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- Lyapunov
- --------
- This function is a development of the Verhulst equation (similar to the
- Bifurcation algorithm) used to model population growth. The Lyapunov
- exponent is the average of the population size over a series of iterations.
- In the display the x and y axis represent different rates of growth. For
- each pixel the Lyapunov exponent is calculated, using the x or y value each
- iteration. Which value of x or y is chosen is set by the Sequence variable:
-
- xyx - means use x, then y, then x, then repeat the sequence.
-
- The algorithm used is as follows:
-
- x=initial population, usually 0.5, but between 0 and 1
- for i=1 TO initial_iteration_limit
- R=x or y depending on sequence
- x=R*x*(1-x)
- next
- L=0
- for i=1 TO iteration-limit
- R=x or y depending on sequence
- x=R*x*(1-x)
- r=R*(1-x-x)
- L=L+LOG(ABS(r))
- next
-
- The value of L is used to set the screen colour. Solid areas tend to be
- those where the value of x remains stable (negative L), whereas dotted areas
- tend to be chaotic ones.
-
- The data panel lets you set the values of the iteration limits, the initial
- population and the sequence of x or y values. Note that the value of x and y
- (ie. R) must lie within the range 0 to 4, with the range 3 to 4 usually
- providing the best values.
-
- To change the shape of the image use different x/y sequences - use the menu
- to select different preset images as a starter. To see the image at its best
- you will need to experiment with different palettes, such as the Lyapunov
- ones. Full 256 colours helps a lot since it is difficult to get a good
- palette using the RiscOS fixed palette. Interesting 3d effects are possible.
-
- The image takes quite a while to generate even though fast integer maths is
- used throughout. From the menu you can choose between 16 and 32 bit maths.
- Use the latter for better image quality with some loss of speed. You will
- find that the amount of zooming is fairly limited but in general this does
- not matter since detailed close ups tend to repeat the overall picture.
-
- You can use Lyapunov with 3d and Riemann sphere plotting methods.
-
- For more information see the article "Leaping Into Lyapunov Space" by
- A.K.Dewdney in the Scientific American Sept 1991 and Fractal Report 21 which
- gives a simple BBC Basic version.
-