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- ________________________________________________________________________
- / \
- | !Fractal : Fractal Function Help |
- | |
- | September 1996 |
- \________________________________________________________________________/
-
- Introduction
- ============
- This help file describes the fractal functions in general. Note: the
- 3d_Plane, 3d_View, Riemannn and Render options are not fractal functions,
- but take a fractal image and perform a 3d transformation. They are described
- within this document.
-
- The algorithms where shown usually give only the core maths, omitting things
- like the scaling needed to handle zooming.
-
- Most functions have a set of variables which are accessed from the
- Image->Data menu option or the Numbers tool icon. Normally the first four
- variables are for controlling the zooming and image positioning.
-
- Fractals: A Brief Overview
- ==========================
- Typical characteristics of fractal images are:
-
- a) They are generated by a mathematical formula which is repeated over and
- over (called iteration), usually feeding the results of the previous value
- into the next cycle, i.e. feedback. The formulae are usually fairly simple.
-
- b) The resulting images are generated by plotting two of the resulting
- values like an x/y graph, often using the number of cycles as the colour.
-
- c) The images contain an infinite amount of detail. As you zoom in yet more
- details unfolds.
-
- d) Although of infinite detail, the patterns shown are usually very similar
- with just minor differences.
-
- The types of plots generated fall into 3 main categories. Functions in the
- same category have the similar processing and colouring effects within
- Fractal.
-
- Pixel Plots: Imagine your screen as an x/y plot on graph paper with each
- little square a single pixel colour of the screen. The function takes the
- value of x/y at each pixel and performs the iterative calculation, setting
- the pixel colour normally to the number of cycles taken before the result is
- greater or smaller than some predefined value. Pixel plot functions
- therefore plot each pixel of the screen. With Pixel plots the '3d Details'
- Effects panel allows you to plot in 3d or plot directly onto a Riemann
- sphere. To speed up plotting Fractal plots in several passes, guessing
- intermediate values where possible.
-
- Point Plots: These functions take an initial value of x and y and then
- perform a calculation generating new values of x and y. A point is plotted
- for each set of x/y values. Colour is introduced by setting the plot style
- or by changing the colour after a certain number of plots - see the 'Plot
- Options' Effects panel to set these optons.
-
- Line Plots: These functions operate in the same way as Point plots except
- that a line is drawn between each point. There are usually less points
- plotted than point plots making the use of lines a more feasible option.
-
- Pixel Plot functions: Julia, Lyapunov, Mandelbrot, Newton, Quaternion, Unity,
- Manowar.
-
- Point Plot functions: Bifurcate, Henon, IFS, Martin, Popcorn
-
- Line Plot functions: L-System
-
- 3d Plot functions: Lorenz, Pickover, Rossler. These are point or line
- plotting functions that use 3 values instead of 2. You can dynamically
- change the x/y/z axis whilst plotting by moving the cursor keys. Plotting is
- resumed by pressing space.
-
- Other: CellFill, Fault, Midpoint, Plasma. All except CellFill can be used as
- 'Landscape' generators by processing the image via one of the 3d transform
- functions such as Render.
-
- 3d Transforms
- =============
- These take a fractal image and transform it. The best images are those of
- Mandelbrots using a standard or inverted palette (but feel free to
- experiment). Except for Riemann, they do not multitask since they are quite
- quick. They offer varying degrees of control.
-
- There is a common menu option which allows you to re-display the source
- image, and then store it again as the 3d source. This allows you to do three
- things:
-
- a) change the colours of the original image, by using the Effects->Palette
- menu. For Render and 3d views this will change the displayed height.
-
- b) Rotate the source image via the tools rotate icon.
-
- c) Use a 3d image as the source of another (or same) 3d transform.
-
- 3d View and Riemann provide rotation directly - for the others use the
- Rotate rotate tool icon.
-
- Return to function: This menu option takes you directly back to the original
- function, displaying the source image to allow zooming to re-commence.
-
- Height Mapping
- --------------
- The 3d_Plane, 3d_View and Render functions use the pixel colour to determine
- the height. Use the Effects->3d Details panel to control this mapping
- process, described in the !MainHelp file. When these functions are selected
- the min and max pixel colours are automatically calculated. Override these
- values to smooth out peaks or clip the image. To reset the values use the
- Initial button on the Image->Data panel.
-
- 3d Plane
- --------
- Presents an oblique view of an image, scaled to fit onto the screen. The
- height is based on the source colour (0=low, 255=high). The data variables
- are:
-
- x Scalar: a value of 1 plots the x axis full size. Use smaller values to
- accomodate the shift incurred by the viewing angle.
-
- y Scalar: a value of 1 plots the y axis full size, but 0.6 provides a more
- realistic image.
-
- The rotation angle is used as the angle of the y axis, with 90° being the
- far right and -90° the far left. Larger angles will tend to lower the
- viewpoint and see more to the left or right. You can use the Rotation tool
- icon but note that the viewpoint angle is only an indication of the
- apparent direction.
-
- 3d View
- -------
- This offers a more realistic 3d image than 3d Plane, and provides two
- viewing options - either full rotation or a front end view with perspective
- control. The data parameters are:
-
- Distance: when Rotation=0 this parameter controls the vanishing point. A
- value of 1 gives the maximum distortion, whilst larger values give more
- subtle effects.
-
- Sea Level: colours below sea level are plotted up to the sea level height
- but in their original colour, thus smoothing out low values. Useful with the
- Landscape palette (set Sea Level=119).
-
- From the 3D_View menu you can set Smooth: when off contour lines are
- accentuated, which works well with Mandelbrot images. When on contour lines
- run into each other, which works best with landscapes such as Midpoint and
- Fault functions.
-
- Render
- ------
- Draws a 3d representation as seen full on, using the colour as the height. A
- light source is assumed from the bottom left corner and is used to add a
- shadow effect. The shadow effect works best with the default palette.
-
- From Render's menu you can select the elevation viewpoint, or you can use
- the Elevation tool icon to control this. Note that only 4 angles are
- available.
-
- Riemann
- -------
- Takes the image and maps it onto a sphere, using a Riemann transformation.
- Imagine a sphere placed on top of the image. Draw a line from each point on
- the image to the north pole. A point is plotted where this line intersects
- the sphere. Thus the centre of the image is mapped onto the south pole
- whilst a point can can only be mapped onto the north pole if it is at
- infinity. See the article in Fractal Report 16 by Roger Castle-Smith for a
- full explanation.
-
- There are two ways to use this function. For the best results turn on
- Riemann Plot in the 3d Effects panel which will directly generate a Riemann
- sphere for X/Y functions (Lyapunov, Julia, Mandelbrot, Newton, Unity etc).
- This method allows all the values to be calculated out to infinity at the
- north pole.
-
- The alternative method is to draw the image and then select Riemann. The
- image will be transformed onto the Riemann sphere, but obviously values near
- the north pole can not be calculated. To overcome this limitation it is
- possible to scale up the image size, though this will lead to some
- distortion of the image.
-
- The data values are :
-
- Image Scale: the source image size in relation to the sphere size. Larger
- values will mean that the source image is stretched up towards the north
- pole. Not used when doing a direct Riemann plot.
-
- Globe Scale: the globe size as a fraction of the total image size (0 - 1.0).
- Thus 0.5 produces a globe half the total image size. Smaller values help
- reduce the distortion introduced by the mapping process when using an image
- as the source.
-
- Fill Colour: The colour used to fill in black pixels. Use !Editpal to choose
- a colour number for the palette you have selected.
-
- ----------------------------------------------------------------
-