b 20 4c 61 54 | 65 58 27 73 20 68 75 67 |rink LaT|eX's hug|
|00000850| 65 20 6d 61 72 67 69 6e | 73 0a 5c 61 64 64 74 6f |e margin|s.\addto|
|00000860| 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 7b 5c | 74 65 78 74 77 69 64 74 |length{\|textwidt|
|00000870| 68 7d 7b 34 63 6d 7d 0a | 5c 73 65 74 6c 65 6e 67 |h}{4cm}.|\setleng|
|00000880| 74 68 7b 5c 74 65 78 74 | 68 65 69 67 68 74 7d 7b |th{\text|height}{|
|00000890| 32 32 2e 32 63 6d 7d 0a | 5c 73 65 74 6c 65 6e 67 |22.2cm}.|\setleng|
|000008a0| 74 68 7b 5c 70 61 72 69 | 6e 64 65 6e 74 7d 7b 30 |th{\pari|ndent}{0|
|000008b0| 69 6e 7d 0a 5c 61 64 64 | 74 6f 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 |in}.\add|tolength|
|000008c0| 7b 5c 6f 64 64 73 69 64 | 65 6d 61 72 67 69 6e 7d |{\oddsid|emargin}|
|000008d0| 7b 2d 31 2e 39 63 6d 7d | 0a 5c 61 64 64 74 6f 6c |{-1.9cm}|.\addtol|
|000008e0| 65 6e 67 74 68 7b 5c 65 | 76 65 6e 73 69 64 65 6d |ength{\e|vensidem|
|000008f0| 61 72 67 69 6e 7d 7b 2d | 31 2e 39 63 6d 7d 0a 5c |argin}{-|1.9cm}.\|
|00000900| 73 65 74 6c 65 6e 67 74 | 68 7b 5c 70 61 72 73 6b |setlengt|h{\parsk|
|00000910| 69 70 7d 7b 30 2e 32 35 | 63 6d 7d 0a 0a 25 25 0a |ip}{0.25|cm}..%%.|
|00000920| 25 25 20 44 65 66 69 6e | 65 20 52 4c 61 42 20 6c |%% Defin|e RLaB l|
|00000930| 6f 67 6f 73 2e 20 54 68 | 65 79 20 61 72 65 20 61 |ogos. Th|ey are a|
|00000940| 6c 6c 20 74 68 65 20 73 | 61 6d 65 0a 25 25 0a 5c |ll the s|ame.%%.\|
|00000950| 64 65 66 5c 52 4c 41 42 | 7b 7b 5c 72 6d 20 52 5c |def\RLAB|{{\rm R\|
|00000960| 6b 65 72 6e 2d 2e 31 36 | 65 6d 5c 6c 6f 77 65 72 |kern-.16|em\lower|
|00000970| 2e 35 65 78 5c 68 62 6f | 78 7b 4c 7d 5c 6b 65 72 |.5ex\hbo|x{L}\ker|
|00000980| 6e 2d 2e 32 35 65 6d 5c | 72 61 69 73 65 2e 33 65 |n-.25em\|raise.3e|
|00000990| 78 0a 20 20 20 20 5c 68 | 62 6f 78 7b 61 7d 5c 6b |x. \h|box{a}\k|
|000009a0| 65 72 6e 2d 2e 31 65 6d | 42 7d 5c 2c 7d 0a 5c 64 |ern-.1em|B}\,}.\d|
|000009b0| 65 66 5c 52 4c 61 42 7b | 7b 5c 72 6d 20 52 5c 6b |ef\RLaB{|{\rm R\k|
|000009c0| 65 72 6e 2d 2e 31 36 65 | 6d 5c 6c 6f 77 65 72 2e |ern-.16e|m\lower.|
|000009d0| 35 65 78 5c 68 62 6f 78 | 7b 4c 7d 5c 6b 65 72 6e |5ex\hbox|{L}\kern|
|000009e0| 2d 2e 32 35 65 6d 5c 72 | 61 69 73 65 2e 33 65 78 |-.25em\r|aise.3ex|
|000009f0| 0a 20 20 20 20 5c 68 62 | 6f 78 7b 61 7d 5c 6b 65 |. \hb|ox{a}\ke|
|00000a00| 72 6e 2d 2e 31 65 6d 42 | 7d 5c 2c 7d 0a 5c 64 65 |rn-.1emB|}\,}.\de|
|00000a10| 66 5c 52 6c 61 62 7b 7b | 5c 72 6d 20 52 5c 6b 65 |f\Rlab{{|\rm R\ke|
|00000a20| 72 6e 2d 2e 31 36 65 6d | 5c 6c 6f 77 65 72 2e 35 |rn-.16em|\lower.5|
|00000a30| 65 78 5c 68 62 6f 78 7b | 4c 7d 5c 6b 65 72 6e 2d |ex\hbox{|L}\kern-|
|00000a40| 2e 32 35 65 6d 5c 72 61 | 69 73 65 2e 33 65 78 0a |.25em\ra|ise.3ex.|
|00000a50| 20 20 20 20 5c 68 62 6f | 78 7b 61 7d 5c 6b 65 72 | \hbo|x{a}\ker|
|00000a60| 6e 2d 2e 31 65 6d 42 7d | 5c 2c 7d 0a 5c 64 65 66 |n-.1emB}|\,}.\def|
|00000a70| 5c 72 6c 61 62 7b 7b 5c | 72 6d 20 52 5c 6b 65 72 |\rlab{{\|rm R\ker|
|00000a80| 6e 2d 2e 31 36 65 6d 5c | 6c 6f 77 65 72 2e 35 65 |n-.16em\|lower.5e|
|00000a90| 78 5c 68 62 6f 78 7b 4c | 7d 5c 6b 65 72 6e 2d 2e |x\hbox{L|}\kern-.|
|00000aa0| 32 35 65 6d 5c 72 61 69 | 73 65 2e 33 65 78 0a 20 |25em\rai|se.3ex. |
|00000ab0| 20 20 20 5c 68 62 6f 78 | 7b 61 7d 5c 6b 65 72 6e | \hbox|{a}\kern|
|00000ac0| 2d 2e 31 65 6d 42 7d 5c | 2c 7d 0a 20 0a 5c 62 65 |-.1emB}\|,}. .\be|
|00000ad0| 67 69 6e 7b 64 6f 63 75 | 6d 65 6e 74 7d 0a 20 0a |gin{docu|ment}. .|
|00000ae0| 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b 74 | 69 74 6c 65 70 61 67 65 |\begin{t|itlepage|
|00000af0| 7d 0a 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 | 6e 7b 63 65 6e 74 65 72 |}..\begi|n{center|
|00000b00| 7d 0a 7b 5c 48 75 67 65 | 20 5c 72 6c 61 62 5c 20 |}.{\Huge| \rlab\ |
|00000b10| 50 72 69 6d 65 72 20 5c | 5c 7d 0a 7b 5c 4c 61 72 |Primer \|\}.{\Lar|
|00000b20| 67 65 20 56 65 72 73 69 | 6f 6e 20 31 2e 30 7d 0a |ge Versi|on 1.0}.|
|00000b30| 0a 5c 76 73 6b 69 70 20 | 31 63 6d 0a 7b 5c 4c 61 |.\vskip |1cm.{\La|
|00000b40| 72 67 65 20 49 61 6e 20 | 52 2e 20 53 65 61 72 6c |rge Ian |R. Searl|
|00000b50| 65 20 5c 26 20 50 68 69 | 6c 6c 69 70 20 4d 75 73 |e \& Phi|llip Mus|
|00000b60| 75 6d 65 63 69 7d 0a 5c | 65 6e 64 7b 63 65 6e 74 |umeci}.\|end{cent|
|00000b70| 65 72 7d 0a 0a 5c 76 73 | 6b 69 70 20 33 63 6d 0a |er}..\vs|kip 3cm.|
|00000b80| 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b | 66 69 67 75 72 65 7d 5b |.\begin{|figure}[|
|00000b90| 68 5d 0a 20 20 5c 62 65 | 67 69 6e 7b 70 69 63 74 |h]. \be|gin{pict|
|00000ba0| 75 72 65 7d 28 33 35 30 | 2c 33 30 30 29 28 30 2c |ure}(350|,300)(0,|
|00000bb0| 35 30 29 20 25 20 28 78 | 2d 73 69 7a 65 2c 20 79 |50) % (x|-size, y|
|00000bc0| 2d 73 69 7a 65 29 20 28 | 78 2d 73 68 69 66 74 2c |-size) (|x-shift,|
|00000bd0| 20 79 2d 73 68 69 66 74 | 29 0a 20 20 20 20 5c 73 | y-shift|). \s|
|00000be0| 70 65 63 69 61 6c 7b 70 | 73 66 69 6c 65 3d 6c 6f |pecial{p|sfile=lo|
|00000bf0| 67 6f 2e 70 73 0a 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |go.ps. | |
|00000c00| 20 20 20 61 6e 67 6c 65 | 3d 39 30 20 68 73 63 61 | angle|=90 hsca|
|00000c10| 6c 65 3d 31 32 30 20 76 | 73 63 61 6c 65 3d 31 32 |le=120 v|scale=12|
|00000c20| 30 20 76 6f 66 66 73 65 | 74 3d 2d 31 30 30 20 68 |0 voffse|t=-100 h|
|00000c30| 6f 66 66 73 65 74 3d 37 | 30 30 7d 0a 20 20 20 20 |offset=7|00}. |
|00000c40| 5c 65 6e 64 7b 70 69 63 | 74 75 72 65 7d 0a 5c 65 |\end{pic|ture}.\e|
|00000c50| 6e 64 7b 66 69 67 75 72 | 65 7d 0a 0a 5c 76 73 6b |nd{figur|e}..\vsk|
|00000c60| 69 70 20 31 63 6d 0a 0a | 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b 63 |ip 1cm..|\begin{c|
|00000c70| 65 6e 74 65 72 7d 0a 20 | 20 54 68 65 20 5c 52 4c |enter}. | The \RL|
|00000c80| 61 42 5c 20 70 72 6f 67 | 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 5c |aB\ prog|ram is \|
|00000c90| 63 6f 70 79 72 69 67 68 | 74 20 63 6f 70 79 72 69 |copyrigh|t copyri|
|00000ca0| 67 68 74 20 31 39 39 33 | 2c 20 39 34 20 49 61 6e |ght 1993|, 94 Ian|
|00000cb0| 20 52 2e 20 53 65 61 72 | 6c 65 2e 5c 5c 20 54 68 | R. Sear|le.\\ Th|
|00000cc0| 69 73 0a 20 20 64 6f 63 | 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 73 |is. doc|ument is|
|00000cd0| 20 5c 63 6f 70 79 72 69 | 67 68 74 20 63 6f 70 79 | \copyri|ght copy|
|00000ce0| 72 69 67 68 74 20 31 39 | 39 33 2c 20 39 34 20 49 |right 19|93, 94 I|
|00000cf0| 61 6e 20 52 2e 20 53 65 | 61 72 6c 65 20 5c 26 20 |an R. Se|arle \& |
|00000d00| 50 68 69 6c 6c 69 70 20 | 4d 75 73 75 6d 65 63 69 |Phillip |Musumeci|
|00000d10| 2e 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b 63 | 65 6e 74 65 72 7d 0a 0a |..\end{c|enter}..|
|00000d20| 5c 65 6e 64 7b 74 69 74 | 6c 65 70 61 67 65 7d 0a |\end{tit|lepage}.|
|00000d30| 5c 6e 65 77 70 61 67 65 | 0a 5c 74 61 62 6c 65 6f |\newpage|.\tableo|
|00000d40| 66 63 6f 6e 74 65 6e 74 | 73 0a 5c 6e 65 77 70 61 |fcontent|s.\newpa|
|00000d50| 67 65 0a 5c 6c 69 73 74 | 6f 66 66 69 67 75 72 65 |ge.\list|offigure|
|00000d60| 73 0a 5c 6e 65 77 70 61 | 67 65 0a 0a 5c 73 65 74 |s.\newpa|ge..\set|
|00000d70| 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 72 7b | 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 7d |counter{|section}|
|00000d80| 7b 2d 31 7d 0a 25 5c 73 | 65 74 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 |{-1}.%\s|etcounte|
|00000d90| 72 7b 70 61 67 65 7d 7b | 33 35 7d 0a 0a 25 25 25 |r{page}{|35}..%%%|
|00000da0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000db0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000dc0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000dd0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000de0| 25 25 25 25 25 0a 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%.%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000df0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000e00| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000e10| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000e20| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 0a 5c |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%.\|
|00000e30| 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 7b | 50 72 69 6d 65 72 20 70 |section{|Primer p|
|00000e40| 72 69 6d 69 6e 67 7d 0a | 0a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |riming}.|.%%%%%%%|
|00000e50| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000e60| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000e70| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000e80| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00000e90| 25 0a 5c 73 75 62 73 65 | 63 74 69 6f 6e 7b 5c 52 |%.\subse|ction{\R|
|00000ea0| 4c 61 42 5c 20 69 73 20 | 66 72 65 65 6c 79 20 61 |LaB\ is |freely a|
|00000eb0| 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 | 7d 0a 0a 5c 52 4c 61 42 |vailable|}..\RLaB|
|00000ec0| 5c 20 73 74 61 6e 64 73 | 20 66 6f 72 20 4f 75 72 |\ stands| for Our|
|00000ed0| 2d 4c 61 62 2c 20 73 69 | 6e 63 65 20 69 74 20 69 |-Lab, si|nce it i|
|00000ee0| 73 20 69 6e 74 65 6e 64 | 65 64 20 74 6f 20 62 65 |s intend|ed to be|
|00000ef0| 20 61 20 66 72 65 65 6c | 79 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 | a freel|y availa|
|00000f00| 62 6c 65 0a 70 72 6f 67 | 72 61 6d 20 74 68 61 74 |ble.prog|ram that|
|00000f10| 20 61 6e 79 6f 6e 65 20 | 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 2c | anyone |can use,|
|00000f20| 20 61 6e 64 20 63 6f 6e | 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 20 | and con|tribute |
|00000f30| 74 6f 2e 20 54 6f 20 70 | 72 6f 74 65 63 74 20 74 |to. To p|rotect t|
|00000f40| 68 69 73 20 66 72 65 65 | 64 6f 6d 2c 0a 63 6f 70 |his free|dom,.cop|
|00000f50| 79 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f 67 |ying of |the prog|
|00000f60| 72 61 6d 20 69 73 20 70 | 72 6f 74 65 63 74 65 64 |ram is p|rotected|
|00000f70| 20 62 79 20 74 68 65 20 | 47 4e 55 20 47 65 6e 65 | by the |GNU Gene|
|00000f80| 72 61 6c 20 50 75 62 6c | 69 63 20 4c 69 63 65 6e |ral Publ|ic Licen|
|00000f90| 73 65 2e 0a 0a 54 68 65 | 20 6d 61 69 6e 20 66 74 |se...The| main ft|
|00000fa0| 70 20 73 69 74 65 20 69 | 73 20 5c 76 65 72 62 2b |p site i|s \verb+|
|00000fb0| 65 76 61 6e 73 2e 65 65 | 2e 61 64 66 61 2e 6f 7a |evans.ee|.adfa.oz|
|00000fc0| 2e 61 75 2b 2e 20 54 68 | 65 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 |.au+. Th|e direct|
|00000fd0| 6f 72 79 0a 5c 76 65 72 | 62 2b 70 75 62 2f 52 4c |ory.\ver|b+pub/RL|
|00000fe0| 61 42 2b 20 63 6f 6e 74 | 61 69 6e 73 20 74 68 65 |aB+ cont|ains the|
|00000ff0| 20 73 6f 75 72 63 65 73 | 20 61 6e 64 20 62 69 6e | sources| and bin|
|00001000| 61 72 79 20 76 65 72 73 | 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 |ary vers|ions for|
|00001010| 20 73 6f 6d 65 0a 6d 61 | 63 68 69 6e 65 73 2e 20 | some.ma|chines. |
|00001020| 4f 6e 20 74 68 65 20 4e | 6f 72 74 68 20 41 6d 65 |On the N|orth Ame|
|00001030| 72 69 63 61 6e 20 63 6f | 6e 74 69 6e 65 6e 74 20 |rican co|ntinent |
|00001040| 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 63 73 | 69 2e 6a 70 6c 2e 6e 61 |\verb+cs|i.jpl.na|
|00001050| 73 61 2e 67 6f 76 2b 0a | 61 63 74 73 20 61 73 20 |sa.gov+.|acts as |
|00001060| 61 6e 20 61 72 63 68 69 | 76 65 20 73 69 74 65 20 |an archi|ve site |
|00001070| 66 6f 72 20 5c 72 6c 61 | 62 2c 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 |for \rla|b, look |
|00001080| 69 6e 20 5c 76 65 72 62 | 2b 70 75 62 2f 6d 61 74 |in \verb|+pub/mat|
|00001090| 6c 61 62 2f 52 4c 61 42 | 2b 2e 0a 0a 25 25 25 25 |lab/RLaB|+...%%%%|
|000010a0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000010b0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000010c0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000010d0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000010e0| 25 25 25 25 0a 5c 73 75 | 62 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e |%%%%.\su|bsection|
|000010f0| 7b 41 63 6b 6e 6f 77 6c | 65 64 67 6d 65 6e 74 73 |{Acknowl|edgments|
|00001100| 7d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 61 | 76 61 69 6c 61 62 69 6c |}..The a|vailabil|
|00001110| 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 60 | 60 66 72 65 65 27 27 20 |ity of `|`free'' |
|00001120| 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 | 2c 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 |software|, such a|
|00001130| 73 20 47 4e 55 20 45 6d | 61 63 73 2c 20 47 4e 55 |s GNU Em|acs, GNU|
|00001140| 20 67 63 63 2c 0a 67 64 | 62 2c 20 67 6e 75 70 6c | gcc,.gd|b, gnupl|
|00001150| 6f 74 2c 20 50 6c 70 6c | 6f 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 |ot, Plpl|ot, and |
|00001160| 74 68 65 20 4e 65 74 6c | 69 62 20 61 72 63 68 69 |the Netl|ib archi|
|00001170| 76 65 73 20 68 61 73 20 | 6d 61 64 65 20 74 68 69 |ves has |made thi|
|00001180| 73 20 70 72 6f 6a 65 63 | 74 0a 70 6f 73 73 69 62 |s projec|t.possib|
|00001190| 6c 65 2e 20 20 54 68 65 | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 |le. The| \RLaB\ |
|000011a0| 61 75 74 68 6f 72 20 74 | 68 61 6e 6b 73 20 62 6f |author t|hanks bo|
|000011b0| 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 61 | 75 74 68 6f 72 73 20 61 |th the a|uthors a|
|000011c0| 6e 64 20 73 70 6f 6e 73 | 6f 72 73 20 6f 66 0a 74 |nd spons|ors of.t|
|000011d0| 68 65 20 47 4e 55 2c 20 | 4c 41 50 41 43 4b 2c 20 |he GNU, |LAPACK, |
|000011e0| 52 41 4e 4c 49 42 2c 20 | 46 46 54 50 41 43 4b 2c |RANLIB, |FFTPACK,|
|000011f0| 20 61 6e 64 20 50 6c 70 | 6c 6f 74 20 70 72 6f 6a | and Plp|lot proj|
|00001200| 65 63 74 73 2e 0a 0a 4d | 61 6e 79 20 69 6e 64 69 |ects...M|any indi|
|00001210| 76 69 64 75 61 6c 73 20 | 68 61 76 65 20 63 6f 6e |viduals |have con|
|00001220| 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 64 | 20 74 6f 20 5c 72 6c 61 |tributed| to \rla|
|00001230| 62 5c 20 69 6e 20 76 61 | 72 69 6f 75 73 20 77 61 |b\ in va|rious wa|
|00001240| 79 73 2e 20 41 20 6c 69 | 73 74 20 6f 66 0a 63 6f |ys. A li|st of.co|
|00001250| 6e 74 72 69 62 75 74 6f | 72 73 20 63 61 6e 20 62 |ntributo|rs can b|
|00001260| 65 20 66 6f 75 6e 64 20 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 73 |e found |in the s|
|00001270| 6f 75 72 63 65 20 64 69 | 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 69 |ource di|stributi|
|00001280| 6f 6e 20 66 69 6c 65 0a | 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 41 43 |on file.|\verb+AC|
|00001290| 4b 4e 4f 57 4c 45 44 47 | 4d 45 4e 54 2b 2e 20 41 |KNOWLEDG|MENT+. A|
|000012a0| 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c | 20 74 68 61 6e 6b 73 20 | special| thanks |
|000012b0| 74 6f 20 50 68 69 6c 6c | 69 70 20 4d 75 73 75 6d |to Phill|ip Musum|
|000012c0| 65 63 69 20 61 6e 64 0a | 4d 61 74 74 68 65 77 20 |eci and.|Matthew |
|000012d0| 57 65 74 74 65 20 77 68 | 6f 20 68 61 76 65 20 70 |Wette wh|o have p|
|000012e0| 72 6f 76 69 64 65 64 20 | 46 54 50 20 73 69 74 65 |rovided |FTP site|
|000012f0| 73 20 73 6f 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 5c 72 6c 61 62 5c |s so tha|t \rlab\|
|00001300| 20 69 73 20 61 76 61 69 | 6c 61 62 6c 65 0a 74 6f | is avai|lable.to|
|00001310| 20 61 6c 6c 2e 0a 0a 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | all...%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001320| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001330| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001340| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001350| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0a |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%.|
|00001360| 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 7b 44 6f 63 75 |\subsect|ion{Docu|
|00001370| 6d 65 6e 74 20 72 65 70 | 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f |ment rep|roductio|
|00001380| 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 65 72 | 72 6f 72 73 7d 0a 0a 25 |n and er|rors}..%|
|00001390| 25 20 50 45 52 4d 49 53 | 53 49 4f 4e 53 0a 0a 54 |% PERMIS|SIONS..T|
|000013a0| 68 65 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 | 5c 20 50 72 69 6d 65 72 |he \RLaB|\ Primer|
|000013b0| 20 69 73 20 66 72 65 65 | 6c 79 20 61 76 61 69 6c | is free|ly avail|
|000013c0| 61 62 6c 65 2e 20 50 65 | 72 6d 69 73 73 69 6f 6e |able. Pe|rmission|
|000013d0| 20 69 73 20 67 72 61 6e | 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 72 | is gran|ted to r|
|000013e0| 65 70 72 6f 64 75 63 65 | 0a 74 68 65 20 64 6f 63 |eproduce|.the doc|
|000013f0| 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 6e | 20 61 6e 79 20 77 61 79 |ument in| any way|
|00001400| 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 69 | 6e 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 | providi|ng that |
|00001410| 69 74 20 69 73 20 64 69 | 73 74 72 69 62 75 74 65 |it is di|stribute|
|00001420| 64 20 66 6f 72 20 66 72 | 65 65 2c 20 65 78 63 65 |d for fr|ee, exce|
|00001430| 70 74 0a 66 6f 72 20 61 | 6e 79 20 72 65 61 73 6f |pt.for a|ny reaso|
|00001440| 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 63 68 | 61 72 67 65 73 20 66 6f |nable ch|arges fo|
|00001450| 72 20 70 72 69 6e 74 69 | 6e 67 2c 20 64 69 73 74 |r printi|ng, dist|
|00001460| 72 69 62 75 74 69 6f 6e | 2c 20 73 74 61 66 66 20 |ribution|, staff |
|00001470| 74 69 6d 65 2c 20 65 74 | 63 2e 0a 44 69 72 65 63 |time, et|c..Direc|
|00001480| 74 20 63 6f 6d 6d 65 72 | 63 69 61 6c 20 65 78 70 |t commer|cial exp|
|00001490| 6c 6f 69 74 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 74 |loitatio|n is not|
|000014a0| 20 70 65 72 6d 69 74 74 | 65 64 2e 20 20 45 78 74 | permitt|ed. Ext|
|000014b0| 72 61 63 74 73 20 6d 61 | 79 20 62 65 20 6d 61 64 |racts ma|y be mad|
|000014c0| 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 0a 74 | 68 69 73 20 64 6f 63 75 |e from.t|his docu|
|000014d0| 6d 65 6e 74 20 70 72 6f | 76 69 64 69 6e 67 20 61 |ment pro|viding a|
|000014e0| 6e 20 61 63 6b 6e 6f 77 | 6c 65 64 67 6d 65 6e 74 |n acknow|ledgment|
|000014f0| 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 | 6f 72 69 67 69 6e 61 6c | of the |original|
|00001500| 20 5c 4c 61 54 65 58 5c | 20 73 6f 75 72 63 65 20 | \LaTeX\| source |
|00001510| 69 73 0a 6d 61 69 6e 74 | 61 69 6e 65 64 2e 0a 0a |is.maint|ained...|
|00001520| 25 25 20 53 55 47 47 45 | 53 54 49 4f 4e 53 0a 0a |%% SUGGE|STIONS..|
|00001530| 57 65 20 77 65 6c 63 6f | 6d 65 20 72 65 70 6f 72 |We welco|me repor|
|00001540| 74 73 20 6f 66 20 65 72 | 72 6f 72 73 20 61 6e 64 |ts of er|rors and|
|00001550| 20 73 75 67 67 65 73 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 6f 72 | suggest|ions for|
|00001560| 20 69 6d 70 72 6f 76 65 | 6d 65 6e 74 20 69 6e 20 | improve|ment in |
|00001570| 74 68 69 73 0a 64 6f 63 | 75 6d 65 6e 74 20 61 6e |this.doc|ument an|
|00001580| 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 69 | 6e 20 5c 52 6c 61 62 2e |d also i|n \Rlab.|
|00001590| 20 20 50 6c 65 61 73 65 | 20 6d 61 69 6c 20 74 68 | Please| mail th|
|000015a0| 65 73 65 20 74 6f 20 7b | 5c 74 74 0a 72 6c 61 62 |ese to {|\tt.rlab|
|000015b0| 2d 6c 69 73 74 40 65 73 | 6b 69 6d 6f 2e 63 6f 6d |-list@es|kimo.com|
|000015c0| 7d 2e 20 55 6e 66 6f 72 | 74 75 6e 61 74 65 6c 79 |}. Unfor|tunately|
|000015d0| 20 28 66 6f 72 20 79 6f | 75 29 2c 20 66 72 65 65 | (for yo|u), free|
|000015e0| 20 73 6f 66 74 77 61 72 | 65 20 64 6f 65 73 20 6e | softwar|e does n|
|000015f0| 6f 74 20 65 61 72 6e 0a | 71 75 69 74 65 20 65 6e |ot earn.|quite en|
|00001600| 6f 75 67 68 20 74 6f 20 | 70 61 79 20 61 20 62 72 |ough to |pay a br|
|00001610| 69 62 65 20 66 6f 72 20 | 65 61 63 68 20 65 72 72 |ibe for |each err|
|00001620| 6f 72 2d 66 72 65 65 20 | 65 72 72 6f 72 20 72 65 |or-free |error re|
|00001630| 70 6f 72 74 20 72 65 63 | 65 69 76 65 64 20 62 75 |port rec|eived bu|
|00001640| 74 0a 64 6f 20 66 65 65 | 6c 20 66 72 65 65 20 74 |t.do fee|l free t|
|00001650| 6f 20 65 6d 61 69 6c 20 | 74 68 65 6d 2e 0a 0a 25 |o email |them...%|
|00001660| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001670| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001680| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001690| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000016a0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0a | 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 |%%%%%%%.|\subsect|
|000016b0| 69 6f 6e 7b 52 65 71 75 | 69 72 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 |ion{Requ|irements|
|000016c0| 7d 0a 0a 5c 52 4c 61 42 | 5c 20 69 73 20 77 72 69 |}..\RLaB|\ is wri|
|000016d0| 74 74 65 6e 20 69 6e 20 | 43 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6d |tten in |C. The m|
|000016e0| 61 74 68 73 20 6c 69 62 | 72 61 72 69 65 73 20 75 |aths lib|raries u|
|000016f0| 73 65 64 20 61 72 65 20 | 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e 20 |sed are |written |
|00001700| 69 6e 0a 46 6f 72 74 72 | 61 6e 20 62 75 74 20 74 |in.Fortr|an but t|
|00001710| 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f | 66 20 61 20 70 75 62 6c |he use o|f a publ|
|00001720| 69 63 6c 79 20 61 76 61 | 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 46 |icly ava|ilable F|
|00001730| 6f 72 74 72 61 6e 24 5c | 72 69 67 68 74 61 72 72 |ortran$\|rightarr|
|00001740| 6f 77 24 43 0a 63 6f 6e | 76 65 72 74 65 72 20 72 |ow$C.con|verter r|
|00001750| 65 64 75 63 65 73 20 63 | 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 72 20 |educes c|ompiler |
|00001760| 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 6d | 65 6e 74 73 20 74 6f 20 |requirem|ents to |
|00001770| 43 20 28 74 68 65 20 63 | 6f 6e 76 65 72 73 69 6f |C (the c|onversio|
|00001780| 6e 20 74 6f 6f 6c 20 66 | 32 63 0a 69 73 20 77 72 |n tool f|2c.is wr|
|00001790| 69 74 74 65 6e 20 69 6e | 20 43 29 2e 20 54 68 65 |itten in| C). The|
|000017a0| 20 6c 69 62 72 61 72 79 | 20 75 73 65 64 20 66 6f | library| used fo|
|000017b0| 72 20 64 61 74 61 20 64 | 69 73 70 6c 61 79 2c 20 |r data d|isplay, |
|000017c0| 50 4c 50 4c 4f 54 2c 20 | 69 73 0a 70 75 62 6c 69 |PLPLOT, |is.publi|
|000017d0| 63 6c 79 20 61 76 61 69 | 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 69 6e |cly avai|lable in|
|000017e0| 20 43 20 73 6f 75 72 63 | 65 20 63 6f 64 65 20 66 | C sourc|e code f|
|000017f0| 6f 72 6d 20 66 6f 72 20 | 61 20 77 69 64 65 20 76 |orm for |a wide v|
|00001800| 61 72 69 65 74 79 20 6f | 66 0a 70 6c 61 74 66 6f |ariety o|f.platfo|
|00001810| 72 6d 73 2e 20 54 68 69 | 73 20 6d 61 6b 65 73 20 |rms. Thi|s makes |
|00001820| 74 68 65 20 77 68 6f 6c | 65 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c |the whol|e \RLaB\|
|00001830| 20 70 61 63 6b 61 67 65 | 20 61 20 67 6f 6f 64 20 | package| a good |
|00001840| 63 61 6e 64 69 64 61 74 | 65 20 66 6f 72 0a 70 6f |candidat|e for.po|
|00001850| 72 74 69 6e 67 20 6f 6e | 74 6f 20 70 6c 61 74 66 |rting on|to platf|
|00001860| 6f 72 6d 73 20 77 69 74 | 68 20 43 2c 20 65 73 70 |orms wit|h C, esp|
|00001870| 65 63 69 61 6c 6c 79 20 | 47 4e 55 20 43 2e 0a 0a |ecially |GNU C...|
|00001880| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001890| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000018a0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000018b0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000018c0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 0a 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 |%%%%%%%%|.\subsec|
|000018d0| 74 69 6f 6e 7b 48 6f 77 | 20 74 6f 20 52 65 61 64 |tion{How| to Read|
|000018e0| 20 54 68 69 73 20 50 72 | 69 6d 65 72 7d 0a 0a 54 | This Pr|imer}..T|
|000018f0| 68 69 73 20 70 72 69 6d | 65 72 20 68 61 73 20 69 |his prim|er has i|
|00001900| 6e 74 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e | 61 6c 6c 79 20 62 65 65 |ntention|ally bee|
|00001910| 6e 20 6b 65 70 74 20 73 | 68 6f 72 74 2c 20 73 6f |n kept s|hort, so|
|00001920| 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 6f | 75 6c 64 20 62 65 20 61 | you sho|uld be a|
|00001930| 62 6c 65 0a 74 6f 20 72 | 65 61 64 20 61 6c 6c 20 |ble.to r|ead all |
|00001940| 6f 66 20 69 74 20 77 69 | 74 68 6f 75 74 20 74 6f |of it wi|thout to|
|00001950| 6f 20 6d 75 63 68 20 65 | 66 66 6f 72 74 2e 20 50 |o much e|ffort. P|
|00001960| 72 6f 62 61 62 6c 79 20 | 74 68 65 20 62 65 73 74 |robably |the best|
|00001970| 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 0a | 72 65 61 64 20 74 68 69 | way to.|read thi|
|00001980| 73 20 70 72 69 6d 65 72 | 20 69 73 20 74 6f 20 64 |s primer| is to d|
|00001990| 6f 20 73 6f 20 73 69 74 | 74 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 |o so sit|ting at |
|000019a0| 61 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 74 | 65 72 2c 20 74 72 79 69 |a comput|er, tryi|
|000019b0| 6e 67 20 74 68 65 0a 65 | 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 |ng the.e|xamples |
|000019c0| 61 73 20 79 6f 75 20 65 | 6e 63 6f 75 6e 74 65 72 |as you e|ncounter|
|000019d0| 20 74 68 65 6d 2e 0a 0a | 0a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | them...|.%%%%%%%|
|000019e0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000019f0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001a00| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001a10| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001a20| 25 0a 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%.%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001a30| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001a40| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001a50| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00001a60| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 0a 5c 73 65 63 74 |%%%%%%%%|%%.\sect|
|00001a70| 69 6f 6e 7b 49 6e 74 72 | 6f 64 75 63 74 69 6f 6e |ion{Intr|oduction|
|00001a80| 7d 20 5c 6c 61 62 65 6c | 7b 73 65 63 74 2d 69 6e |} \label|{sect-in|
|00001a90| 74 72 6f 7d 0a 0a 5c 52 | 4c 61 42 5c 20 62 72 69 |tro}..\R|LaB\ bri|
|00001aa0| 6e 67 73 20 74 68 65 20 | 70 6f 77 65 72 20 6f 66 |ngs the |power of|
|00001ab0| 20 73 74 61 62 6c 65 20 | 6d 61 74 72 69 78 20 6d | stable |matrix m|
|00001ac0| 61 74 68 73 20 74 6f 6f | 6c 73 20 70 6c 75 73 20 |aths too|ls plus |
|00001ad0| 61 20 73 74 61 62 6c 65 | 20 64 61 74 61 0a 70 6c |a stable| data.pl|
|00001ae0| 6f 74 74 69 6e 67 20 66 | 61 63 69 6c 69 74 79 20 |otting f|acility |
|00001af0| 74 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 | 20 69 6e 20 61 20 66 6f |together| in a fo|
|00001b00| 72 6d 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 69 73 20 66 72 65 65 6c |rm that |is freel|
|00001b10| 79 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 | 62 6c 65 20 61 6e 64 20 |y availa|ble and |
|00001b20| 72 65 61 64 79 20 74 6f | 0a 62 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 |ready to|.be comp|
|00001b30| 69 6c 65 64 20 61 6e 64 | 20 75 73 65 64 20 6f 6e |iled and| used on|
|00001b40| 20 61 20 76 61 72 69 65 | 74 79 20 6f 66 20 63 6f | a varie|ty of co|
|00001b50| 6d 6d 6f 6e 20 63 6f 6d | 70 75 74 65 72 20 73 79 |mmon com|puter sy|
|00001b60| 73 74 65 6d 73 2e 20 5c | 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 61 6c |stems. \|RLaB\ al|
|00001b70| 6c 6f 77 73 0a 79 6f 75 | 20 74 6f 20 65 78 70 65 |lows.you| to expe|
|00001b80| 72 69 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 63 6f 6d 70 |riment w|ith comp|
|00001b90| 6c 65 78 20 6d 61 74 72 | 69 78 20 6d 61 74 68 73 |lex matr|ix maths|
|00001ba0| 20 69 6e 20 61 6e 20 69 | 6e 74 65 72 61 63 74 69 | in an i|nteracti|
|00001bb0| 76 65 20 65 6e 76 69 72 | 6f 6e 6d 65 6e 74 2e 0a |ve envir|onment..|
|00001bc0| 42 65 63 61 75 73 65 20 | 79 6f 75 20 65 6e 74 65 |Because |you ente|
|00001bd0| 72 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e | 64 73 20 61 74 20 61 20 |r comman|ds at a |
|00001be0| 68 69 67 68 20 28 6d 61 | 74 68 65 6d 61 74 69 63 |high (ma|thematic|
|00001bf0| 61 6c 29 20 6c 65 76 65 | 6c 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 63 |al) leve|l, you c|
|00001c00| 61 6e 0a 63 6f 6e 63 65 | 6e 74 72 61 74 65 20 6f |an.conce|ntrate o|
|00001c10| 6e 20 66 69 67 75 72 69 | 6e 67 20 6f 75 74 20 79 |n figuri|ng out y|
|00001c20| 6f 75 72 20 73 6f 6c 75 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 6e 64 |our solu|tion and|
|00001c30| 20 68 6f 70 65 66 75 6c | 6c 79 20 61 76 6f 69 64 | hopeful|ly avoid|
|00001c40| 20 62 65 63 6f 6d 69 6e | 67 0a 62 6f 67 67 65 64 | becomin|g.bogged|
|00001c50| 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 69 6e | 20 6c 6f 77 20 6c 65 76 | down in| low lev|
|00001c60| 65 6c 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 | 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 6f |el imple|mentatio|
|00001c70| 6e 20 64 65 74 61 69 6c | 73 2e 20 42 79 20 6d 69 |n detail|s. By mi|
|00001c80| 6e 69 6d 69 73 69 6e 67 | 20 74 68 65 20 65 66 66 |nimising| the eff|
|00001c90| 6f 72 74 0a 72 65 71 75 | 69 72 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |ort.requ|ired to |
|00001ca0| 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d 65 6e | 74 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 |implemen|t algori|
|00001cb0| 74 68 6d 73 2c 20 69 74 | 20 69 73 20 68 6f 70 65 |thms, it| is hope|
|00001cc0| 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 | 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |d that y|ou will |
|00001cd0| 62 65 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 | 77 69 6c 6c 69 6e 67 0a |be more |willing.|
|00001ce0| 74 6f 20 64 69 73 63 61 | 72 64 20 6f 6c 64 20 70 |to disca|rd old p|
|00001cf0| 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 73 20 | 77 68 65 6e 20 63 6f 6e |rograms |when con|
|00001d00| 66 72 6f 6e 74 65 64 20 | 62 79 20 62 65 74 74 65 |fronted |by bette|
|00001d10| 72 20 61 6c 67 6f 72 69 | 74 68 6d 73 20 74 68 61 |r algori|thms tha|
|00001d20| 74 20 77 61 72 72 61 6e | 74 0a 75 73 65 2e 0a 0a |t warran|t.use...|
|00001d30| 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 75 | 73 65 73 20 61 20 73 74 |\RLaB\ u|ses a st|
|00001d40| 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 64 | 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 |ructured| languag|
|00001d50| 65 5c 66 6f 6f 74 6e 6f | 74 65 7b 54 68 65 73 65 |e\footno|te{These|
|00001d60| 20 64 61 79 73 2c 20 63 | 6f 6d 70 75 74 65 72 0a | days, c|omputer.|
|00001d70| 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 | 73 20 64 6f 20 6c 6f 6f |language|s do loo|
|00001d80| 6b 20 76 65 72 79 20 73 | 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 62 |k very s|imilar b|
|00001d90| 75 74 20 77 65 20 77 69 | 6c 6c 20 74 72 79 20 74 |ut we wi|ll try t|
|00001da0| 6f 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 20 | 6f 75 74 20 61 20 66 65 |o point |out a fe|
|00001db0| 77 20 7b 5c 65 6d 0a 75 | 73 65 66 75 6c 7d 20 73 |w {\em.u|seful} s|
|00001dc0| 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 69 74 | 69 65 73 21 7d 20 77 68 |imilarit|ies!} wh|
|00001dd0| 69 63 68 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 62 65 20 66 61 6d 69 |ich will| be fami|
|00001de0| 6c 69 61 72 20 74 6f 20 | 75 73 65 72 73 20 6f 66 |liar to |users of|
|00001df0| 20 43 20 61 6e 64 20 61 | 6c 73 6f 0a 74 68 65 20 | C and a|lso.the |
|00001e00| 57 69 72 74 68 2d 69 6e | 73 70 69 72 65 64 20 6c |Wirth-in|spired l|
|00001e10| 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 73 | 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 |anguages| such as|
|00001e20| 20 50 61 73 63 61 6c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 4d 6f 64 75 | Pascal |and Modu|
|00001e30| 6c 61 2e 20 20 41 6e 20 | 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 0a 70 |la. An |\RLaB\.p|
|00001e40| 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 | 73 20 61 20 66 69 6c 65 |rogram i|s a file|
|00001e50| 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e | 69 6e 67 20 61 20 73 65 | contain|ing a se|
|00001e60| 71 75 65 6e 63 65 20 6f | 66 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e |quence o|f comman|
|00001e70| 64 73 20 6f 72 20 69 6e | 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6f |ds or in|structio|
|00001e80| 6e 73 0a 74 68 61 74 20 | 79 6f 75 20 63 6f 75 6c |ns.that |you coul|
|00001e90| 64 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 65 | 6e 74 65 72 20 66 72 6f |d also e|nter fro|
|00001ea0| 6d 20 79 6f 75 72 20 74 | 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2d |m your t|erminal-|
|00001eb0| 2d 2d 74 68 65 73 65 20 | 69 6e 73 74 72 75 63 74 |--these |instruct|
|00001ec0| 69 6f 6e 73 0a 6d 69 67 | 68 74 20 70 65 72 66 6f |ions.mig|ht perfo|
|00001ed0| 72 6d 20 61 20 63 61 6c | 63 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e |rm a cal|culation|
|00001ee0| 20 61 6e 64 20 61 73 73 | 69 67 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | and ass|ign the |
|00001ef0| 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 74 | 6f 20 61 20 76 61 72 69 |result t|o a vari|
|00001f00| 61 62 6c 65 2c 20 6f 72 | 0a 63 61 6c 6c 20 61 20 |able, or|.call a |
|00001f10| 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e | 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 72 |function| which r|
|00001f20| 65 74 75 72 6e 73 20 61 | 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 |eturns a| result |
|00001f30| 77 68 69 63 68 20 79 6f | 75 20 64 69 73 70 6c 61 |which yo|u displa|
|00001f40| 79 20 6f 6e 20 79 6f 75 | 72 0a 74 65 72 6d 69 6e |y on you|r.termin|
|00001f50| 61 6c 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 | 73 6f 20 6f 6e 2e 20 46 |al, and |so on. F|
|00001f60| 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 |unctions| can be |
|00001f70| 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 62 | 75 69 6c 74 2d 69 6e 20 |either b|uilt-in |
|00001f80| 6f 72 20 75 73 65 72 2d | 64 65 66 69 6e 65 64 2e |or user-|defined.|
|00001f90| 0a 49 6e 20 66 61 63 74 | 2c 20 74 68 65 20 6f 6e |.In fact|, the on|
|00001fa0| 6c 79 20 66 6f 72 6d 20 | 6f 66 20 60 60 73 75 62 |ly form |of ``sub|
|00001fb0| 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 27 | 27 20 69 6e 20 5c 52 4c |program'|' in \RL|
|00001fc0| 61 42 5c 20 69 73 20 74 | 68 65 20 66 75 6e 63 74 |aB\ is t|he funct|
|00001fd0| 69 6f 6e 0a 61 6e 64 2c | 20 6a 75 73 74 20 6c 69 |ion.and,| just li|
|00001fe0| 6b 65 20 69 6e 20 43 2c | 20 61 20 66 75 6e 63 74 |ke in C,| a funct|
|00001ff0| 69 6f 6e 20 72 65 74 75 | 72 6e 73 20 61 20 73 69 |ion retu|rns a si|
|00002000| 6e 67 6c 65 20 69 74 65 | 6d 20 61 73 20 69 74 73 |ngle ite|m as its|
|00002010| 20 61 6e 73 77 65 72 2e | 0a 44 61 74 61 20 73 74 | answer.|.Data st|
|00002020| 6f 72 61 67 65 20 64 65 | 63 6c 61 72 65 64 20 69 |orage de|clared i|
|00002030| 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 | 69 6e 20 72 6f 75 74 69 |n the ma|in routi|
|00002040| 6e 65 20 6f 66 20 79 6f | 75 72 20 70 72 6f 67 72 |ne of yo|ur progr|
|00002050| 61 6d 20 69 73 20 73 74 | 6f 72 65 64 20 6f 6e 0a |am is st|ored on.|
|00002060| 61 20 67 6c 6f 62 61 6c | 20 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c 20 |a global| symbol |
|00002070| 74 61 62 6c 65 2c 20 61 | 6e 64 20 69 73 20 61 76 |table, a|nd is av|
|00002080| 61 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 | 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f |ailable |to all o|
|00002090| 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 73 | 75 62 70 72 6f 67 72 61 |f your s|ubprogra|
|000020a0| 6d 0a 66 75 6e 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 2e 20 42 79 20 |m.functi|ons. By |
|000020b0| 64 65 66 61 75 6c 74 2c | 20 64 61 74 61 20 75 73 |default,| data us|
|000020c0| 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 69 | 6e 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 |ed withi|n functi|
|000020d0| 6f 6e 73 20 69 73 20 6c | 6f 63 61 6c 20 74 6f 20 |ons is l|ocal to |
|000020e0| 74 68 65 0a 66 75 6e 63 | 74 69 6f 6e 2e 20 53 75 |the.func|tion. Su|
|000020f0| 63 68 20 6c 6f 63 61 6c | 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f |ch local| functio|
|00002100| 6e 20 73 74 6f 72 61 67 | 65 20 65 78 69 73 74 73 |n storag|e exists|
|00002110| 20 6f 6e 6c 79 20 66 6f | 72 20 74 68 65 20 64 75 | only fo|r the du|
|00002120| 72 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 6f | 66 0a 74 68 65 20 66 75 |ration o|f.the fu|
|00002130| 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 | 61 6c 6c 2c 20 69 6e 20 |nction c|all, in |
|00002140| 61 20 77 61 79 20 73 69 | 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 74 6f |a way si|milar to|
|00002150| 20 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c | 65 73 20 64 65 63 6c 61 | variabl|es decla|
|00002160| 72 65 64 20 6c 6f 63 61 | 6c 6c 79 0a 77 69 74 68 |red loca|lly.with|
|00002170| 69 6e 20 50 61 73 63 61 | 6c 20 70 72 6f 63 65 64 |in Pasca|l proced|
|00002180| 75 72 65 73 2e 20 20 43 | 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 73 20 |ures. C|omments |
|00002190| 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 61 | 70 70 65 6e 64 65 64 20 |can be a|ppended |
|000021a0| 74 6f 20 61 6e 79 20 6c | 69 6e 65 20 69 6e 0a 79 |to any l|ine in.y|
|000021b0| 6f 75 72 20 70 72 6f 67 | 72 61 6d 20 62 79 20 75 |our prog|ram by u|
|000021c0| 73 69 6e 67 20 61 20 73 | 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 73 |sing a s|pecial s|
|000021d0| 79 6d 62 6f 6c 20 61 74 | 20 74 68 65 20 73 74 61 |ymbol at| the sta|
|000021e0| 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | 65 0a 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e |rt of th|e.commen|
|000021f0| 74 2d 2d 2d 74 68 69 73 | 20 69 73 20 73 69 6d 69 |t---this| is simi|
|00002200| 6c 61 72 20 74 6f 20 46 | 6f 72 74 72 61 6e 20 61 |lar to F|ortran a|
|00002210| 6e 64 20 43 2b 2b 2c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 61 76 6f 69 |nd C++, |and avoi|
|00002220| 64 73 20 74 68 65 20 70 | 6f 73 73 69 62 6c 65 0a |ds the p|ossible.|
|00002230| 70 69 74 66 61 6c 6c 20 | 6f 66 20 60 60 72 75 6e |pitfall |of ``run|
|00002240| 20 61 77 61 79 27 27 20 | 63 6f 6d 6d 65 6e 74 73 | away'' |comments|
|00002250| 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 6d | 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 20 | which m|ight be |
|00002260| 66 61 6d 69 6c 69 61 72 | 20 74 6f 20 50 61 73 63 |familiar| to Pasc|
|00002270| 61 6c 0a 75 73 65 72 73 | 2e 20 20 4f 76 65 72 61 |al.users|. Overa|
|00002280| 6c 6c 2c 20 74 68 65 20 | 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 65 |ll, the |language|
|00002290| 20 73 79 6e 74 61 78 20 | 69 73 20 70 65 72 68 61 | syntax |is perha|
|000022a0| 70 73 20 63 6c 6f 73 65 | 73 74 20 74 6f 20 43 20 |ps close|st to C |
|000022b0| 62 75 74 20 69 66 0a 79 | 6f 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 |but if.y|ou have |
|000022c0| 65 76 65 72 20 70 72 6f | 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 64 20 |ever pro|grammed |
|000022d0| 69 6e 20 43 20 6f 72 20 | 50 61 73 63 61 6c 2c 20 |in C or |Pascal, |
|000022e0| 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c | 20 73 6f 6f 6e 20 62 65 |you will| soon be|
|000022f0| 20 61 74 20 65 61 73 65 | 20 77 69 74 68 0a 5c 52 | at ease| with.\R|
|00002300| 4c 61 42 2e 0a 0a 5c 52 | 4c 61 42 5c 20 66 65 61 |LaB...\R|LaB\ fea|
|00002310| 74 75 72 65 73 20 73 74 | 72 6f 6e 67 6c 79 20 74 |tures st|rongly t|
|00002320| 79 70 65 64 20 6f 62 6a | 65 63 74 73 20 62 75 74 |yped obj|ects but|
|00002330| 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 | 65 20 65 6d 70 68 61 73 | with th|e emphas|
|00002340| 69 73 20 6f 6e 0a 75 73 | 65 66 75 6c 6e 65 73 73 |is on.us|efulness|
|00002350| 2c 20 6e 6f 74 20 6f 6e | 20 70 65 64 61 6e 74 69 |, not on| pedanti|
|00002360| 63 73 2e 20 49 6e 20 5c | 52 4c 61 42 5c 2c 20 77 |cs. In \|RLaB\, w|
|00002370| 65 20 74 61 6c 6b 20 61 | 62 6f 75 74 20 74 68 65 |e talk a|bout the|
|00002380| 20 7b 5c 65 6d 20 63 6c | 61 73 73 7d 0a 6f 66 20 | {\em cl|ass}.of |
|00002390| 61 6e 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 | 74 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 |an objec|t and th|
|000023a0| 65 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 | 62 6c 65 20 63 6c 61 73 |e availa|ble clas|
|000023b0| 73 65 73 20 69 6e 63 6c | 75 64 65 20 6e 75 6d 65 |ses incl|ude nume|
|000023c0| 72 69 63 2c 20 73 74 72 | 69 6e 67 2c 0a 66 75 6e |ric, str|ing,.fun|
|000023d0| 63 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 61 | 6e 64 20 6c 69 73 74 2e |ction, a|nd list.|
|000023e0| 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 | 72 73 74 20 63 6c 61 73 | The fi|rst clas|
|000023f0| 73 20 6f 66 20 6f 62 6a | 65 63 74 2c 20 7b 5c 65 |s of obj|ect, {\e|
|00002400| 6d 20 6e 75 6d 65 72 69 | 63 7d 2c 0a 65 6e 63 6f |m numeri|c},.enco|
|00002410| 6d 70 61 73 73 65 73 20 | 6e 75 6d 65 72 69 63 20 |mpasses |numeric |
|00002420| 73 63 61 6c 61 72 73 2c | 20 76 65 63 74 6f 72 73 |scalars,| vectors|
|00002430| 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 6d 61 | 74 72 69 63 65 73 2c 20 |, and ma|trices, |
|00002440| 61 6e 64 20 73 68 6f 75 | 6c 64 20 62 65 0a 66 61 |and shou|ld be.fa|
|00002450| 6d 69 6c 69 61 72 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 6d 61 |miliar t|o the ma|
|00002460| 74 72 69 78 20 6d 61 74 | 68 73 20 75 73 65 72 2e |trix mat|hs user.|
|00002470| 20 54 68 65 20 72 65 6d | 61 69 6e 69 6e 67 20 63 | The rem|aining c|
|00002480| 6c 61 73 73 65 73 20 62 | 6f 72 72 6f 77 0a 63 6f |lasses b|orrow.co|
|00002490| 6e 63 65 70 74 73 2c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 69 6d 70 6c |ncepts, |and impl|
|000024a0| 65 6d 65 6e 74 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 64 65 74 61 69 |ementati|on detai|
|000024b0| 6c 73 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | 6f 74 68 65 72 20 6c 61 |ls from |other la|
|000024c0| 6e 67 75 61 67 65 73 20 | 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 |nguages |such as |
|000024d0| 43 2e 0a 0a 49 74 20 69 | 73 20 77 6f 72 74 68 20 |C...It i|s worth |
|000024e0| 6e 6f 74 69 6e 67 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 61 20 66 75 |noting t|hat a fu|
|000024f0| 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 63 | 61 6e 20 62 65 20 74 68 |nction c|an be th|
|00002500| 6f 75 67 68 74 20 6f 66 | 20 61 73 20 6a 75 73 74 |ought of| as just|
|00002510| 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 | 0a 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 2d | another|.object-|
|00002520| 2d 2d 74 68 69 73 20 6d | 65 61 6e 73 20 74 68 61 |--this m|eans tha|
|00002530| 74 20 77 68 65 6e 20 79 | 6f 75 20 63 6f 6d 65 20 |t when y|ou come |
|00002540| 74 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 | 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 |to write| your ow|
|00002550| 6e 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 0a 74 68 61 74 |n functi|ons.that|
|00002560| 20 75 73 65 20 69 6e 70 | 75 74 20 70 61 72 61 6d | use inp|ut param|
|00002570| 65 74 65 72 73 2c 20 79 | 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 |eters, y|ou will |
|00002580| 65 6e 6a 6f 79 20 74 68 | 65 20 66 6c 65 78 69 62 |enjoy th|e flexib|
|00002590| 69 6c 69 74 79 20 6f 66 | 20 62 65 69 6e 67 0a 61 |ility of| being.a|
|000025a0| 62 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 70 | 61 73 73 20 69 6e 20 6f |ble to p|ass in o|
|000025b0| 74 68 65 72 20 66 75 6e | 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 |ther fun|ctions a|
|000025c0| 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 61 | 73 20 64 61 74 61 20 61 |s well a|s data a|
|000025d0| 73 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 | 74 6f 20 79 6f 75 72 0a |s input |to your.|
|000025e0| 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e | 2e 20 41 6e 6f 74 68 65 |function|. Anothe|
|000025f0| 72 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 | 65 20 6f 66 20 66 75 6e |r featur|e of fun|
|00002600| 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 | 73 20 69 6d 70 6c 65 6d |ctions a|s implem|
|00002610| 65 6e 74 65 64 20 69 6e | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 |ented in| \RLaB\ |
|00002620| 69 73 0a 74 68 61 74 20 | 74 68 65 79 20 63 61 6e |is.that |they can|
|00002630| 20 63 61 6c 6c 20 74 68 | 65 6d 73 65 6c 76 65 73 | call th|emselves|
|00002640| 2d 2d 2d 61 6e 79 6f 6e | 65 20 77 68 6f 20 68 61 |---anyon|e who ha|
|00002650| 73 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 | 6e 20 61 20 70 72 6f 67 |s writte|n a prog|
|00002660| 72 61 6d 20 74 6f 0a 63 | 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 65 |ram to.c|alculate|
|00002670| 20 66 61 63 74 6f 72 69 | 61 6c 73 20 77 69 6c 6c | factori|als will|
|00002680| 20 61 70 70 72 65 63 69 | 61 74 65 20 74 68 65 20 | appreci|ate the |
|00002690| 65 6c 65 67 61 6e 63 65 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 72 65 |elegance| that re|
|000026a0| 63 75 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 | 63 61 6e 0a 62 72 69 6e |cursion |can.brin|
|000026b0| 67 20 74 6f 20 73 6f 6d | 65 20 70 72 6f 67 72 61 |g to som|e progra|
|000026c0| 6d 6d 69 6e 67 20 73 6f | 6c 75 74 69 6f 6e 73 2e |mming so|lutions.|
|000026d0| 0a 0a 48 61 76 69 6e 67 | 20 77 68 65 74 74 65 64 |..Having| whetted|
|000026e0| 20 79 6f 75 72 20 61 70 | 70 65 74 69 74 65 2c 20 | your ap|petite, |
|000026f0| 74 68 69 73 20 70 72 69 | 6d 65 72 20 61 69 6d 73 |this pri|mer aims|
|00002700| 20 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 | 79 6f 75 20 73 74 61 72 | to get |you star|
|00002710| 74 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 | 0a 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 |ted with|.\RLaB\ |
|00002720| 61 73 20 62 6f 74 68 20 | 61 6e 20 69 6e 74 65 72 |as both |an inter|
|00002730| 61 63 74 69 76 65 20 74 | 6f 6f 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 |active t|ool and |
|00002740| 61 73 20 61 20 70 72 6f | 67 72 61 6d 6d 69 6e 67 |as a pro|gramming|
|00002750| 20 6c 61 6e 67 75 61 67 | 65 2e 20 54 68 65 0a 69 | languag|e. The.i|
|00002760| 64 65 61 6c 20 61 70 70 | 72 6f 61 63 68 20 69 73 |deal app|roach is|
|00002770| 20 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 | 20 74 6f 20 72 65 61 64 | for you| to read|
|00002780| 20 28 6f 72 20 72 65 2d | 72 65 61 64 29 20 74 68 | (or re-|read) th|
|00002790| 69 73 20 64 6f 63 75 6d | 65 6e 74 20 77 69 74 68 |is docum|ent with|
|000027a0| 20 61 6e 0a 5c 52 4c 61 | 42 5c 20 73 65 73 73 69 | an.\RLa|B\ sessi|
|000027b0| 6f 6e 20 73 74 61 72 69 | 6e 67 20 75 70 20 61 74 |on stari|ng up at|
|000027c0| 20 79 6f 75 2e 20 41 66 | 74 65 72 20 73 68 6f 77 | you. Af|ter show|
|000027d0| 69 6e 67 20 79 6f 75 20 | 68 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 72 |ing you |how to r|
|000027e0| 75 6e 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 | 5c 0a 61 6e 64 20 67 65 |un \RLaB|\.and ge|
|000027f0| 74 20 6f 6e 2d 6c 69 6e | 65 20 68 65 6c 70 2c 20 |t on-lin|e help, |
|00002800| 77 65 20 64 65 73 63 72 | 69 62 65 20 64 61 74 61 |we descr|ibe data|
|00002810| 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 62 | 65 66 6f 72 65 20 6d 6f | types b|efore mo|
|00002820| 76 69 6e 67 20 62 61 63 | 6b 20 74 6f 20 61 0a 60 |ving bac|k to a.`|
|00002830| 60 68 61 6e 64 73 20 6f | 6e 27 27 20 64 65 73 63 |`hands o|n'' desc|
|00002840| 72 69 70 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 6f 66 20 62 61 73 69 63 |ription |of basic|
|00002850| 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 2e 20 20 50 72 | operati|ons. Pr|
|00002860| 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 73 74 | 72 75 63 74 75 72 65 20 |ogram st|ructure |
|00002870| 69 73 0a 74 68 65 6e 20 | 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 |is.then |describe|
|00002880| 64 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f | 75 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 |d and yo|u will s|
|00002890| 65 65 20 68 6f 77 20 74 | 6f 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 |ee how t|o write |
|000028a0| 79 6f 75 72 20 6f 77 6e | 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f |your own| functio|
|000028b0| 6e 73 2e 20 41 73 0a 5c | 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 63 6f |ns. As.\|RLaB\ co|
|000028c0| 6d 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 | 20 71 75 69 74 65 20 61 |mes with| quite a|
|000028d0| 20 66 65 77 20 68 61 6e | 64 79 20 66 75 6e 63 74 | few han|dy funct|
|000028e0| 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 6c 72 | 65 61 64 79 20 62 75 69 |ions alr|eady bui|
|000028f0| 6c 74 2d 69 6e 2c 20 77 | 65 0a 67 69 76 65 20 65 |lt-in, w|e.give e|
|00002900| 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 73 20 | 6f 66 20 74 68 65 69 72 |xamples |of their|
|00002910| 20 75 73 65 20 69 6e 63 | 6c 75 64 69 6e 67 20 74 | use inc|luding t|
|00002920| 68 65 20 70 6c 6f 74 20 | 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e |he plot |function|
|00002930| 20 61 74 20 77 68 69 63 | 68 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 0a | at whic|h point.|
|00002940| 77 65 20 68 6f 70 65 20 | 79 6f 75 20 77 69 6c 6c |we hope |you will|
|00002950| 20 62 65 20 61 62 6c 65 | 20 74 6f 20 73 74 61 72 | be able| to star|
|00002960| 74 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 | 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 74 |t using |\RLaB\ t|
|00002970| 6f 20 64 65 76 65 6c 6f | 70 20 79 6f 75 72 20 6f |o develo|p your o|
|00002980| 77 6e 0a 70 72 6f 67 72 | 61 6d 73 2e 0a 0a 25 20 |wn.progr|ams...% |
|00002990| 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 20 | 77 69 6c 6c 20 66 69 6e |and you |will fin|
|000029a0| 64 20 74 68 65 20 71 75 | 69 63 6b 20 72 65 66 65 |d the qu|ick refe|
|000029b0| 72 65 6e 63 65 20 74 61 | 62 6c 65 73 20 69 6e 20 |rence ta|bles in |
|000029c0| 74 68 65 20 61 70 70 65 | 6e 64 69 63 65 73 20 6d |the appe|ndices m|
|000029d0| 6f 73 74 0a 25 20 75 73 | 65 66 75 6c 2e 0a 0a 25 |ost.% us|eful...%|
|000029e0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000029f0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002a00| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002a10| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002a20| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0a | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%.|%%%%%%%%|
|00002a30| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002a40| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002a50| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002a60| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002a70| 0a 0a 5c 73 65 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 7b 53 74 61 72 74 |..\secti|on{Start|
|00002a80| 69 6e 67 20 74 6f 20 75 | 73 65 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 |ing to u|se \RLaB|
|00002a90| 7d 0a 0a 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |}..%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002aa0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002ab0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002ac0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00002ad0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 0a 0a 5c 73 75 |%%%%%%%%|%%%..\su|
|00002ae0| 62 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e | 7b 48 6f 77 20 74 6f 20 |bsection|{How to |
|00002af0| 72 75 6e 20 69 74 7d 0a | 0a 41 20 70 72 6f 70 65 |run it}.|.A prope|
|00002b00| 72 6c 79 20 69 6e 73 74 | 61 6c 6c 65 64 20 5c 52 |rly inst|alled \R|
|00002b10| 4c 61 42 5c 20 63 61 6e | 20 62 65 20 73 74 61 72 |LaB\ can| be star|
|00002b20| 74 65 64 20 6f 6e 20 79 | 6f 75 72 20 74 65 72 6d |ted on y|our term|
|00002b30| 69 6e 61 6c 20 62 79 20 | 65 6e 74 65 72 69 6e 67 |inal by |entering|
|00002b40| 0a 20 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 | 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 |. .\begi|n{verbat|
|00002b50| 69 6d 7d 0a 24 20 72 6c | 61 62 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b |im}.$ rl|ab.\end{|
|00002b60| 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d | 7d 0a 0a 77 68 65 72 65 |verbatim|}..where|
|00002b70| 20 74 79 70 65 77 72 69 | 74 65 72 2d 73 74 79 6c | typewri|ter-styl|
|00002b80| 65 20 64 61 72 6b 20 74 | 65 78 74 20 69 73 20 6d |e dark t|ext is m|
|00002b90| 65 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 20 | 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e |eant to |represen|
|00002ba0| 74 20 74 68 65 20 74 65 | 78 74 20 79 6f 75 0a 77 |t the te|xt you.w|
|00002bb0| 6f 75 6c 64 20 73 65 65 | 20 73 69 74 74 69 6e 67 |ould see| sitting|
|00002bc0| 20 69 6e 20 66 72 6f 6e | 74 20 6f 66 20 61 20 64 | in fron|t of a d|
|00002bd0| 69 73 70 6c 61 79 20 74 | 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 6c 2e |isplay t|erminal.|
|00002be0| 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 72 | 73 74 20 63 68 61 72 61 | The fir|st chara|
|00002bf0| 63 74 65 72 0a 6f 6e 20 | 74 68 65 20 69 6e 70 75 |cter.on |the inpu|
|00002c00| 74 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 69 | 73 20 61 6c 77 61 79 73 |t line i|s always|
|00002c10| 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6f | 6d 70 74 2c 20 69 6e 20 | the pro|mpt, in |
|00002c20| 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 73 | 65 20 61 20 42 6f 75 72 |this cas|e a Bour|
|00002c30| 6e 65 2d 73 68 65 6c 6c | 0a 70 72 6f 6d 70 74 2e |ne-shell|.prompt.|
|00002c40| 20 54 68 65 20 74 65 78 | 74 20 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 | The tex|t follow|
|00002c50| 69 6e 67 20 69 73 20 77 | 68 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 |ing is w|hat the |
|00002c60| 75 73 65 72 20 65 6e 74 | 65 72 73 2e 20 54 65 78 |user ent|ers. Tex|
|00002c70| 74 20 65 63 68 6f 65 64 | 20 62 79 20 61 0a 70 72 |t echoed| by a.pr|
|00002c80| 6f 67 72 61 6d 20 69 73 | 20 6e 6f 74 20 70 72 65 |ogram is| not pre|
|00002c90| 63 65 64 65 64 20 62 79 | 20 61 6e 79 20 70 72 6f |ceded by| any pro|
|00002ca0| 6d 70 74 2e 0a 0a 5c 52 | 4c 61 42 5c 20 77 69 6c |mpt...\R|LaB\ wil|
|00002cb0| 6c 20 73 74 61 72 74 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 6d |l start |with a m|
|00002cc0| 65 73 73 61 67 65 20 73 | 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 20 74 |essage s|imilar t|
|00002cd0| 6f 3a 0a 0a 5c 62 65 67 | 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 61 |o:..\beg|in{verba|
|00002ce0| 74 69 6d 7d 0a 57 65 6c | 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 |tim}.Wel|come to |
|00002cf0| 52 4c 61 42 2e 20 4e 65 | 77 20 75 73 65 72 73 20 |RLaB. Ne|w users |
|00002d00| 74 79 70 65 20 60 68 65 | 6c 70 20 49 4e 54 52 4f |type `he|lp INTRO|
|00002d10| 27 0a 52 4c 61 42 20 76 | 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 31 |'.RLaB v|ersion 1|
|00002d20| 2e 30 20 43 6f 70 79 72 | 69 67 68 74 20 28 43 29 |.0 Copyr|ight (C)|
|00002d30| 20 31 39 39 32 2c 20 39 | 33 2c 20 39 34 20 49 61 | 1992, 9|3, 94 Ia|
|00002d40| 6e 20 53 65 61 72 6c 65 | 0a 52 4c 61 42 20 63 6f |n Searle|.RLaB co|
|00002d50| 6d 65 73 20 77 69 74 68 | 20 41 42 53 4f 4c 55 54 |mes with| ABSOLUT|
|00002d60| 45 4c 59 20 4e 4f 20 57 | 41 52 52 41 4e 54 59 3b |ELY NO W|ARRANTY;|
|00002d70| 20 66 6f 72 20 64 65 74 | 61 69 6c 73 20 74 79 70 | for det|ails typ|
|00002d80| 65 20 60 68 65 6c 70 20 | 57 41 52 52 41 4e 54 59 |e `help |WARRANTY|
|00002d90| 27 0a 54 68 69 73 20 69 | 73 20 66 72 65 65 20 73 |'.This i|s free s|
|00002da0| 6f 66 74 77 61 72 65 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 79 6f 75 |oftware,| and you|
|00002db0| 20 61 72 65 20 77 65 6c | 63 6f 6d 65 20 74 6f 20 | are wel|come to |
|00002dc0| 72 65 64 69 73 74 72 69 | 62 75 74 65 20 69 74 20 |redistri|bute it |
|00002dd0| 75 6e 64 65 72 0a 63 65 | 72 74 61 69 6e 20 63 6f |under.ce|rtain co|
|00002de0| 6e 64 69 74 69 6f 6e 73 | 3b 20 74 79 70 65 20 60 |nditions|; type `|
|00002df0| 68 65 6c 70 20 43 4f 4e | 44 49 54 49 4f 4e 53 27 |help CON|DITIONS'|
|00002e00| 20 66 6f 72 20 64 65 74 | 61 69 6c 73 0a 3e 0a 5c | for det|ails.>.\|
|00002e10| 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 72 62 | 61 74 69 6d 7d 0a 0a 54 |end{verb|atim}..T|
|00002e20| 68 65 20 5c 76 65 72 62 | 2b 3e 2b 20 73 79 6d 62 |he \verb|+>+ symb|
|00002e30| 6f 6c 20 6f 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 6c 61 73 74 20 6c |ol on th|e last l|
|00002e40| 69 6e 65 20 6e 65 78 74 | 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 |ine next| to the |
|00002e50| 63 75 72 73 6f 72 20 69 | 73 20 74 68 65 20 5c 52 |cursor i|s the \R|
|00002e60| 4c 61 42 5c 20 0a 63 6f | 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 70 72 |LaB\ .co|mmand pr|
|00002e70| 6f 6d 70 74 2e 20 20 41 | 74 20 74 68 69 73 20 70 |ompt. A|t this p|
|00002e80| 6f 69 6e 74 2c 20 75 73 | 65 72 73 20 73 68 6f 75 |oint, us|ers shou|
|00002e90| 6c 64 20 74 61 6b 65 20 | 74 68 65 20 61 64 76 69 |ld take |the advi|
|00002ea0| 63 65 20 6f 66 66 65 72 | 65 64 20 61 6e 64 0a 62 |ce offer|ed and.b|
|00002eb0| 65 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c | 6c 79 20 64 69 73 74 72 |e useful|ly distr|
|00002ec0| 61 63 74 65 64 20 66 72 | 6f 6d 20 74 68 69 73 20 |acted fr|om this |
|00002ed0| 70 72 69 6d 65 72 20 62 | 79 20 7b 5c 65 6d 20 61 |primer b|y {\em a|
|00002ee0| 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 20 | 72 65 61 64 69 6e 67 7d |ctually |reading}|
|00002ef0| 20 74 68 65 0a 69 6e 66 | 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e | the.inf|ormation|
|00002f00| 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 | 6c 65 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 | availab|le from |
|00002f10| 7b 5c 74 74 20 68 65 6c | 70 20 49 4e 54 52 4f 7d |{\tt hel|p INTRO}|
|00002f20| 20 2d 20 64 6f 20 6e 6f | 74 20 77 6f 72 72 79 20 | - do no|t worry |
|00002f30| 69 66 20 79 6f 75 20 63 | 61 6e 6e 6f 74 0a 66 6f |if you c|annot.fo|
|00002f40| 6c 6c 6f 77 20 69 74 20 | 79 65 74 2e 20 41 66 74 |llow it |yet. Aft|
|00002f50| 65 72 20 79 6f 75 20 68 | 61 76 65 20 72 65 61 64 |er you h|ave read|
|00002f60| 20 65 61 63 68 20 73 63 | 72 65 65 6e 66 75 6c 2c | each sc|reenful,|
|00002f70| 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 7b | 5c 74 74 20 53 50 41 43 | press {|\tt SPAC|
|00002f80| 45 7d 20 28 69 2e 65 2e | 0a 74 68 65 20 73 70 61 |E} (i.e.|.the spa|
|00002f90| 63 65 20 62 61 72 29 20 | 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 66 |ce bar) |to see f|
|00002fa0| 75 72 74 68 65 72 20 73 | 63 72 65 65 6e 73 20 6f |urther s|creens o|
|00002fb0| 66 20 69 6e 66 6f 72 6d | 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e 0a 0a |f inform|ation...|
|00002fc0| 20 20 20 41 74 20 74 68 | 69 73 20 70 6f 69 6e 74 | At th|is point|
|00002fd0| 20 69 74 20 69 73 20 6f | 6e 6c 79 20 66 61 69 72 | it is o|nly fair|
|00002fe0| 20 74 6f 20 74 65 6c 6c | 20 79 6f 75 20 68 6f 77 | to tell| you how|
|00002ff0| 20 74 6f 20 73 74 6f 70 | 20 69 74 2e 20 54 6f 20 | to stop| it. To |
|00003000| 73 74 6f 70 20 61 0a 20 | 20 20 5c 72 6c 61 62 20 |stop a. | \rlab |
|00003010| 73 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 | 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 |session |you can |
|00003020| 74 79 70 65 20 5c 76 65 | 72 62 2b 71 75 69 74 2b |type \ve|rb+quit+|
|00003030| 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 5c 72 6c 61 62 20 70 72 | at the |\rlab pr|
|00003040| 6f 6d 70 74 2e 20 4f 6e | 20 55 6e 69 78 0a 20 20 |ompt. On| Unix. |
|00003050| 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 73 | 20 61 6e 20 5c 76 65 72 | systems| an \ver|
|00003060| 62 2b 45 4f 46 2b 20 6f | 72 20 5c 76 65 72 62 2b |b+EOF+ o|r \verb+|
|00003070| 5e 64 2b 20 28 63 6f 6e | 74 72 6f 6c 2d 64 29 20 |^d+ (con|trol-d) |
|00003080| 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 73 | 6f 20 73 74 6f 70 0a 20 |will als|o stop. |
|00003090| 20 20 5c 72 6c 61 62 2e | 20 0a 0a 25 25 25 25 25 | \rlab.| ..%%%%%|
|000030a0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000030b0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000030c0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000030d0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000030e0| 25 25 25 0a 5c 73 75 62 | 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 7b |%%%.\sub|section{|
|000030f0| 48 65 6c 70 7d 0a 0a 54 | 6f 20 67 65 74 20 61 20 |Help}..T|o get a |
|00003100| 74 61 73 74 65 20 6f 66 | 20 74 68 65 20 66 75 6e |taste of| the fun|
|00003110| 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 66 | 6f 72 20 77 68 69 63 68 |ctions f|or which|
|00003120| 20 68 65 6c 70 20 69 73 | 20 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 | help is| availab|
|00003130| 6c 65 2c 20 65 6e 74 65 | 72 0a 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 |le, ente|r..\begi|
|00003140| 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 | 69 6d 7d 0a 3e 20 68 65 |n{verbat|im}.> he|
|00003150| 6c 70 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b | 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d |lp.\end{|verbatim|
|00003160| 7d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 66 | 69 72 73 74 20 67 72 6f |}..The f|irst gro|
|00003170| 75 70 20 6f 66 20 74 6f | 70 69 63 73 20 6c 69 73 |up of to|pics lis|
|00003180| 74 73 20 66 75 6e 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 6e 64 |ts funct|ions and|
|00003190| 20 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c | 20 68 65 6c 70 20 74 6f | special| help to|
|000031a0| 70 69 63 73 0a 74 68 61 | 74 20 61 72 65 20 62 75 |pics.tha|t are bu|
|000031b0| 69 6c 74 20 69 6e 74 6f | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 2e 20 |ilt into| \RLaB. |
|000031c0| 54 68 65 20 73 70 65 63 | 69 61 6c 20 74 6f 70 69 |The spec|ial topi|
|000031d0| 63 73 20 68 61 76 65 20 | 6e 61 6d 65 73 20 69 6e |cs have |names in|
|000031e0| 20 75 70 70 65 72 20 63 | 61 73 65 20 61 6e 64 0a | upper c|ase and.|
|000031f0| 61 72 65 20 6f 66 20 61 | 20 67 65 6e 65 72 61 6c |are of a| general|
|00003200| 20 6e 61 74 75 72 65 2e | 20 4c 61 77 79 65 72 73 | nature.| Lawyers|
|00003210| 20 72 65 63 6f 6d 6d 65 | 6e 64 20 74 68 61 74 20 | recomme|nd that |
|00003220| 79 6f 75 20 7b 5c 65 6d | 20 6e 6f 77 7d 20 72 65 |you {\em| now} re|
|00003230| 61 64 20 74 68 65 20 68 | 65 6c 70 0a 6f 6e 20 74 |ad the h|elp.on t|
|00003240| 6f 70 69 63 73 20 7b 5c | 74 74 20 43 4f 4e 44 49 |opics {\|tt CONDI|
|00003250| 54 49 4f 4e 53 7d 20 61 | 6e 64 20 7b 5c 74 74 20 |TIONS} a|nd {\tt |
|00003260| 57 41 52 52 41 4e 54 59 | 7d 20 62 79 20 65 6e 74 |WARRANTY|} by ent|
|00003270| 65 72 69 6e 67 0a 0a 5c | 62 65 67 69 6e 7b 76 65 |ering..\|begin{ve|
|00003280| 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d 0a | 3e 20 68 65 6c 70 20 43 |rbatim}.|> help C|
|00003290| 4f 4e 44 49 54 49 4f 4e | 53 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b 76 |ONDITION|S.\end{v|
|000032a0| 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d | 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b |erbatim}|.\begin{|
|000032b0| 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d | 7d 0a 3e 20 68 65 6c 70 |verbatim|}.> help|
|000032c0| 20 57 41 52 52 41 4e 54 | 59 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b 76 | WARRANT|Y.\end{v|
|000032d0| 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d | 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 73 75 |erbatim}|..The su|
|000032e0| 62 73 65 71 75 65 6e 74 | 20 74 6f 70 69 63 73 20 |bsequent| topics |
|000032f0| 72 65 66 65 72 20 74 6f | 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 |refer to| command|
|00003300| 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 68 | 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e |s that h|ave been|
|00003310| 20 77 72 69 74 74 65 6e | 20 69 6e 0a 5c 52 4c 61 | written| in.\RLa|
|00003320| 42 5c 20 73 63 72 69 70 | 74 20 66 69 6c 65 73 2c |B\ scrip|t files,|
|00003330| 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 77 | 65 20 72 65 66 65 72 20 | which w|e refer |
|00003340| 74 6f 20 61 73 20 60 60 | 52 2d 66 69 6c 65 73 27 |to as ``|R-files'|
|00003350| 27 2e 20 54 68 65 73 65 | 20 52 2d 66 69 6c 65 73 |'. These| R-files|
|00003360| 0a 61 72 65 20 73 74 6f | 72 65 64 20 69 6e 20 64 |.are sto|red in d|
|00003370| 69 72 65 63 74 6f 72 69 | 65 73 2c 20 77 68 69 63 |irectori|es, whic|
|00003380| 68 20 74 68 65 20 5c 76 | 65 72 62 2b 68 65 6c 70 |h the \v|erb+help|
|00003390| 2b 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e | 64 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 |+ comman|d search|
|000033a0| 65 73 2e 20 54 68 65 0a | 68 65 6c 70 20 66 69 6c |es. The.|help fil|
|000033b0| 65 73 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 7b 5c 65 6d 20 5c |es in th|e {\em \|
|000033c0| 6c 64 6f 74 73 20 2f 72 | 6c 69 62 7d 20 64 69 72 |ldots /r|lib} dir|
|000033d0| 65 63 74 6f 72 79 20 63 | 6f 6d 65 20 61 73 20 61 |ectory c|ome as a|
|000033e0| 20 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 | 64 20 70 61 72 74 20 6f | standar|d part o|
|000033f0| 66 0a 5c 52 4c 61 42 2c | 20 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 |f.\RLaB,| and the|
|00003400| 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e 64 | 65 72 20 72 65 66 65 72 | remaind|er refer|
|00003410| 20 74 6f 20 6c 6f 63 61 | 6c 20 52 2d 66 69 6c 65 | to loca|l R-file|
|00003420| 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 68 | 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6e |s that h|ave been|
|00003430| 20 73 65 74 75 70 0a 66 | 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 20 62 | setup.f|or you b|
|00003440| 79 20 77 68 6f 65 76 65 | 72 20 69 6e 73 74 61 6c |y whoeve|r instal|
|00003450| 6c 65 64 20 79 6f 75 72 | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 2e 20 |led your| \RLaB. |
|00003460| 0a 0a 49 6e 20 67 65 6e | 65 72 61 6c 2c 20 74 68 |..In gen|eral, th|
|00003470| 65 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 73 20 6c 69 73 74 |e functi|ons list|
|00003480| 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 20 |ed in th|e first |
|00003490| 67 72 6f 75 70 20 61 72 | 65 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f |group ar|e the mo|
|000034a0| 73 74 20 65 66 66 69 63 | 69 65 6e 74 0a 61 73 20 |st effic|ient.as |
|000034b0| 74 68 65 79 20 61 72 65 | 20 63 6f 6d 70 69 6c 65 |they are| compile|
|000034c0| 64 20 69 6e 74 6f 20 74 | 68 65 20 63 6f 72 65 20 |d into t|he core |
|000034d0| 6f 66 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 | 2e 20 49 6e 20 63 6f 6e |of \RLaB|. In con|
|000034e0| 74 72 61 73 74 2c 20 5c | 52 4c 61 42 27 73 20 52 |trast, \|RLaB's R|
|000034f0| 2d 66 69 6c 65 73 0a 68 | 61 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 |-files.h|ave the |
|00003500| 65 78 74 72 61 20 6f 76 | 65 72 68 65 61 64 20 6f |extra ov|erhead o|
|00003510| 66 20 72 65 61 64 69 6e | 67 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e |f readin|g and in|
|00003520| 74 65 72 70 72 65 74 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 62 65 66 |terpreta|tion bef|
|00003530| 6f 72 65 20 74 68 65 79 | 20 61 72 65 0a 65 78 65 |ore they| are.exe|
|00003540| 63 75 74 65 64 2e 20 54 | 68 69 73 20 6c 6f 77 65 |cuted. T|his lowe|
|00003550| 72 20 65 66 66 69 63 69 | 65 6e 63 79 20 61 73 73 |r effici|ency ass|
|00003560| 6f 63 69 61 74 65 64 20 | 77 69 74 68 20 52 2d 66 |ociated |with R-f|
|00003570| 69 6c 65 20 69 6e 74 65 | 72 70 72 65 74 61 74 69 |ile inte|rpretati|
|00003580| 6f 6e 20 69 73 0a 74 72 | 61 64 65 64 20 66 6f 72 |on is.tr|aded for|
|00003590| 20 74 68 65 20 62 65 6e | 65 66 69 74 20 6f 66 20 | the ben|efit of |
|000035a0| 62 65 69 6e 67 20 61 62 | 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 77 72 |being ab|le to wr|
|000035b0| 69 74 65 20 79 6f 75 72 | 20 6f 77 6e 20 66 65 61 |ite your| own fea|
|000035c0| 74 75 72 65 73 20 69 6e | 74 6f 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 |tures in|to \RLaB|
|000035d0| 2e 0a 49 66 20 61 6e 20 | 52 2d 66 69 6c 65 20 66 |..If an |R-file f|
|000035e0| 65 61 74 75 72 65 20 69 | 73 20 72 65 61 6c 6c 79 |eature i|s really|
|000035f0| 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c 2c | 20 69 74 20 63 61 6e 20 | useful,| it can |
|00003600| 62 65 20 61 64 64 65 64 | 20 74 6f 20 74 68 65 20 |be added| to the |
|00003610| 63 6f 72 65 20 5c 52 4c | 61 42 5c 0a 70 72 6f 67 |core \RL|aB\.prog|
|00003620| 72 61 6d 20 73 69 6e 63 | 65 20 79 6f 75 20 68 61 |ram sinc|e you ha|
|00003630| 76 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 | 6f 75 72 63 65 20 63 6f |ve the s|ource co|
|00003640| 64 65 5c 66 6f 6f 74 6e | 6f 74 65 7b 44 79 6e 61 |de\footn|ote{Dyna|
|00003650| 6d 69 63 20 6c 69 6e 6b | 69 6e 67 20 69 73 0a 70 |mic link|ing is.p|
|00003660| 61 72 74 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 70 6c 61 6e 20 |art of t|he plan |
|00003670| 66 6f 72 20 61 20 66 75 | 74 75 72 65 20 72 65 6c |for a fu|ture rel|
|00003680| 65 61 73 65 7d 2e 0a 0a | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |ease}...|%%%%%%%%|
|00003690| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000036a0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000036b0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000036c0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000036d0| 0a 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 | 74 69 6f 6e 7b 53 69 6d |.\subsec|tion{Sim|
|000036e0| 70 6c 65 20 63 61 6c 63 | 75 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 |ple calc|ulations|
|000036f0| 7d 20 5c 6c 61 62 65 6c | 7b 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 2d |} \label|{simple-|
|00003700| 63 61 6c 63 7d 0a 0a 5c | 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 69 73 |calc}..\|RLaB\ is|
|00003710| 20 64 65 73 69 67 6e 65 | 64 20 66 6f 72 20 6d 61 | designe|d for ma|
|00003720| 74 68 65 6d 61 74 69 63 | 61 6c 20 63 61 6c 63 75 |thematic|al calcu|
|00003730| 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 | 73 6f 20 6c 65 74 27 73 |lations |so let's|
|00003740| 20 64 6f 20 73 6f 6d 65 | 2e 20 54 68 65 20 66 6f | do some|. The fo|
|00003750| 75 72 0a 62 61 73 69 63 | 20 61 72 69 74 68 6d 65 |ur.basic| arithme|
|00003760| 74 69 63 20 6f 70 65 72 | 61 74 6f 72 73 20 68 61 |tic oper|ators ha|
|00003770| 76 65 20 73 79 6d 62 6f | 6c 73 20 7b 5c 76 65 72 |ve symbo|ls {\ver|
|00003780| 62 7c 2b 2c 20 2d 2c 20 | 2a 2c 20 2f 7c 7d 20 72 |b|+, -, |*, /|} r|
|00003790| 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e 74 | 69 6e 67 0a 61 64 64 69 |epresent|ing.addi|
|000037a0| 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 73 75 | 62 74 72 61 63 74 69 6f |tion, su|btractio|
|000037b0| 6e 2c 20 6d 75 6c 74 69 | 70 6c 69 63 61 74 69 6f |n, multi|plicatio|
|000037c0| 6e 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 64 | 69 76 69 73 69 6f 6e 20 |n, and d|ivision |
|000037d0| 72 65 73 70 65 63 74 69 | 76 65 6c 79 2e 20 4e 6f |respecti|vely. No|
|000037e0| 77 20 65 6e 74 65 72 0a | 73 6f 6d 65 20 6f 6e 65 |w enter.|some one|
|000037f0| 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 65 78 | 70 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e | line ex|pression|
|00003800| 73 20 61 73 20 73 68 6f | 77 6e 20 68 65 72 65 3a |s as sho|wn here:|
|00003810| 0a 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 6e | 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 |..\begin|{verbati|
|00003820| 6d 7d 0a 3e 20 32 2a 34 | 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |m}.> 2*4|. |
|00003830| 20 38 0a 3e 20 31 2f 32 | 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 30 | 8.> 1/2|. 0|
|00003840| 2e 35 0a 3e 20 31 2b 31 | 31 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |.5.> 1+1|1. |
|00003850| 20 31 32 0a 3e 20 31 2d | 31 31 0a 20 20 20 20 20 | 12.> 1-|11. |
|00003860| 20 2d 31 30 0a 3e 20 31 | 2a 32 2f 33 2b 34 2d 35 | -10.> 1|*2/3+4-5|
|00003870| 0a 20 20 20 2d 30 2e 33 | 33 33 0a 3e 20 31 2f 30 |. -0.3|33.> 1/0|
|00003880| 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 69 | 6e 66 0a 3e 20 30 2f 28 |. i|nf.> 0/(|
|00003890| 31 2f 30 29 0a 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 30 0a 3e |1/0). | 0.>|
|000038a0| 20 30 2f 30 0a 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 4e 61 4e 0a 5c | 0/0. | NaN.\|
|000038b0| 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 72 62 | 61 74 69 6d 7d 0a 0a 54 |end{verb|atim}..T|
|000038c0| 68 65 20 24 35 5e 7b 74 | 68 7d 24 20 65 78 70 72 |he $5^{t|h}$ expr|
|000038d0| 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 69 | 6c 6c 75 73 74 72 61 74 |ession i|llustrat|
|000038e0| 65 73 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c | 69 61 6e 63 65 20 77 69 |es compl|iance wi|
|000038f0| 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 75 | 73 75 61 6c 20 6f 70 65 |th the u|sual ope|
|00003900| 72 61 74 6f 72 0a 68 69 | 65 72 61 72 63 68 79 20 |rator.hi|erarchy |
|00003910| 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e | 20 77 65 20 6f 62 73 65 |and then| we obse|
|00003920| 72 76 65 20 74 68 61 74 | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 |rve that| \RLaB\ |
|00003930| 63 61 6e 20 68 61 6e 64 | 6c 65 0a 65 78 63 65 70 |can hand|le.excep|
|00003940| 74 69 6f 6e 73 5c 66 6f | 6f 74 6e 6f 74 65 7b 54 |tions\fo|otnote{T|
|00003950| 68 65 20 61 62 69 6c 69 | 74 79 20 74 6f 20 70 72 |he abili|ty to pr|
|00003960| 6f 70 65 72 6c 79 20 68 | 61 6e 64 6c 65 20 66 6c |operly h|andle fl|
|00003970| 6f 61 74 69 6e 67 20 70 | 6f 69 6e 74 0a 65 78 63 |oating p|oint.exc|
|00003980| 65 70 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 | 69 73 20 64 65 70 65 6e |eptions |is depen|
|00003990| 64 65 6e 74 20 75 70 6f | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 |dent upo|n the ca|
|000039a0| 70 61 62 69 6c 69 74 69 | 65 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |pabiliti|es of th|
|000039b0| 65 20 68 61 72 64 77 61 | 72 65 20 61 6e 64 0a 6f |e hardwa|re and.o|
|000039c0| 70 65 72 61 74 69 6e 67 | 20 73 79 73 74 65 6d 2c |perating| system,|
|000039d0| 20 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c | 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 20 | as well| as the |
|000039e0| 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 | 73 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 |interest|s of the|
|000039f0| 20 70 65 72 73 6f 6e 20 | 69 6e 73 74 61 6c 6c 69 | person |installi|
|00003a00| 6e 67 0a 5c 52 4c 61 42 | 5c 20 2e 7d 20 73 75 63 |ng.\RLaB|\ .} suc|
|00003a10| 68 20 61 73 20 77 68 65 | 6e 20 24 5c 69 6e 66 74 |h as whe|n $\inft|
|00003a20| 79 24 20 28 5c 76 65 72 | 62 2b 69 6e 66 2b 29 20 |y$ (\ver|b+inf+) |
|00003a30| 69 73 20 61 20 72 65 73 | 75 6c 74 20 6f 72 20 61 |is a res|ult or a|
|00003a40| 6e 20 69 6e 70 75 74 20 | 74 6f 0a 66 75 72 74 68 |n input |to.furth|
|00003a50| 65 72 20 63 61 6c 63 75 | 6c 61 74 69 6f 6e 3b 20 |er calcu|lation; |
|00003a60| 61 6e 64 20 61 6c 73 6f | 20 60 60 6e 6f 74 2d 61 |and also| ``not-a|
|00003a70| 2d 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 27 | 27 20 28 5c 76 65 72 62 |-number'|' (\verb|
|00003a80| 2b 4e 61 4e 2b 29 2e 20 | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 |+NaN+). | \RLaB\ |
|00003a90| 63 61 6e 20 75 73 65 0a | 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 78 20 |can use.|complex |
|00003aa0| 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 | 61 73 20 77 65 6c 6c 20 |numbers |as well |
|00003ab0| 61 73 20 72 65 61 6c 20 | 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 73 20 |as real |numbers |
|00003ac0| 73 6f 20 6e 6f 77 20 74 | 72 79 0a 0a 5c 62 65 67 |so now t|ry..\beg|
|00003ad0| 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 61 | 74 69 6d 7d 0a 3e 20 31 |in{verba|tim}.> 1|
|00003ae0| 2f 31 69 0a 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 30 20 2d 20 |/1i. | 0 - |
|00003af0| 31 69 0a 3e 20 31 2f 31 | 69 20 2b 20 31 2f 31 6a |1i.> 1/1|i + 1/1j|
|00003b00| 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 30 20 2d 20 32 69 0a |. | 0 - 2i.|
|00003b10| 3e 20 31 2f 31 69 20 2a | 20 31 2f 31 6a 0a 20 20 |> 1/1i *| 1/1j. |
|00003b20| 20 20 20 20 20 2d 31 0a | 3e 20 31 2f 31 69 2f 31 | -1.|> 1/1i/1|
|00003b30| 6a 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 2d 31 0a 5c 65 6e 64 |j. | -1.\end|
|00003b40| 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 | 6d 7d 0a 0a 77 68 65 72 |{verbati|m}..wher|
|00003b50| 65 20 77 65 20 73 65 65 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 7b 5c |e we see| that {\|
|00003b60| 74 74 20 69 7d 20 6f 72 | 20 7b 5c 74 74 20 6a 7d |tt i} or| {\tt j}|
|00003b70| 20 63 61 6e 20 72 65 70 | 72 65 73 65 6e 74 20 74 | can rep|resent t|
|00003b80| 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c | 65 78 0a 6e 75 6d 62 65 |he compl|ex.numbe|
|00003b90| 72 20 24 5c 73 71 72 74 | 7b 2d 31 7d 24 2e 20 4e |r $\sqrt|{-1}$. N|
|00003ba0| 6f 20 66 6f 75 72 20 66 | 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 |o four f|unction |
|00003bb0| 63 61 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 | 6f 72 20 69 73 20 63 6f |calculat|or is co|
|00003bc0| 6d 70 6c 65 74 65 20 77 | 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 61 |mplete w|ithout a|
|00003bd0| 0a 6d 65 6d 6f 72 79 20 | 73 6f 20 6e 6f 77 20 77 |.memory |so now w|
|00003be0| 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 61 | 74 20 68 6f 77 20 74 6f |e look a|t how to|
|00003bf0| 20 73 74 6f 72 65 20 72 | 65 73 75 6c 74 73 20 69 | store r|esults i|
|00003c00| 6e 20 61 20 76 61 72 69 | 61 62 6c 65 2e 0a 0a 25 |n a vari|able...%|
|00003c10| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00003c20| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00003c30| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00003c40| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00003c50| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0a | 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 |%%%%%%%.|\subsect|
|00003c60| 69 6f 6e 7b 56 61 72 69 | 61 62 6c 65 20 61 73 73 |ion{Vari|able ass|
|00003c70| 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 | 61 6e 64 20 64 69 73 70 |ignment |and disp|
|00003c80| 6c 61 79 7d 0a 0a 49 6e | 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 2c 20 |lay}..In| \RLaB, |
|00003c90| 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 | 73 20 63 61 6e 20 68 61 |variable|s can ha|
|00003ca0| 76 65 20 6e 61 6d 65 73 | 20 6f 66 20 61 6e 79 20 |ve names| of any |
|00003cb0| 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 20 63 | 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 69 6e |length c|ontainin|
|00003cc0| 67 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 70 | 72 69 6e 74 61 62 6c 65 |g most p|rintable|
|00003cd0| 0a 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 | 65 72 73 20 69 6e 63 6c |.charact|ers incl|
|00003ce0| 75 64 69 6e 67 20 24 5c | 7b 20 61 20 5c 6c 64 6f |uding $\|{ a \ldo|
|00003cf0| 74 73 20 7a 20 2c 20 41 | 20 5c 6c 64 6f 74 73 20 |ts z , A| \ldots |
|00003d00| 5a 20 2c 20 5c 5f 20 5c | 7d 24 2e 20 59 6f 75 20 |Z , \_ \|}$. You |
|00003d10| 77 69 6c 6c 20 6f 62 73 | 65 72 76 65 0a 74 68 61 |will obs|erve.tha|
|00003d20| 74 20 77 65 20 68 61 76 | 65 20 74 6f 20 65 78 63 |t we hav|e to exc|
|00003d30| 6c 75 64 65 20 73 70 65 | 63 69 61 6c 20 63 68 61 |lude spe|cial cha|
|00003d40| 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 | 73 75 63 68 20 61 73 20 |racters |such as |
|00003d50| 7b 5c 76 65 72 62 7c 2b | 2c 20 2d 2c 20 2a 2c 20 |{\verb|+|, -, *, |
|00003d60| 2f 7c 7d 20 61 6e 64 0a | 74 68 65 20 7b 5c 74 74 |/|} and.|the {\tt|
|00003d70| 20 53 50 41 43 45 7d 20 | 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 | SPACE} |characte|
|00003d80| 72 2e 20 54 68 65 20 61 | 63 74 75 61 6c 20 61 73 |r. The a|ctual as|
|00003d90| 73 69 67 6e 6d 65 6e 74 | 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 6f |signment| operato|
|00003da0| 72 20 73 79 6d 62 6f 6c | 20 69 73 20 60 60 3d 27 |r symbol| is ``='|
|00003db0| 27 0a 61 6e 64 20 61 6e | 20 61 73 73 69 67 6e 6d |'.and an| assignm|
|00003dc0| 65 6e 74 20 73 74 61 74 | 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 6c 6f |ent stat|ement lo|
|00003dd0| 6f 6b 73 20 6c 69 6b 65 | 0a 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 6e |oks like|..\begin|
|00003de0| 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 | 6d 7d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |{verbati|m}. |
|00003df0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 76 61 72 69 61 | | varia|
|00003e00| 62 6c 65 5f 6e 61 6d 65 | 20 3d 20 65 78 70 72 65 |ble_name| = expre|
|00003e10| 73 73 69 6f 6e 5f 74 6f | 5f 65 76 61 6c 75 61 74 |ssion_to|_evaluat|
|00003e20| 65 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b 76 | 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d |e.\end{v|erbatim}|
|00003e30| 0a 0a 61 6e 64 20 61 6e | 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c 65 |..and an| example|
|00003e40| 20 69 73 0a 0a 5c 62 65 | 67 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 | is..\be|gin{verb|
|00003e50| 61 74 69 6d 7d 0a 3e 20 | 72 61 64 69 75 73 3d 32 |atim}.> |radius=2|
|00003e60| 0a 20 72 61 64 69 75 73 | 20 3d 0a 20 20 20 20 20 |. radius| =. |
|00003e70| 20 20 20 32 0a 3e 20 63 | 69 72 63 75 6d 66 65 72 | 2.> c|ircumfer|
|00003e80| 65 6e 63 65 3d 32 20 2a | 20 70 69 20 2a 20 72 61 |ence=2 *| pi * ra|
|00003e90| 64 69 75 73 0a 20 63 69 | 72 63 75 6d 66 65 72 65 |dius. ci|rcumfere|
|00003ea0| 6e 63 65 20 3d 0a 20 20 | 20 20 20 31 32 2e 36 0a |nce =. | 12.6.|
|00003eb0| 5c 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 72 | 62 61 74 69 6d 7d 0a 0a |\end{ver|batim}..|
|00003ec0| 77 68 65 72 65 20 61 20 | 76 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 |where a |variable|
|00003ed0| 20 7b 5c 74 74 20 72 61 | 64 69 75 73 7d 20 69 73 | {\tt ra|dius} is|
|00003ee0| 20 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 | 20 61 6e 64 20 69 6e 69 | created| and ini|
|00003ef0| 74 69 61 6c 69 73 65 64 | 20 77 69 74 68 20 74 68 |tialised| with th|
|00003f00| 65 0a 72 65 61 6c 20 76 | 61 6c 75 65 20 32 2c 20 |e.real v|alue 2, |
|00003f10| 61 6e 64 20 74 68 65 6e | 20 61 20 76 61 72 69 61 |and then| a varia|
|00003f20| 62 6c 65 20 7b 5c 74 74 | 20 63 69 72 63 75 6d 66 |ble {\tt| circumf|
|00003f30| 65 72 65 6e 63 65 7d 20 | 69 73 20 63 72 65 61 74 |erence} |is creat|
|00003f40| 65 64 20 61 6e 64 20 66 | 69 6c 6c 65 64 0a 77 69 |ed and f|illed.wi|
|00003f50| 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 72 | 65 73 75 6c 74 20 6f 66 |th the r|esult of|
|00003f60| 20 65 76 61 6c 75 61 74 | 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | evaluat|ing the |
|00003f70| 72 69 67 68 74 20 68 61 | 6e 64 20 73 69 64 65 20 |right ha|nd side |
|00003f80| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 65 | 71 75 61 74 69 6f 6e 2e |of the e|quation.|
|00003f90| 20 54 6f 20 73 65 65 0a | 74 68 65 20 76 61 6c 75 | To see.|the valu|
|00003fa0| 65 20 6f 66 20 65 69 74 | 68 65 72 20 6f 66 20 74 |e of eit|her of t|
|00003fb0| 68 65 73 65 20 76 61 72 | 69 61 62 6c 65 73 2c 20 |hese var|iables, |
|00003fc0| 6a 75 73 74 20 65 6e 74 | 65 72 20 74 68 65 69 72 |just ent|er their|
|00003fd0| 20 6e 61 6d 65 20 61 6e | 64 0a 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c | name an|d.\RLaB\|
|00003fe0| 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 70 72 | 69 6e 74 20 74 68 65 69 | will pr|int thei|
|00003ff0| 72 20 76 61 6c 75 65 2e | 20 20 46 6f 72 20 61 20 |r value.| For a |
|00004000| 64 65 73 63 72 69 70 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 6f 66 20 76 |descript|ion of v|
|00004010| 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 20 | 6e 61 6d 65 73 2c 20 70 |ariable |names, p|
|00004020| 6c 65 61 73 65 20 72 65 | 61 64 0a 74 68 65 20 68 |lease re|ad.the h|
|00004030| 65 6c 70 20 6f 6e 20 7b | 5c 74 74 20 56 41 52 49 |elp on {|\tt VARI|
|00004040| 41 42 4c 45 53 7d 2e 0a | 0a 41 73 20 79 6f 75 20 |ABLES}..|.As you |
|00004050| 68 61 76 65 20 70 72 6f | 62 61 62 6c 79 20 6e 6f |have pro|bably no|
|00004060| 74 69 63 65 64 20 62 79 | 20 6e 6f 77 2c 20 74 68 |ticed by| now, th|
|00004070| 65 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 | 20 6f 66 20 65 61 63 68 |e result| of each|
|00004080| 20 65 78 70 72 65 73 73 | 69 6f 6e 20 69 73 0a 61 | express|ion is.a|
|00004090| 75 74 6f 6d 61 74 69 63 | 61 6c 6c 79 20 70 72 69 |utomatic|ally pri|
|000040a0| 6e 74 65 64 20 74 6f 20 | 74 68 65 20 73 63 72 65 |nted to |the scre|
|000040b0| 65 6e 2e 20 54 68 69 73 | 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 |en. This| feature|
|000040c0| 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 | 63 6f 6e 74 72 6f 6c 6c | can be |controll|
|000040d0| 65 64 20 62 79 0a 75 73 | 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 |ed by.us|ing the |
|000040e0| 60 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 3b | 2b 27 20 63 68 61 72 61 |`\verb+;|+' chara|
|000040f0| 63 74 65 72 2e 20 54 65 | 72 6d 69 6e 61 74 69 6e |cter. Te|rminatin|
|00004100| 67 20 61 6e 20 65 78 70 | 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 |g an exp|ression |
|00004110| 77 69 74 68 20 61 0a 60 | 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 3b 2b |with a.`|\verb+;+|
|00004120| 27 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 73 | 75 70 70 72 65 73 73 20 |' will s|uppress |
|00004130| 70 72 69 6e 74 69 6e 67 | 20 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 |printing| of the |
|00004140| 72 65 73 75 6c 74 2e 20 | 4c 69 6b 65 77 69 73 65 |result. |Likewise|
|00004150| 2c 20 74 65 72 6d 69 6e | 61 74 69 6e 67 0a 61 6e |, termin|ating.an|
|00004160| 20 65 78 70 72 65 73 73 | 69 6f 6e 20 77 69 74 68 | express|ion with|
|00004170| 20 74 68 65 20 60 5c 76 | 65 72 62 2b 3f 2b 27 20 | the `\v|erb+?+' |
|00004180| 69 73 20 61 6e 20 65 78 | 70 6c 69 63 69 74 20 77 |is an ex|plicit w|
|00004190| 61 79 20 74 6f 20 66 6f | 72 63 65 20 70 72 69 6e |ay to fo|rce prin|
|000041a0| 74 69 6e 67 2e 0a 0a 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |ting...%|%%%%%%%%|
|000041b0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000041c0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000041d0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000041e0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 0a |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%.|
|000041f0| 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 7b 55 73 65 72 |\subsect|ion{User|
|00004200| 20 49 6e 74 65 72 66 61 | 63 65 3a 20 63 6f 6d 6d | Interfa|ce: comm|
|00004210| 61 6e 64 20 72 65 63 61 | 6c 6c 20 5c 26 20 65 64 |and reca|ll \& ed|
|00004220| 69 74 69 6e 67 7d 0a 0a | 43 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 |iting}..|Command |
|00004230| 6c 69 6e 65 20 72 65 63 | 61 6c 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 |line rec|all and |
|00004240| 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 20 | 69 73 20 76 65 72 79 20 |editing |is very |
|00004250| 75 73 65 66 75 6c 20 66 | 6f 72 20 63 6f 72 72 65 |useful f|or corre|
|00004260| 63 74 69 6e 67 20 63 6f | 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0a 65 72 |cting co|mmand.er|
|00004270| 72 6f 72 73 20 6f 72 20 | 74 6f 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 |rors or |to allow|
|00004280| 20 79 6f 75 72 20 63 6f | 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 74 | your co|mmands t|
|00004290| 6f 20 65 76 6f 6c 76 65 | 2e 20 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 |o evolve|. \RLaB|
|000042a0| 5c 20 70 72 6f 76 69 64 | 65 73 20 61 20 63 6f 6d |\ provid|es a com|
|000042b0| 6d 61 6e 64 0a 72 65 63 | 61 6c 6c 20 61 6e 64 20 |mand.rec|all and |
|000042c0| 65 64 69 74 20 66 61 63 | 69 6c 69 74 79 20 6d 6f |edit fac|ility mo|
|000042d0| 64 65 6c 65 64 20 6f 6e | 20 28 61 6e 64 20 73 6f |deled on| (and so|
|000042e0| 6d 65 74 69 6d 65 73 20 | 61 63 74 75 61 6c 6c 79 |metimes |actually|
|000042f0| 20 75 73 69 6e 67 29 20 | 74 68 65 20 47 4e 55 0a | using) |the GNU.|
|00004300| 72 65 61 64 6c 69 6e 65 | 20 66 61 63 69 6c 69 74 |readline| facilit|
|00004310| 79 2e 20 49 66 20 79 6f | 75 20 61 72 65 20 66 61 |y. If yo|u are fa|
|00004320| 6d 69 6c 69 61 72 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 47 4e 55 20 |miliar w|ith GNU |
|00004330| 65 6d 61 63 73 20 6f 72 | 20 74 68 65 20 47 4e 55 |emacs or| the GNU|
|00004340| 20 62 61 73 68 0a 73 68 | 65 6c 6c 2c 20 74 68 65 | bash.sh|ell, the|
|00004350| 6e 20 74 72 79 20 65 6e | 74 65 72 69 6e 67 20 7b |n try en|tering {|
|00004360| 5c 74 74 20 43 2d 70 7d | 20 74 6f 20 73 63 72 6f |\tt C-p}| to scro|
|00004370| 6c 6c 20 62 61 63 6b 20 | 74 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 |ll back |through |
|00004380| 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 | 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 |previous| command|
|00004390| 73 0a 28 7b 5c 74 74 20 | 43 2d 70 7d 20 6d 65 61 |s.({\tt |C-p} mea|
|000043a0| 6e 73 20 68 6f 6c 64 20 | 64 6f 77 6e 20 74 68 65 |ns hold |down the|
|000043b0| 20 7b 5c 74 74 20 63 6f | 6e 74 72 6f 6c 7d 20 6b | {\tt co|ntrol} k|
|000043c0| 65 79 20 61 6e 64 20 70 | 72 65 73 73 20 7b 5c 74 |ey and p|ress {\t|
|000043d0| 74 20 70 7d 29 2e 20 20 | 49 66 0a 74 68 69 73 20 |t p}). |If.this |
|000043e0| 69 73 20 73 75 63 63 65 | 73 73 66 75 6c 2c 20 74 |is succe|ssful, t|
|000043f0| 65 73 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 73 74 61 6e 64 61 72 64 |est the |standard|
|00004400| 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 | 65 72 20 61 6e 64 20 77 | charact|er and w|
|00004410| 6f 72 64 20 65 64 69 74 | 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d |ord edit|ing comm|
|00004420| 61 6e 64 73 0a 74 6f 20 | 6d 6f 64 69 66 79 20 70 |ands.to |modify p|
|00004430| 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20 | 65 6e 74 72 69 65 73 20 |revious |entries |
|00004440| 2d 20 69 66 20 69 74 20 | 77 6f 72 6b 73 2c 20 73 |- if it |works, s|
|00004450| 6b 69 70 20 74 6f 20 73 | 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 0a 5c |kip to s|ection.\|
|00004460| 72 65 66 7b 73 65 63 3a | 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 7d |ref{sec:|objects}|
|00004470| 2e 0a 0a 48 6f 77 65 76 | 65 72 2c 20 69 66 20 74 |...Howev|er, if t|
|00004480| 68 65 20 77 6f 72 64 20 | 47 4e 55 20 6a 75 73 74 |he word |GNU just|
|00004490| 20 6d 65 61 6e 73 20 60 | 60 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 | means `|`any of |
|000044a0| 73 65 76 65 72 61 6c 20 | 41 66 72 69 63 61 6e 20 |several |African |
|000044b0| 61 6e 74 65 6c 6f 70 65 | 73 0a 63 6f 6e 73 74 69 |antelope|s.consti|
|000044c0| 74 75 74 69 6e 67 20 74 | 68 65 20 67 65 6e 75 73 |tuting t|he genus|
|000044d0| 20 7b 5c 65 6d 20 43 6f | 6e 6e 6f 63 68 61 65 74 | {\em Co|nnochaet|
|000044e0| 65 73 7d 20 2e 2e 2e 27 | 27 5c 66 6f 6f 74 6e 6f |es} ...'|'\footno|
|000044f0| 74 65 7b 41 75 73 74 72 | 61 6c 69 61 6e 0a 4d 61 |te{Austr|alian.Ma|
|00004500| 63 71 75 61 72 69 65 20 | 64 69 63 74 69 6f 6e 61 |cquarie |dictiona|
|00004510| 72 79 2c 20 49 53 42 4e | 3a 20 30 2d 39 34 39 37 |ry, ISBN|: 0-9497|
|00004520| 35 37 2d 32 33 2d 33 2e | 7d 20 62 75 74 20 79 6f |57-23-3.|} but yo|
|00004530| 75 72 20 6b 65 79 62 6f | 61 72 64 20 64 6f 65 73 |ur keybo|ard does|
|00004540| 20 68 61 76 65 20 74 68 | 65 0a 61 72 72 6f 77 20 | have th|e.arrow |
|00004550| 6b 65 79 73 20 5c 7b 5c | 20 24 5c 6c 65 66 74 61 |keys \{\| $\lefta|
|00004560| 72 72 6f 77 5c 20 5c 75 | 70 61 72 72 6f 77 5c 20 |rrow\ \u|parrow\ |
|00004570| 5c 64 6f 77 6e 61 72 72 | 6f 77 5c 20 5c 72 69 67 |\downarr|ow\ \rig|
|00004580| 68 74 61 72 72 6f 77 5c | 20 24 5c 7d 2c 20 74 68 |htarrow\| $\}, th|
|00004590| 65 6e 0a 79 6f 75 20 6d | 69 67 68 74 20 73 74 69 |en.you m|ight sti|
|000045a0| 6c 6c 20 62 65 20 61 62 | 6c 65 20 74 6f 20 74 61 |ll be ab|le to ta|
|000045b0| 6b 65 20 61 64 76 61 6e | 74 61 67 65 20 6f 66 20 |ke advan|tage of |
|000045c0| 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 | 6c 69 6e 65 20 72 65 63 |command |line rec|
|000045d0| 61 6c 6c 20 61 6e 64 0a | 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 2e |all and.|editing.|
|000045e0| 20 20 54 72 79 20 74 79 | 70 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 | Try ty|ping the|
|000045f0| 20 24 5c 75 70 61 72 72 | 6f 77 24 20 6b 65 79 20 | $\uparr|ow$ key |
|00004600| 74 6f 20 73 65 65 20 69 | 66 20 61 6e 79 20 70 72 |to see i|f any pr|
|00004610| 65 76 69 6f 75 73 20 5c | 52 4c 61 42 5c 0a 63 6f |evious \|RLaB\.co|
|00004620| 6d 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 61 | 72 65 20 64 69 73 70 6c |mmands a|re displ|
|00004630| 61 79 65 64 20 2d 20 69 | 66 20 74 68 65 79 20 61 |ayed - i|f they a|
|00004640| 72 65 2c 20 74 68 65 6e | 20 63 6f 6e 66 69 72 6d |re, then| confirm|
|00004650| 20 74 68 61 74 20 24 5c | 64 6f 77 6e 61 72 72 6f | that $\|downarro|
|00004660| 77 24 20 61 6c 73 6f 0a | 64 69 73 70 6c 61 79 73 |w$ also.|displays|
|00004670| 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 72 65 | 63 65 6e 74 20 63 6f 6d | more re|cent com|
|00004680| 6d 61 6e 64 73 20 61 6e | 64 20 74 68 65 6e 20 74 |mands an|d then t|
|00004690| 72 79 20 68 6f 72 69 7a | 6f 6e 74 61 6c 20 63 75 |ry horiz|ontal cu|
|000046a0| 72 73 6f 72 20 6d 6f 76 | 65 6d 65 6e 74 20 77 69 |rsor mov|ement wi|
|000046b0| 74 68 0a 74 68 65 20 5c | 7b 5c 20 24 5c 6c 65 66 |th.the \|{\ $\lef|
|000046c0| 74 61 72 72 6f 77 5c 20 | 5c 72 69 67 68 74 61 72 |tarrow\ |\rightar|
|000046d0| 72 6f 77 5c 20 24 5c 7d | 20 61 6e 64 20 74 72 79 |row\ $\}| and try|
|000046e0| 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 65 64 | 69 74 69 6e 67 20 77 69 | some ed|iting wi|
|000046f0| 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 64 | 65 6c 65 74 65 0a 6b 65 |th the d|elete.ke|
|00004700| 79 2e 20 20 54 79 70 69 | 6e 67 20 7b 5c 74 74 20 |y. Typi|ng {\tt |
|00004710| 43 2d 64 7d 20 6f 75 67 | 68 74 20 74 6f 20 64 65 |C-d} oug|ht to de|
|00004720| 6c 65 74 65 20 74 68 65 | 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 |lete the| charact|
|00004730| 65 72 20 62 65 6e 65 61 | 74 68 20 74 68 65 20 63 |er benea|th the c|
|00004740| 75 72 73 6f 72 2e 0a 57 | 68 65 6e 20 61 20 6e 65 |ursor..W|hen a ne|
|00004750| 77 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e | 64 20 68 61 73 20 62 65 |w comman|d has be|
|00004760| 65 6e 20 63 72 65 61 74 | 65 64 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 |en creat|ed from |
|00004770| 61 6e 20 6f 6c 64 2c 20 | 65 6e 74 65 72 20 69 74 |an old, |enter it|
|00004780| 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 | 75 73 75 61 6c 20 77 61 | in the |usual wa|
|00004790| 79 0a 62 79 20 70 72 65 | 73 73 69 6e 67 20 7b 5c |y.by pre|ssing {\|
|000047a0| 74 74 20 52 45 54 55 52 | 4e 7d 2e 20 20 49 66 20 |tt RETUR|N}. If |
|000047b0| 74 68 69 73 20 68 61 73 | 20 77 6f 72 6b 65 64 20 |this has| worked |
|000047c0| 66 6f 72 20 79 6f 75 2c | 20 73 6b 69 70 20 74 68 |for you,| skip th|
|000047d0| 65 20 72 65 6d 61 69 6e | 64 65 72 0a 6f 66 20 74 |e remain|der.of t|
|000047e0| 68 69 73 20 73 65 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 28 61 6e 64 |his sect|ion (and|
|000047f0| 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 20 79 | 6f 75 72 73 65 6c 66 20 | count y|ourself |
|00004800| 6c 75 63 6b 79 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 77 65 20 77 65 |lucky th|at we we|
|00004810| 72 65 6e 27 74 20 64 65 | 73 63 72 69 62 69 6e 67 |ren't de|scribing|
|00004820| 20 61 0a 67 72 61 70 68 | 69 63 61 6c 20 75 73 65 | a.graph|ical use|
|00004830| 72 20 69 6e 74 65 72 66 | 61 63 65 20 69 6e 20 6f |r interf|ace in o|
|00004840| 6e 65 20 70 61 72 61 67 | 72 61 70 68 29 2e 0a 0a |ne parag|raph)...|
|00004850| 49 66 20 79 6f 75 72 20 | 6b 65 79 62 6f 61 72 64 |If your |keyboard|
|00004860| 20 69 73 20 6d 69 73 73 | 69 6e 67 20 74 68 65 20 | is miss|ing the |
|00004870| 61 72 72 6f 77 20 6b 65 | 79 73 20 62 75 74 20 7b |arrow ke|ys but {|
|00004880| 5c 74 74 20 43 2d 70 7d | 20 64 69 64 20 63 61 75 |\tt C-p}| did cau|
|00004890| 73 65 20 70 72 65 76 69 | 6f 75 73 0a 63 6f 6d 6d |se previ|ous.comm|
|000048a0| 61 6e 64 73 20 74 6f 20 | 70 6f 70 20 75 70 20 6f |ands to |pop up o|
|000048b0| 6e 20 74 68 65 20 5c 52 | 4c 61 42 5c 20 63 6f 6d |n the \R|LaB\ com|
|000048c0| 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c 69 6e | 65 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 77 |mand lin|e, you w|
|000048d0| 69 6c 6c 20 66 69 6e 64 | 20 74 68 61 74 20 5c 7b |ill find| that \{|
|000048e0| 5c 0a 24 5c 6c 65 66 74 | 61 72 72 6f 77 5c 20 5c |\.$\left|arrow\ \|
|000048f0| 75 70 61 72 72 6f 77 5c | 20 5c 64 6f 77 6e 61 72 |uparrow\| \downar|
|00004900| 72 6f 77 5c 20 5c 72 69 | 67 68 74 61 72 72 6f 77 |row\ \ri|ghtarrow|
|00004910| 5c 20 24 5c 7d 20 61 72 | 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 |\ $\} ar|e the sa|
|00004920| 6d 65 20 61 73 20 5c 7b | 5c 0a 7b 5c 74 74 20 43 |me as \{|\.{\tt C|
|00004930| 2d 62 20 43 2d 70 20 43 | 2d 6e 20 43 2d 66 7d 5c |-b C-p C|-n C-f}\|
|00004940| 20 5c 7d 20 2d 20 74 68 | 69 6e 6b 20 6f 66 20 62 | \} - th|ink of b|
|00004950| 20 66 6f 72 20 62 61 63 | 6b 77 61 72 64 73 2c 20 | for bac|kwards, |
|00004960| 70 20 66 6f 72 20 70 72 | 65 76 69 6f 75 73 2c 20 |p for pr|evious, |
|00004970| 6e 20 66 6f 72 0a 6e 65 | 78 74 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 |n for.ne|xt, and |
|00004980| 66 20 66 6f 72 20 66 6f | 72 77 61 72 64 2e 0a 0a |f for fo|rward...|
|00004990| 49 72 72 65 73 70 65 63 | 74 69 76 65 20 6f 66 20 |Irrespec|tive of |
|000049a0| 77 68 61 74 20 6b 65 79 | 73 74 72 6f 6b 65 73 20 |what key|strokes |
|000049b0| 79 6f 75 20 75 73 65 20 | 66 6f 72 20 65 64 69 74 |you use |for edit|
|000049c0| 69 6e 67 2c 20 74 68 65 | 20 43 2d 79 20 6b 65 79 |ing, the| C-y key|
|000049d0| 73 74 72 6f 6b 65 20 77 | 69 6c 6c 0a 72 65 73 74 |stroke w|ill.rest|
|000049e0| 6f 72 65 20 74 65 78 74 | 20 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 |ore text| previou|
|000049f0| 73 6c 79 20 64 65 6c 65 | 74 65 64 2e 20 49 66 20 |sly dele|ted. If |
|00004a00| 79 6f 75 20 77 65 72 65 | 20 75 6e 61 62 6c 65 20 |you were| unable |
|00004a10| 74 6f 20 73 63 72 6f 6c | 6c 20 62 61 63 6b 20 74 |to scrol|l back t|
|00004a20| 68 72 6f 75 67 68 0a 61 | 6e 79 20 70 72 65 76 69 |hrough.a|ny previ|
|00004a30| 6f 75 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d | 61 6e 64 73 20 28 74 68 |ous comm|ands (th|
|00004a40| 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 68 | 61 64 20 6a 75 73 74 20 |at you h|ad just |
|00004a50| 65 6e 74 65 72 65 64 29 | 2c 20 74 68 65 6e 20 79 |entered)|, then y|
|00004a60| 6f 75 72 20 5c 52 4c 61 | 42 5c 20 6d 61 79 20 68 |our \RLa|B\ may h|
|00004a70| 61 76 65 0a 62 65 65 6e | 20 62 75 69 6c 74 20 77 |ave.been| built w|
|00004a80| 69 74 68 6f 75 74 20 63 | 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 20 6c |ithout c|ommand l|
|00004a90| 69 6e 65 20 65 64 69 74 | 69 6e 67 20 2d 20 74 68 |ine edit|ing - th|
|00004aa0| 69 73 20 69 73 20 75 6e | 6c 75 63 6b 79 2e 20 20 |is is un|lucky. |
|00004ab0| 41 73 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 | 6e 64 0a 6c 69 6e 65 20 |As comma|nd.line |
|00004ac0| 65 64 69 74 69 6e 67 20 | 69 73 20 73 75 63 68 20 |editing |is such |
|00004ad0| 61 20 75 73 65 66 75 6c | 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 |a useful| feature|
|00004ae0| 2c 20 79 6f 75 20 73 68 | 6f 75 6c 64 20 63 6f 6e |, you sh|ould con|
|00004af0| 73 69 64 65 72 20 67 65 | 74 74 69 6e 67 20 61 0a |sider ge|tting a.|
|00004b00| 62 65 74 74 65 72 20 76 | 65 72 73 69 6f 6e 20 6f |better v|ersion o|
|00004b10| 66 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c | 20 69 66 20 70 6f 73 73 |f \RLaB\| if poss|
|00004b20| 69 62 6c 65 2e 20 0a 0a | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |ible. ..|%%%%%%%%|
|00004b30| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004b40| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004b50| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004b60| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004b70| 0a 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |.%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004b80| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004b90| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004ba0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004bb0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 0a 0a 5c 73 65 63 74 |%%%%%%%%|%..\sect|
|00004bc0| 69 6f 6e 7b 4f 62 6a 65 | 63 74 73 2d 2d 2d 42 61 |ion{Obje|cts---Ba|
|00004bd0| 73 69 63 20 44 61 74 61 | 20 53 74 72 75 63 74 75 |sic Data| Structu|
|00004be0| 72 65 73 7d 20 5c 6c 61 | 62 65 6c 7b 73 65 63 3a |res} \la|bel{sec:|
|00004bf0| 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 7d | 0a 0a 49 6e 20 74 68 65 |objects}|..In the|
|00004c00| 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 67 65 | 6e 65 72 61 6c 20 66 6f | most ge|neral fo|
|00004c10| 72 6d 2c 20 61 6e 20 6f | 62 6a 65 63 74 20 69 6e |rm, an o|bject in|
|00004c20| 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 | 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 64 | \RLaB\ |can be d|
|00004c30| 61 74 61 20 6f 72 20 61 | 0a 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f |ata or a|.functio|
|00004c40| 6e 2e 20 49 74 20 69 73 | 20 65 76 65 6e 20 70 6f |n. It is| even po|
|00004c50| 73 73 69 62 6c 65 20 74 | 6f 20 63 6f 6e 73 74 72 |ssible t|o constr|
|00004c60| 75 63 74 20 61 6e 20 6f | 62 6a 65 63 74 20 74 68 |uct an o|bject th|
|00004c70| 61 74 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 | 69 6e 73 0a 62 6f 74 68 |at conta|ins.both|
|00004c80| 20 64 61 74 61 20 7b 5c | 65 6d 20 61 6e 64 7d 20 | data {\|em and} |
|00004c90| 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e | 73 20 2d 20 61 20 66 61 |function|s - a fa|
|00004ca0| 63 74 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 6e 6f 20 64 6f 75 62 74 |ct that |no doubt|
|00004cb0| 20 65 78 63 69 74 65 73 | 20 74 68 65 0a 68 6f 72 | excites| the.hor|
|00004cc0| 6d 6f 6e 65 73 20 69 6e | 20 74 68 65 20 6d 6f 64 |mones in| the mod|
|00004cd0| 65 72 6e 20 64 61 79 20 | 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 6f |ern day |object o|
|00004ce0| 72 69 65 6e 74 65 64 20 | 70 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d |riented |programm|
|00004cf0| 65 72 2e 20 57 65 20 61 | 72 65 20 67 6f 69 6e 67 |er. We a|re going|
|00004d00| 20 74 6f 0a 64 69 73 63 | 75 73 73 20 62 61 73 69 | to.disc|uss basi|
|00004d10| 63 20 64 61 74 61 20 74 | 79 70 65 73 20 62 65 66 |c data t|ypes bef|
|00004d20| 6f 72 65 20 6c 6f 6f 6b | 69 6e 67 20 61 74 20 68 |ore look|ing at h|
|00004d30| 6f 77 20 64 61 74 61 20 | 63 61 6e 20 62 65 20 60 |ow data |can be `|
|00004d40| 60 67 72 6f 75 70 65 64 | 27 27 0a 74 6f 67 65 74 |`grouped|''.toget|
|00004d50| 68 65 72 20 66 6f 72 20 | 73 6f 6d 65 20 75 73 65 |her for |some use|
|00004d60| 66 75 6c 20 70 75 72 70 | 6f 73 65 2e 20 57 65 20 |ful purp|ose. We |
|00004d70| 77 69 6c 6c 20 61 6c 73 | 6f 20 77 6f 72 6b 20 74 |will als|o work t|
|00004d80| 68 72 6f 75 67 68 20 73 | 6f 6d 65 0a 73 69 6d 70 |hrough s|ome.simp|
|00004d90| 6c 65 20 65 78 61 6d 70 | 6c 65 73 20 74 68 61 74 |le examp|les that|
|00004da0| 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 75 6c | 61 74 65 20 64 61 74 61 | manipul|ate data|
|00004db0| 20 62 75 74 20 66 69 72 | 73 74 2c 20 77 68 61 74 | but fir|st, what|
|00004dc0| 20 64 6f 65 73 20 5c 52 | 6c 61 62 5c 0a 72 65 67 | does \R|lab\.reg|
|00004dd0| 61 72 64 20 61 73 20 64 | 61 74 61 3f 0a 0a 25 25 |ard as d|ata?..%%|
|00004de0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004df0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004e00| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004e10| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00004e20| 25 25 25 25 25 25 0a 0a | 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 74 |%%%%%%..|\subsect|
|00004e30| 69 6f 6e 7b 44 61 74 61 | 20 54 79 70 65 73 7d 0a |ion{Data| Types}.|
|00004e40| 0a 54 68 65 72 65 20 61 | 72 65 20 74 68 72 65 65 |.There a|re three|
|00004e50| 20 7b 5c 65 6d 20 66 75 | 6e 64 61 6d 65 6e 74 61 | {\em fu|ndamenta|
|00004e60| 6c 7d 20 74 79 70 65 73 | 20 6f 66 20 64 61 74 61 |l} types| of data|
|00004e70| 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f | 75 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 75 | that yo|u manipu|
|00004e80| 6c 61 74 65 20 69 6e 0a | 5c 52 4c 61 42 3a 20 74 |late in.|\RLaB: t|
|00004e90| 68 65 20 73 74 72 69 6e | 67 3b 20 74 68 65 20 72 |he strin|g; the r|
|00004ea0| 65 61 6c 20 6e 75 6d 62 | 65 72 3b 20 61 6e 64 20 |eal numb|er; and |
|00004eb0| 74 68 65 20 63 6f 6d 70 | 6c 65 78 20 6e 75 6d 62 |the comp|lex numb|
|00004ec0| 65 72 2e 20 20 41 73 20 | 77 65 20 68 61 76 65 0a |er. As |we have.|
|00004ed0| 73 65 65 6e 20 69 6e 20 | 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 20 |seen in |section |
|00004ee0| 5c 72 65 66 7b 73 69 6d | 70 6c 65 2d 63 61 6c 63 |\ref{sim|ple-calc|
|00004ef0| 7d 2c 20 69 74 20 69 73 | 20 73 74 72 61 69 67 68 |}, it is| straigh|
|00004f00| 74 2d 66 6f 72 77 61 72 | 64 20 74 6f 0a 6d 61 6e |t-forwar|d to.man|
|00004f10| 69 70 75 6c 61 74 65 20 | 6e 75 6d 65 72 69 63 61 |ipulate |numerica|
|00004f20| 6c 20 71 75 61 6e 74 69 | 74 69 65 73 2e 20 43 68 |l quanti|ties. Ch|
|00004f30| 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 | 20 61 72 65 20 61 76 61 |aracters| are ava|
|00004f40| 69 6c 61 62 6c 65 20 69 | 6e 20 74 68 65 20 66 6f |ilable i|n the fo|
|00004f50| 72 6d 0a 6f 66 20 73 74 | 72 69 6e 67 73 20 77 68 |rm.of st|rings wh|
|00004f60| 69 63 68 20 63 61 6e 20 | 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e 20 |ich can |contain |
|00004f70| 30 20 6f 72 20 6d 6f 72 | 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 |0 or mor|e charac|
|00004f80| 74 65 72 73 2e 20 49 6e | 20 6c 69 6e 65 20 77 69 |ters. In| line wi|
|00004f90| 74 68 20 61 0a 70 68 69 | 6c 6f 73 6f 70 68 79 20 |th a.phi|losophy |
|00004fa0| 74 6f 20 60 60 6b 65 65 | 70 20 69 74 20 73 69 6d |to ``kee|p it sim|
|00004fb0| 70 6c 65 27 27 2c 20 5c | 52 4c 61 42 5c 2c 20 77 |ple'', \|RLaB\, w|
|00004fc0| 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 20 | 70 72 69 6d 61 72 69 6c |hich is |primaril|
|00004fd0| 79 20 63 6f 6e 63 65 72 | 6e 65 64 0a 77 69 74 68 |y concer|ned.with|
|00004fe0| 20 6e 75 6d 65 72 69 63 | 61 6c 20 63 6f 6d 70 75 | numeric|al compu|
|00004ff0| 74 61 74 69 6f 6e 2c 20 | 68 61 73 20 6e 6f 20 73 |tation, |has no s|
|00005000| 70 65 63 69 61 6c 20 77 | 61 79 20 74 6f 20 68 61 |pecial w|ay to ha|
|00005010| 6e 64 6c 65 20 61 20 73 | 69 6e 67 6c 65 0a 63 68 |ndle a s|ingle.ch|
|00005020| 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 5c | 66 6f 6f 74 6e 6f 74 65 |aracter\|footnote|
|00005030| 7b 41 6e 64 20 61 6c 73 | 6f 20 6f 6e 65 20 6c 65 |{And als|o one le|
|00005040| 73 73 20 64 61 74 61 20 | 74 79 70 65 20 74 68 61 |ss data |type tha|
|00005050| 74 20 79 6f 75 20 6e 65 | 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6c 65 |t you ne|ed to le|
|00005060| 61 72 6e 0a 61 62 6f 75 | 74 2e 7d 2e 20 54 6f 20 |arn.abou|t.}. To |
|00005070| 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 | 73 74 72 69 6e 67 2c 20 |enter a |string, |
|00005080| 65 6e 63 6c 6f 73 65 20 | 74 68 65 20 63 68 61 72 |enclose |the char|
|00005090| 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 69 | 6e 73 69 64 65 20 71 75 |acters i|nside qu|
|000050a0| 6f 74 65 73 20 6c 69 6b | 65 0a 5c 76 65 72 62 2b |otes lik|e.\verb+|
|000050b0| 22 74 68 69 73 22 2b 20 | 65 2e 67 2e 0a 0a 5c 62 |"this"+ |e.g...\b|
|000050c0| 65 67 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 | 62 61 74 69 6d 7d 0a 3e |egin{ver|batim}.>|
|000050d0| 20 22 48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 | 77 6f 72 6c 64 22 0a 48 | "Hello |world".H|
|000050e0| 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 | 6c 64 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b |ello wor|ld.\end{|
|000050f0| 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d | 7d 0a 0a 4a 75 73 74 20 |verbatim|}..Just |
|00005100| 61 73 20 61 20 6e 75 6d | 62 65 72 20 77 61 73 20 |as a num|ber was |
|00005110| 70 72 65 76 69 6f 75 73 | 6c 79 20 73 74 6f 72 65 |previous|ly store|
|00005120| 64 20 69 6e 20 61 20 76 | 61 72 69 61 62 6c 65 2c |d in a v|ariable,|
|00005130| 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 6d | 65 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 | the sam|e can be|
|00005140| 20 64 6f 6e 65 0a 77 69 | 74 68 20 61 20 73 74 72 | done.wi|th a str|
|00005150| 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 | 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 |ing of c|haracter|
|00005160| 73 2e 20 54 6f 20 70 6c | 61 63 65 20 61 20 73 74 |s. To pl|ace a st|
|00005170| 72 69 6e 67 20 69 6e 74 | 6f 20 61 20 76 61 72 69 |ring int|o a vari|
|00005180| 61 62 6c 65 2c 20 79 6f | 75 0a 63 6f 75 6c 64 20 |able, yo|u.could |
|00005190| 65 6e 74 65 72 20 61 20 | 73 74 61 74 65 6d 65 6e |enter a |statemen|
|000051a0| 74 20 73 75 63 68 20 61 | 73 0a 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 |t such a|s..\begi|
|000051b0| 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 | 69 6d 7d 0a 3e 20 68 77 |n{verbat|im}.> hw|
|000051c0| 20 3d 20 22 48 65 6c 6c | 6f 20 77 6f 72 6c 64 22 | = "Hell|o world"|
|000051d0| 0a 48 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 | 6f 72 6c 64 0a 5c 65 6e |.Hello w|orld.\en|
|000051e0| 64 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 | 69 6d 7d 0a 0a 61 6e 64 |d{verbat|im}..and|
|000051f0| 20 74 68 65 20 76 61 6c | 75 65 20 6f 66 20 76 61 | the val|ue of va|
|00005200| 72 69 61 62 6c 65 20 5c | 76 65 72 62 2b 68 77 2b |riable \|verb+hw+|
|00005210| 20 6d 61 79 20 62 65 20 | 70 72 69 6e 74 65 64 20 | may be |printed |
|00005220| 6f 75 74 20 62 79 20 65 | 6e 74 65 72 69 6e 67 0a |out by e|ntering.|
|00005230| 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b | 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d |.\begin{|verbatim|
|00005240| 7d 0a 3e 20 68 77 0a 48 | 65 6c 6c 6f 20 77 6f 72 |}.> hw.H|ello wor|
|00005250| 6c 64 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b | 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d |ld.\end{|verbatim|
|00005260| 7d 0a 0a 54 68 65 20 6f | 62 73 65 72 76 61 6e 74 |}..The o|bservant|
|00005270| 20 72 65 61 64 65 72 20 | 6d 69 67 68 74 20 62 65 | reader |might be|
|00005280| 20 77 6f 6e 64 65 72 69 | 6e 67 20 77 68 61 74 20 | wonderi|ng what |
|00005290| 68 61 73 20 68 61 70 70 | 65 6e 65 64 20 74 6f 20 |has happ|ened to |
|000052a0| 74 68 65 0a 62 6f 6f 6c | 65 61 6e 20 64 61 74 61 |the.bool|ean data|
|000052b0| 20 74 79 70 65 3f 20 49 | 6e 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 2c | type? I|n \RLaB,|
|000052c0| 20 7b 5c 65 6d 20 74 72 | 75 65 7d 20 61 6e 64 20 | {\em tr|ue} and |
|000052d0| 7b 5c 65 6d 20 66 61 6c | 73 65 7d 20 61 72 65 0a |{\em fal|se} are.|
|000052e0| 72 65 70 72 65 73 65 6e | 74 65 64 20 62 79 20 74 |represen|ted by t|
|000052f0| 68 65 20 69 6e 74 65 67 | 65 72 73 20 31 20 61 6e |he integ|ers 1 an|
|00005300| 64 20 30 2e 20 4a 75 73 | 74 20 61 73 20 74 68 65 |d 0. Jus|t as the|
|00005310| 20 64 61 74 61 20 74 79 | 70 65 20 63 68 61 72 20 | data ty|pe char |
|00005320| 63 61 6e 20 62 65 0a 68 | 61 6e 64 6c 65 64 20 61 |can be.h|andled a|
|00005330| 73 20 61 20 72 61 74 68 | 65 72 20 73 6d 61 6c 6c |s a rath|er small|
|00005340| 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 | 28 6c 65 6e 67 74 68 3d | string |(length=|
|00005350| 31 29 2c 20 73 6f 20 74 | 68 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 |1), so t|he data |
|00005360| 74 79 70 65 20 62 6f 6f | 6c 65 61 6e 0a 28 6f 72 |type boo|lean.(or|
|00005370| 20 6c 6f 67 69 63 61 6c | 29 20 63 61 6e 20 62 65 | logical|) can be|
|00005380| 20 68 61 6e 64 6c 65 64 | 20 62 79 20 73 6d 61 6c | handled| by smal|
|00005390| 6c 20 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 | 73 20 28 76 61 6c 75 65 |l number|s (value|
|000053a0| 3d 30 2c 31 29 2e 20 57 | 65 20 68 61 76 65 20 6e |=0,1). W|e have n|
|000053b0| 6f 77 0a 6d 65 74 20 74 | 68 65 20 33 20 66 75 6e |ow.met t|he 3 fun|
|000053c0| 64 61 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c | 20 74 79 70 65 73 20 6f |damental| types o|
|000053d0| 66 20 64 61 74 61 20 70 | 72 6f 63 65 73 73 65 64 |f data p|rocessed|
|000053e0| 20 69 6e 20 5c 52 4c 61 | 42 5c 20 61 6e 64 20 69 | in \RLa|B\ and i|
|000053f0| 74 20 69 73 20 6e 6f 77 | 0a 70 6f 73 73 69 62 6c |t is now|.possibl|
|00005400| 65 20 74 6f 20 75 6e 64 | 65 72 73 74 61 6e 64 20 |e to und|erstand |
|00005410| 61 20 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 | 20 6d 6f 72 65 20 61 62 |a little| more ab|
|00005420| 6f 75 74 20 68 6f 77 20 | 64 61 74 61 20 73 74 72 |out how |data str|
|00005430| 75 63 74 75 72 65 73 20 | 61 6e 64 0a 66 75 6e 63 |uctures |and.func|
|00005440| 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 72 | 65 20 6f 72 67 61 6e 69 |tions ar|e organi|
|00005450| 73 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 | 69 6e 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 |sed with|in \RLaB|
|00005460| 2e 0a 0a 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |...%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00005470| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00005480| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00005490| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|000054a0| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 0a 5c 73 75 62 |%%%%%%%%|%%%.\sub|
|000054b0| 73 65 63 74 69 6f 6e 7b | 4f 62 6a 65 63 74 20 48 |section{|Object H|
|000054c0| 69 65 72 61 72 63 68 79 | 7d 0a 0a 53 63 61 6e 20 |ierarchy|}..Scan |
|000054d0| 79 6f 75 72 20 65 79 65 | 73 20 64 6f 77 6e 20 6f |your eye|s down o|
|000054e0| 76 65 72 20 46 69 67 75 | 72 65 20 5c 72 65 66 7b |ver Figu|re \ref{|
|000054f0| 66 69 67 3a 6f 62 6a 65 | 63 74 73 7d 20 77 68 69 |fig:obje|cts} whi|
|00005500| 63 68 20 73 68 6f 77 73 | 20 74 68 65 0a 68 69 65 |ch shows| the.hie|
|00005510| 72 61 72 63 68 69 63 61 | 6c 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 |rarchica|l struct|
|00005520| 75 72 65 20 6f 66 20 6f | 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 69 |ure of o|bjects i|
|00005530| 6e 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c | 20 2d 20 77 65 20 73 68 |n \RLaB\| - we sh|
|00005540| 61 6c 6c 20 6e 6f 77 20 | 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 |all now |describe|
|00005550| 0a 74 68 69 73 20 66 69 | 67 75 72 65 20 66 72 6f |.this fi|gure fro|
|00005560| 6d 20 74 68 65 20 62 6f | 74 74 6f 6d 20 75 70 20 |m the bo|ttom up |
|00005570| 28 69 67 6e 6f 72 69 6e | 67 20 6c 69 73 74 73 20 |(ignorin|g lists |
|00005580| 75 6e 74 69 6c 20 61 20 | 6c 69 74 74 6c 65 0a 6c |until a |little.l|
|00005590| 61 74 65 72 29 2e 20 4e | 6f 74 20 61 6c 6c 20 6f |ater). N|ot all o|
|000055a0| 62 6a 65 63 74 73 20 61 | 72 65 20 63 72 65 61 74 |bjects a|re creat|
|000055b0| 65 64 20 69 6e 20 74 68 | 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 77 |ed in th|e same w|
|000055c0| 61 79 20 61 6e 64 20 77 | 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 20 |ay and w|hat you |
|000055d0| 63 61 6e 20 64 6f 20 77 | 69 74 68 0a 6f 72 20 74 |can do w|ith.or t|
|000055e0| 6f 20 74 68 65 6d 20 64 | 65 70 65 6e 64 73 20 6f |o them d|epends o|
|000055f0| 6e 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 | 7b 5c 65 6d 20 63 6c 61 |n their |{\em cla|
|00005600| 73 73 7d 2e 20 49 74 65 | 6d 73 20 6f 66 20 63 6c |ss}. Ite|ms of cl|
|00005610| 61 73 73 20 7b 5c 65 6d | 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f |ass {\em| functio|
|00005620| 6e 7d 0a 63 6f 6e 74 61 | 69 6e 20 70 72 6f 67 72 |n}.conta|in progr|
|00005630| 61 6d 20 69 6e 73 74 72 | 75 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 |am instr|uctions |
|00005640| 77 68 69 63 68 20 69 73 | 20 6f 6e 65 20 66 6f 72 |which is| one for|
|00005650| 6d 20 6f 66 20 64 61 74 | 61 20 6f 72 0a 69 6e 66 |m of dat|a or.inf|
|00005660| 6f 72 6d 61 74 69 6f 6e | 2e 20 49 74 65 6d 73 20 |ormation|. Items |
|00005670| 6f 66 20 63 6c 61 73 73 | 20 7b 5c 65 6d 20 6e 75 |of class| {\em nu|
|00005680| 6d 65 72 69 63 7d 2c 20 | 61 6e 64 20 7b 5c 65 6d |meric}, |and {\em|
|00005690| 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 7d | 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e | string}| contain|
|000056a0| 0a 64 61 74 61 20 74 68 | 61 74 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 |.data th|at \RLaB|
|000056b0| 5c 20 69 6e 73 74 72 75 | 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 63 |\ instru|ctions c|
|000056c0| 61 6e 20 6d 61 6e 69 70 | 75 6c 61 74 65 2e 0a 0a |an manip|ulate...|
|000056d0| 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b 66 | 69 67 75 72 65 7d 5b 68 |\begin{f|igure}[h|
|000056e0| 74 62 70 5d 0a 20 20 5c | 62 65 67 69 6e 7b 70 69 |tbp]. \|begin{pi|
|000056f0| 63 74 75 72 65 7d 28 33 | 35 30 2c 33 30 30 29 28 |cture}(3|50,300)(|
|00005700| 30 2c 32 35 29 20 25 20 | 28 78 2d 73 69 7a 65 2c |0,25) % |(x-size,|
|00005710| 20 79 2d 73 69 7a 65 29 | 20 28 78 2d 73 68 69 66 | y-size)| (x-shif|
|00005720| 74 2c 20 79 2d 73 68 69 | 66 74 29 0a 20 20 20 20 |t, y-shi|ft). |
|00005730| 5c 73 70 65 63 69 61 6c | 7b 70 73 66 69 6c 65 3d |\special|{psfile=|
|00005740| 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 2e 70 | 73 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 |object.p|s. |
|00005750| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 61 | 6e 67 6c 65 3d 30 20 68 | a|ngle=0 h|
|00005760| 73 63 61 6c 65 3d 36 35 | 20 76 73 63 61 6c 65 3d |scale=65| vscale=|
|00005770| 36 35 20 76 6f 66 66 73 | 65 74 3d 2d 35 35 20 68 |65 voffs|et=-55 h|
|00005780| 6f 66 66 73 65 74 3d 34 | 30 7d 0a 20 20 20 20 5c |offset=4|0}. \|
|00005790| 65 6e 64 7b 70 69 63 74 | 75 72 65 7d 0a 5c 63 61 |end{pict|ure}.\ca|
|000057a0| 70 74 69 6f 6e 7b 5c 52 | 4c 61 42 20 6f 62 6a 65 |ption{\R|LaB obje|
|000057b0| 63 74 73 7d 20 5c 6c 61 | 62 65 6c 7b 66 69 67 3a |cts} \la|bel{fig:|
|000057c0| 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 7d | 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b 66 69 |objects}|.\end{fi|
|000057d0| 67 75 72 65 7d 0a 0a 41 | 20 6e 75 6d 65 72 69 63 |gure}..A| numeric|
|000057e0| 20 63 6c 61 73 73 20 69 | 74 65 6d 20 63 61 6e 20 | class i|tem can |
|000057f0| 73 74 6f 72 65 20 61 20 | 72 65 61 6c 20 6f 72 20 |store a |real or |
|00005800| 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 78 20 | 6e 75 6d 62 65 72 2e 20 |complex |number. |
|00005810| 20 41 6e 20 69 74 65 6d | 20 6f 66 0a 63 6c 61 73 | An item| of.clas|
|00005820| 73 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 | 20 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e |s string| contain|
|00005830| 73 20 61 20 6e 75 6c 6c | 2d 74 65 72 6d 69 6e 61 |s a null|-termina|
|00005840| 74 65 64 20 73 74 72 69 | 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 63 68 |ted stri|ng of ch|
|00005850| 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 28 | 73 29 2e 20 57 68 65 6e |aracter(|s). When|
|00005860| 0a 77 65 20 77 61 6e 74 | 20 74 6f 20 61 63 63 65 |.we want| to acce|
|00005870| 73 73 20 6f 72 20 63 72 | 65 61 74 65 20 61 6e 20 |ss or cr|eate an |
|00005880| 61 72 72 61 79 20 6f 66 | 20 69 74 65 6d 73 2c 20 |array of| items, |
|00005890| 77 65 20 75 73 65 20 61 | 6e 20 61 72 72 61 79 20 |we use a|n array |
|000058a0| 73 79 6e 74 61 78 0a 74 | 68 61 74 20 69 73 20 74 |syntax.t|hat is t|
|000058b0| 68 65 20 73 61 6d 65 20 | 66 6f 72 20 62 6f 74 68 |he same |for both|
|000058c0| 20 73 74 72 69 6e 67 20 | 61 6e 64 20 6e 75 6d 65 | string |and nume|
|000058d0| 72 69 63 20 63 6c 61 73 | 73 65 73 2e 0a 0a 49 74 |ric clas|ses...It|
|000058e0| 20 69 73 20 6f 66 74 65 | 6e 20 68 65 6c 70 66 75 | is ofte|n helpfu|
|000058f0| 6c 20 74 6f 20 61 20 70 | 72 6f 67 72 61 6d 6d 65 |l to a p|rogramme|
|00005900| 72 20 74 6f 20 67 72 6f | 75 70 20 74 6f 67 65 74 |r to gro|up toget|
|00005910| 68 65 72 20 75 6e 6c 69 | 6b 65 20 64 61 74 61 20 |her unli|ke data |
|00005920| 69 6e 74 6f 0a 61 20 73 | 69 6e 67 6c 65 20 6f 62 |into.a s|ingle ob|
|00005930| 6a 65 63 74 20 2d 20 74 | 68 69 73 20 69 73 20 74 |ject - t|his is t|
|00005940| 68 65 20 70 75 72 70 6f | 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |he purpo|se of th|
|00005950| 65 20 63 6c 61 73 73 20 | 6c 69 73 74 2e 20 20 57 |e class |list. W|
|00005960| 65 20 61 72 65 20 6e 6f | 74 0a 67 6f 69 6e 67 20 |e are no|t.going |
|00005970| 74 6f 20 64 65 73 63 72 | 69 62 65 20 69 74 20 69 |to descr|ibe it i|
|00005980| 6e 20 67 72 65 61 74 20 | 64 65 74 61 69 6c 20 68 |n great |detail h|
|00005990| 65 72 65 20 65 78 63 65 | 70 74 20 74 6f 20 70 6f |ere exce|pt to po|
|000059a0| 69 6e 74 20 6f 75 74 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 69 74 0a |int out |that it.|
|000059b0| 73 65 72 76 65 73 20 61 | 20 73 69 6d 69 6c 61 72 |serves a| similar|
|000059c0| 20 72 6f 6c 65 20 74 6f | 20 61 20 72 65 63 6f 72 | role to| a recor|
|000059d0| 64 20 69 6e 20 50 61 73 | 63 61 6c 20 6f 72 20 61 |d in Pas|cal or a|
|000059e0| 20 73 74 72 75 63 74 75 | 72 65 20 69 6e 20 43 2c | structu|re in C,|
|000059f0| 20 62 75 74 0a 77 69 74 | 68 20 61 20 73 6f 6d 65 | but.wit|h a some|
|00005a00| 77 68 61 74 20 6d 6f 72 | 65 20 66 6c 65 78 69 62 |what mor|e flexib|
|00005a10| 6c 65 20 61 63 63 65 73 | 73 20 6d 65 63 68 61 6e |le acces|s mechan|
|00005a20| 69 73 6d 2e 20 4e 6f 74 | 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 6c |ism. Not|e that l|
|00005a30| 69 73 74 73 20 63 61 6e | 0a 63 6f 6e 74 61 69 6e |ists can|.contain|
|00005a40| 20 61 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 | 74 68 65 20 61 66 6f 72 | any of |the afor|
|00005a50| 65 6d 65 6e 74 69 6f 6e | 65 64 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 |emention|ed objec|
|00005a60| 74 73 2c 20 65 76 65 6e | 20 61 6e 6f 74 68 65 72 |ts, even| another|
|00005a70| 20 6c 69 73 74 2e 0a 0a | 4f 6e 65 20 74 68 69 6e | list...|One thin|
|00005a80| 67 20 74 68 61 74 20 79 | 6f 75 20 63 61 6e 20 61 |g that y|ou can a|
|00005a90| 6c 77 61 79 73 20 64 6f | 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 6e |lways do| with an|
|00005aa0| 79 20 69 74 65 6d 20 69 | 73 20 61 73 6b 20 5c 52 |y item i|s ask \R|
|00005ab0| 4c 61 42 5c 20 77 68 61 | 74 20 69 74 73 0a 63 6c |LaB\ wha|t its.cl|
|00005ac0| 61 73 73 20 69 73 2e 20 | 46 6f 72 20 65 78 61 6d |ass is. |For exam|
|00005ad0| 70 6c 65 2c 20 5c 52 4c | 61 42 5c 20 68 61 73 20 |ple, \RL|aB\ has |
|00005ae0| 61 20 62 75 69 6c 74 2d | 69 6e 20 63 6f 6d 6d 61 |a built-|in comma|
|00005af0| 6e 64 20 74 6f 20 63 61 | 6c 63 75 6c 61 74 65 20 |nd to ca|lculate |
|00005b00| 74 68 65 0a 73 69 6e 20 | 6f 66 20 61 6e 20 61 6e |the.sin |of an an|
|00005b10| 67 75 6c 61 72 20 71 75 | 61 6e 74 69 74 79 20 2d |gular qu|antity -|
|00005b20| 20 61 73 6b 69 6e 67 20 | 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 61 | asking |\RLaB\ a|
|00005b30| 62 6f 75 74 20 69 74 20 | 67 69 76 65 73 20 74 68 |bout it |gives th|
|00005b40| 65 0a 66 6f 6c 6c 6f 77 | 69 6e 67 20 72 65 73 70 |e.follow|ing resp|
|00005b50| 6f 6e 73 65 0a 0a 5c 62 | 65 67 69 6e 7b 76 65 72 |onse..\b|egin{ver|
|00005b60| 62 61 74 69 6d 7d 0a 3e | 20 63 6c 61 73 73 28 20 |batim}.>| class( |
|00005b70| 73 69 6e 20 29 0a 66 75 | 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e 0a 5c |sin ).fu|nction.\|
|00005b80| 65 6e 64 7b 76 65 72 62 | 61 74 69 6d 7d 0a 0a 46 |end{verb|atim}..F|
|00005b90| 72 6f 6d 20 74 68 65 20 | 73 69 7a 65 20 6f 66 20 |rom the |size of |
|00005ba0| 74 68 65 20 6c 69 73 74 | 20 6f 66 20 74 6f 70 69 |the list| of topi|
|00005bb0| 63 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 68 65 6c 70 20 69 73 20 |cs that |help is |
|00005bc0| 61 76 61 69 6c 61 62 6c | 65 20 6f 6e 2c 20 79 6f |availabl|e on, yo|
|00005bd0| 75 0a 70 72 6f 62 61 62 | 6c 79 20 72 65 61 6c 69 |u.probab|ly reali|
|00005be0| 73 65 20 74 68 61 74 20 | 74 68 65 72 65 20 61 72 |se that |there ar|
|00005bf0| 65 20 6d 61 6e 79 20 62 | 75 69 6c 74 2d 69 6e 20 |e many b|uilt-in |
|00005c00| 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e | 73 20 69 6e 20 5c 52 4c |function|s in \RL|
|00005c10| 61 42 5c 20 2d 0a 65 78 | 70 65 63 74 20 67 72 61 |aB\ -.ex|pect gra|
|00005c20| 74 75 69 74 6f 75 73 20 | 75 73 65 20 6f 66 20 74 |tuitous |use of t|
|00005c30| 68 65 73 65 20 66 75 6e | 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 61 |hese fun|ctions a|
|00005c40| 73 20 66 75 72 74 68 65 | 72 20 65 78 61 6d 70 6c |s furthe|r exampl|
|00005c50| 65 73 20 61 72 65 0a 67 | 69 76 65 6e 2e 20 20 52 |es are.g|iven. R|
|00005c60| 65 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 20 | 74 68 61 74 20 79 6f 75 |emember |that you|
|00005c70| 20 63 61 6e 20 66 69 6e | 64 20 6f 75 74 20 61 62 | can fin|d out ab|
|00005c80| 6f 75 74 20 61 6e 79 20 | 66 75 6e 63 74 69 6f 6e |out any |function|
|00005c90| 20 62 79 20 74 79 70 69 | 6e 67 0a 7b 5c 74 74 20 | by typi|ng.{\tt |
|00005ca0| 68 65 6c 70 7d 20 7b 5c | 65 6d 20 66 75 6e 63 74 |help} {\|em funct|
|00005cb0| 69 6f 6e 2d 6e 61 6d 65 | 7d 2e 20 57 65 20 61 72 |ion-name|}. We ar|
|00005cc0| 65 20 70 61 72 74 69 63 | 75 6c 61 72 6c 79 20 69 |e partic|ularly i|
|00005cd0| 6e 74 65 72 65 73 74 65 | 64 20 69 6e 0a 65 78 70 |ntereste|d in.exp|
|00005ce0| 6c 6f 72 69 6e 67 20 74 | 68 65 20 75 73 65 20 6f |loring t|he use o|
|00005cf0| 66 20 5c 52 4c 61 42 5c | 20 61 73 20 61 20 63 6f |f \RLaB\| as a co|
|00005d00| 6d 70 75 74 61 74 69 6f | 6e 20 74 6f 6f 6c 20 73 |mputatio|n tool s|
|00005d10| 6f 20 6e 6f 77 20 77 65 | 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 |o now we| describ|
|00005d20| 65 0a 66 75 72 74 68 65 | 72 20 6e 75 6d 65 72 69 |e.furthe|r numeri|
|00005d30| 63 20 6f 70 65 72 61 74 | 69 6f 6e 73 2e 20 0a 0a |c operat|ions. ..|
|00005d40| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00005d50| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00005d60| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00005d70| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 |%%%%%%%%|%%%%%%%%|
|00005d80| 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 | 0a 5c 73 75 62 73 65 63 |%%%%%%%%|.\subsec|
|00005d90| 74 69 6f 6e 7b 4e 75 6d | 65 72 69 63 73 7d 0a 0a |tion{Num|erics}..|
|00005da0| 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 5c | 52 4c 61 42 5c 20 6e 75 | The \|RLaB\ nu|
|00005db0| 6d 65 72 69 63 20 63 6c | 61 73 73 20 69 6e 63 6c |meric cl|ass incl|
|00005dc0| 75 64 65 73 20 6f 62 6a | 65 63 74 73 20 6f 66 20 |udes obj|ects of |
|00005dd0| 74 79 70 65 20 72 65 61 | 6c 20 61 6e 64 0a 20 20 |type rea|l and. |
|00005de0| 20 63 6f 6d 70 6c 65 78 | 2e 20 54 68 65 20 6e 75 | complex|. The nu|
|00005df0| 6d 65 72 69 63 20 6f 62 | 6a 65 63 74 20 61 6c 73 |meric ob|ject als|
|00005e00| 6f 20 65 6e 63 6f 6d 70 | 61 73 73 65 73 20 6f 62 |o encomp|asses ob|
|00005e10| 6a 65 63 74 73 20 6f 66 | 20 73 63 61 6c 61 72 2c |jects of| scalar,|
|00005e20| 0a 20 20 20 76 65 63 74 | 6f 72 2c 20 6f 72 20 6d |. vect|or, or m|
|00005e30| 61 74 72 69 78 20 64 69 | 6d 65 6e 73 69 6f 6e 2e |atrix di|mension.|
|00005e40| 20 49 66 20 79 6f 75 20 | 77 61 6e 74 20 74 6f 2c | If you |want to,|
|00005e50| 20 79 6f 75 20 63 61 6e | 20 74 68 69 6e 6b 20 6f | you can| think o|
|00005e60| 66 20 61 6c 6c 0a 20 20 | 20 6e 75 6d 65 72 69 63 |f all. | numeric|
|00005e70| 20 6f 62 6a 65 63 74 73 | 20 61 73 20 6d 61 74 72 | objects| as matr|
|00005e80| 69 63 65 73 2e 20 54 68 | 75 73 2c 20 61 20 76 65 |ices. Th|us, a ve|
|00005e90| 63 74 6f 72 20 69 73 20 | 73 69 6d 70 6c 79 20 61 |ctor is |simply a|
|00005ea0| 20 31 2d 62 79 2d 4e 0a | 20 20 20 6d 61 74 72 69 | 1-by-N.| matri|
|00005eb0| 78 2c 20 61 6e 64 20 61 | 20 73 63 61 6c 61 72 20 |x, and a| scalar |
|00005ec0| 69 73 20 61 20 31 2d 62 | 79 2d 31 20 6d 61 74 72 |is a 1-b|y-1 matr|
|00005ed0| 69 78 2e 20 53 69 6e 63 | 65 20 74 68 65 20 6e 75 |ix. Sinc|e the nu|
|00005ee0| 6d 65 72 69 63 20 6f 62 | 6a 65 63 74 0a 20 20 20 |meric ob|ject. |
|00005ef0| 69 73 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 | 63 6f 6d 6d 6f 6e 6c 79 |is most |commonly|
|00005f00| 20 75 73 65 64 2c 20 69 | 74 20 77 69 6c 6c 20 67 | used, i|t will g|
|00005f10| 65 74 20 74 68 65 20 6d | 6f 73 74 20 63 6f 76 65 |et the m|ost cove|
|00005f20| 72 61 67 65 2e 0a 0a 5c | 73 75 62 73 75 62 73 65 |rage...\|subsubse|
|00005f30| 63 74 69 6f 6e 7b 4d 61 | 74 72 69 78 20 43 72 65 |ction{Ma|trix Cre|
|00005f40| 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 7d 0a | 0a 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 |ation }.|. The |
|00005f50| 73 69 6d 70 6c 65 73 74 | 20 77 61 79 20 74 6f 20 |simplest| way to |
|00005f60| 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 | 20 6d 61 74 72 69 78 20 |create a| matrix |
|00005f70| 69 73 20 74 6f 20 74 79 | 70 65 20 69 74 20 69 6e |is to ty|pe it in|
|00005f80| 20 61 74 20 74 68 65 20 | 63 6f 6d 6d 61 6e 64 0a | at the |command.|
|00005f90| 20 20 20 6c 69 6e 65 3a | 20 0a 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 | line:| ..\begi|
|00005fa0| 6e 7b 76 65 72 62 61 74 | 69 6d 7d 0a 3e 20 6d 20 |n{verbat|im}.> m |
|00005fb0| 3d 20 5b 20 31 2c 20 32 | 2c 20 33 3b 20 34 2c 20 |= [ 1, 2|, 3; 4, |
|00005fc0| 35 2c 20 36 3b 20 37 2c | 20 38 2c 20 39 20 5d 0a |5, 6; 7,| 8, 9 ].|
|00005fd0| 20 6d 20 3d 0a 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 31 20 20 | m =. | 1 |
|00005fe0| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 32 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |2 |
|00005ff0| 20 20 20 33 20 20 0a 20 | 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 34 | 3 . | 4|
|00006000| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 35 20 20 20 20 20 | | 5 |
|00006010| 20 20 20 20 20 36 20 20 | 0a 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 6 |. |
|00006020| 20 37 20 20 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 20 20 38 20 20 20 | 7 | 8 |
|00006030| 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 39 | 20 20 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b | 9| .\end{|
|00006040| 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d | 7d 0a 0a 20 20 20 49 6e |verbatim|}.. In|
|00006050| 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 6f | 6e 74 65 78 74 20 74 68 | this co|ntext th|
|00006060| 65 20 60 5c 76 65 72 62 | 2b 5b 20 5d 2b 27 20 73 |e `\verb|+[ ]+' s|
|00006070| 69 67 6e 61 6c 20 5c 52 | 6c 61 62 5c 20 74 68 61 |ignal \R|lab\ tha|
|00006080| 74 20 61 20 6d 61 74 72 | 69 78 20 73 68 6f 75 6c |t a matr|ix shoul|
|00006090| 64 0a 20 20 20 62 65 20 | 63 72 65 61 74 65 64 2e |d. be |created.|
|000060a0| 20 54 68 65 20 69 6e 70 | 75 74 73 20 28 6f 72 20 | The inp|uts (or |
|000060b0| 61 72 67 75 6d 65 6e 74 | 73 29 20 66 6f 72 20 6d |argument|s) for m|
|000060c0| 61 74 72 69 78 20 63 72 | 65 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 |atrix cr|eation a|
|000060d0| 72 65 0a 20 20 20 77 68 | 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 69 |re. wh|atever i|
|000060e0| 73 20 69 6e 73 69 64 65 | 20 74 68 65 20 60 5c 76 |s inside| the `\v|
|000060f0| 65 72 62 2b 5b 20 5d 2b | 27 2e 20 54 68 65 20 72 |erb+[ ]+|'. The r|
|00006100| 6f 77 73 20 6f 66 20 74 | 68 65 20 6d 61 74 72 69 |ows of t|he matri|
|00006110| 78 20 61 72 65 0a 20 20 | 20 64 65 6c 69 6d 69 74 |x are. | delimit|
|00006120| 65 64 20 77 69 74 68 20 | 60 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 3b |ed with |`\verb+;|
|00006130| 2b 27 20 61 6e 64 20 74 | 68 65 20 65 6c 65 6d 65 |+' and t|he eleme|
|00006140| 6e 74 73 20 6f 66 20 65 | 61 63 68 20 72 6f 77 20 |nts of e|ach row |
|00006150| 61 72 65 0a 20 20 20 64 | 65 6c 69 6d 69 74 65 64 |are. d|elimited|
|00006160| 20 77 69 74 68 20 60 5c | 76 65 72 62 2b 2c 2b 27 | with `\|verb+,+'|
|00006170| 2e 0a 0a 20 20 20 55 73 | 65 72 73 20 63 61 6e 20 |... Us|ers can |
|00006180| 75 73 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 | 20 61 6e 79 20 65 78 70 |use most| any exp|
|00006190| 72 65 73 73 69 6f 6e 20 | 77 68 65 6e 20 63 72 65 |ression |when cre|
|000061a0| 61 74 69 6e 67 20 6d 61 | 74 72 69 78 20 65 6c 65 |ating ma|trix ele|
|000061b0| 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 0a 20 | 20 20 4f 74 68 65 72 20 |ments.. | Other |
|000061c0| 6d 61 74 72 69 63 65 73 | 2c 20 66 75 6e 63 74 69 |matrices|, functi|
|000061d0| 6f 6e 20 65 76 61 6c 75 | 61 74 69 6f 6e 73 2c 20 |on evalu|ations, |
|000061e0| 61 6e 64 20 61 72 69 74 | 68 6d 65 74 69 63 20 6f |and arit|hmetic o|
|000061f0| 70 65 72 61 74 69 6f 6e | 73 20 61 72 65 0a 20 20 |peration|s are. |
|00006200| 20 61 6c 6c 6f 77 65 64 | 20 77 68 65 6e 20 63 72 | allowed| when cr|
|00006210| 65 61 74 69 6e 67 20 6d | 61 74 72 69 78 20 65 6c |eating m|atrix el|
|00006220| 65 6d 65 6e 74 73 2e 20 | 49 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e |ements. |In the n|
|00006230| 65 78 74 20 65 78 61 6d | 70 6c 65 2c 20 77 65 20 |ext exam|ple, we |
|00006240| 77 69 6c 6c 0a 20 20 20 | 63 72 65 61 74 65 20 61 |will. |create a|
|00006250| 20 64 69 72 65 63 74 69 | 6f 6e 20 63 6f 73 69 6e | directi|on cosin|
|00006260| 65 20 6d 61 74 72 69 78 | 20 75 73 69 6e 67 20 74 |e matrix| using t|
|00006270| 68 65 20 62 75 69 6c 74 | 2d 69 6e 20 74 72 69 67 |he built|-in trig|
|00006280| 6f 6e 6f 6d 65 74 72 69 | 63 0a 20 20 20 66 75 6e |onometri|c. fun|
|00006290| 63 74 69 6f 6e 73 20 77 | 69 74 68 69 6e 20 74 68 |ctions w|ithin th|
|000062a0| 65 20 60 5c 76 65 72 62 | 2b 5b 20 5d 2b 27 2e 0a |e `\verb|+[ ]+'..|
|000062b0| 0a 5c 62 65 67 69 6e 7b | 76 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d |.\begin{|verbatim|
|000062c0| 7d 0a 3e 20 61 20 3d 20 | 34 35 2a 28 32 2a 70 69 |}.> a = |45*(2*pi|
|000062d0| 29 2f 33 36 30 0a 20 61 | 20 3d 0a 20 20 20 20 30 |)/360. a| =. 0|
|000062e0| 2e 37 38 35 0a 3e 20 41 | 20 3d 20 5b 20 63 6f 73 |.785.> A| = [ cos|
|000062f0| 28 61 29 2c 20 73 69 6e | 28 61 29 3b 20 2d 73 69 |(a), sin|(a); -si|
|00006300| 6e 28 61 29 2c 20 63 6f | 73 28 61 29 20 5d 0a 20 |n(a), co|s(a) ]. |
|00006310| 41 20 3d 0a 20 20 20 20 | 30 2e 37 30 37 20 20 20 |A =. |0.707 |
|00006320| 20 20 20 30 2e 37 30 37 | 20 20 0a 20 20 20 2d 30 | 0.707| . -0|
|00006330| 2e 37 30 37 20 20 20 20 | 20 20 30 2e 37 30 37 20 |.707 | 0.707 |
|00006340| 20 0a 5c 65 6e 64 7b 76 | 65 72 62 61 74 69 6d 7d | .\end{v|erbatim}|
|00006350| 0a 0a 20 20 20 4d 61 74 | 72 69 63 65 73 20 63 61 |.. Mat|rices ca|
|00006360| 6e 20 61 6c 73 6f 20 62 | 65 20 72 65 61 64 20 66 |n also b|e read f|
|00006370| 72 6f 6d 20 64 69 73 6b | 2d 66 69 6c 65 73 2e 20 |rom disk|-files. |
|00006380| 54 68 65 20 66 75 6e 63 | 74 69 6f 6e 73 0a 20 20 |The func|tions. |
|00006390| 20 5c 76 65 72 62 2b 72 | 65 61 64 2b 2c 20 5c 76 | \verb+r|ead+, \v|
|000063a0| 65 72 62 2b 72 65 61 64 | 62 2b 20 61 6e 64 20 5c |erb+read|b+ and \|
|000063b0| 76 65 72 62 2b 72 65 61 | 64 6d 2b 20 63 61 6e 20 |verb+rea|dm+ can |
|000063c0| 72 65 61 64 20 6d 61 74 | 72 69 78 20 76 61 6c 75 |read mat|rix valu|
|000063d0| 65 73 0a 20 20 20 66 72 | 6f 6d 20 61 20 66 69 6c |es. fr|om a fil|
|000063e0| 65 2e 20 54 68 65 20 5c | 76 65 72 62 2b 72 65 61 |e. The \|verb+rea|
|000063f0| 64 2b 20 66 75 6e 63 74 | 69 6f 6e 20 75 73 65 73 |d+ funct|ion uses|
+--------+-------------------------+-------------------------+--------+--------+
Only 25.0 KB of data is shown above.
