home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
-
- 2D-Plotter
- ----------
- 2D-Plotter is a general two-dimensional graph plotter.
-
- ____________________________________________________________________________
-
- QUICK START
- -----------
- For those in a hurry to start it will be useful to know that extensive
- help is available on screen at any time - just press <H> to bring up
- a general Help window.
- ____________________________________________________________________________
-
- Quick Example:
-
- 1. Choose Plot mode A.
- 2. Press F4.
- 3. Move mouse and click {Select} near X=1.
- 4. Press <T>.
- 5. Press <M>.
- 6. Press <A> and input -3,then 2 at the prompt.
- 7. Press <Delete>.
- 8. Move mouse and click {Adjust} near X=3.
- 9. Press <Space>.
- 10. Move mouse around while holding {Menu} down.
- 11. Click {Adjust} near X=0.
- 12. Press <G>
- 13. Press one of the other function keys F1-F12.
- 14. Press <Tab> to return to Main Menu.
-
- ____________________________________________________________________________
-
-
- DETAILS
- -------
-
- 2D-Plotter has four plotting modes:-
-
- A) Cartesian functions Y=F(X)
- B) Cartesian functions Y²=F(X)
- C) Parametric Functions X=X(T),Y=Y(T)
- D) Polar Functions R=R(L), where L=angle.
-
- The following facilities are available:-
-
- 1) Choosing your own function.
- 2) Plotting a second independent function on the same graph.
- 3) Choosing your own scaling of the axes.
- 4) Real-time panning to any part of the graph.
- 5) Real-time zooming in/out in X or Y directions, or globally.
- 6) 4 plotting resolutions, from low to very high.
- 7) Grid lines On/Off.
-
- The programme can also
-
- - Show tangents (and their equations) to curves.
- - Find the roots of equations (or intersection of two curves).
- - Find the maxima/minima of functions.
- - Calculate areas (definite integrals) between given limits.
- - Calculate `Volumes of Revolution' between given limits.
- - Display the coordinates of any point on the graph.
-
- All of the above are available when plotting Cartesian functions
- Y=F(X). Only a subset are available/relevant to the other
- plotting modes.
-
-
- Getting started
- ---------------
-
- To run the programme just double-click on the !2D-Plotter icon.
-
- You will be presented with the Plotting Modes screen.
-
- Choosing one of the plot modes, by clicking the mouse over one of
- the options A,B,C or D (or pressing <A>,<B>,<C>,<D>) will display
- a graph of a function.
- (This in fact is the first function F1 from one of the four sets of
- functions held in the text file `Functions', within !2D-Plotter.)
-
- Try pressing various function keys F1,...,F12.
- Different example functions will be displayed.
-
- To try a different Plotting Mode just press <Tab>. This will take
- you back to the initial Plotting Mode screen. Choose a different
- option <A>,<B>,<C> or <D>, or click on 'Help' for the Help screen.
-
- Press the function keys F1,...,F12 again to display more examples.
-
- For a brief summary of the facilities provided just press <H> at any
- time - a Help screen will appear.
-
-
- Facilities
- ----------
-
- The various facilities come under four headings: -
-
- (a) General
- (b) Input
- (c) Graph Manipulation - Keyboard
- (d) Graph Manipulation - Mouse
-
- We will consider each of these in turn:-
-
- ____________________________________________________________________________
-
- (a) General
- ------------
-
- Notation: Mouse {S} = Select, {M} = Menu, {A} = Adjust
- Keyboard <X> = Press key `X' etc.
-
-
- 1) Plotting Mode: <Tab>
-
- Press <Tab> to return to the initial Plotting Mode screen.
-
- This provides four different plotting modes -
-
- (A) Cartesian Functions Y=F(X)
- (B) Cartesian Functions Y²=F(X)
- (C) Parametric Functions X=X(T),Y=Y(T)
- (D) Polar Functions R=R(L)
-
- and also a `Help' box - which invokes a Help screen.
-
- (Note: Modes (A) and (B) provide asymptotes as well.)
-
- Choose an option by clicking the mouse on option A,B,C,D or
- pressing the keys <A>,<B>,<C>,<D>.
- ( Note: Pressing <Space> is equivalent to choosing mode A )
- The screen will display an example function from the `Library' of
- functions. (In general this function will be chosen at random.)
-
-
- You may now input your own function, alter the scaling etc.
-
-
- 2) Help: Key <H> (or click over `Help' in the Plot Modes screen)
-
- Press <H> at any time for a summary of the facilities provided.
-
-
- 3) Library: Function keys F1,F2,...,F12
-
- Pressing the function keys F1,...,F12 will display example functions.
-
- There are 12 different ones for each plot-mode (48 in all).
- This `Library' is held in the Text file "Functions" within the
- !2D-Plotter Directory.
- Using !Edit they can be easily changed and/or edited to suit your
- own requirements. The syntax is Function, Max X, Min X, Max Y, Min Y
- (on succesive lines) where the numbers Max X, Min X, Max Y, Min Y
- specify the display limits of X and Y.
-
-
- 4) Save Screen: <S>+<Shift>
-
- Press <S>+<Shift> to save the screen as a Mode 12 sprite.
-
- (For subsequent printing it is probably best to press <Insert> first
- to invert the colours and so save the graph with a white background.)
-
- The screens will be saved to the directory `Graphs' already provided
- within !2D-Plotter. The graphs will be saved automatically as
- "Graph-1","Graph-2","Graph-3",... in sequence during each session.
- After the end of a session they should then be renamed and copied to
- another directory, in case they may be overwritten at the next session.
-
- ____________________________________________________________________________
-
- (b) Input
- ---------
-
- 1) Function Input: <I>
-
- Press <I> to input your own function.
-
- You can use any of the Maths functions provided by BASIC e.g +,-,*,/,
- >,<,ABS,SQR,^,SIN,COS,TAN,ASN,ACS,ATN,EXP,LN,LOG etc.
-
- Both Plotting modes (A) and (B) require a function of X (upper case).
-
- Plotting mode (C) requires two different functions X(T) and Y(T) of
- the parameter T (upper case).
-
- Plotting mode (D) requires a function R(L) of the angle L (upper case).
-
-
- 2) Second Function: <J> ( Plotting mode A only )
-
- Press <J> to input a second function. This function is denoted G(X).
- Both functions F(X),G(X) are displayed at the top-left of the screen.
-
- The graph of the second function will be drawn in a different colour.
- This facility is provided so that the points of intersection of two
- functions can be easily found.
-
- Repeated use of <J> enables different functions G(X) to be displayed
- with the same `first' function F(X).
- Pressing <I> and then <J> means that both F(X) and G(X) can be changed.
-
- Press <Delete> to return to single function plotting.
-
-
- 3) Scaling: <Alt>
-
- Press <Alt> to input your own scaling of the axes:-
-
- You will be presented with a dialogue screen into which you can enter
- your new values of Minimum X, Maximum X, Minimum Y, Maximum Y.
- These values now become the `user' default scaling, and can always be
- restored by pressing <D> (for User Default).
-
- Note: when in Polar Mode only Minimum X and Maximum X will be required.
- The Y scales will be automatically fixed to ensure a true perspective
- (arbitrary scales do not make much sense in Polar mode).
-
- The `screen' scales of the X,Y axes assumed by the programme are :-
- Min X = -5, Max X = +5, Min Y = -4, Max Y = +4.
- This ensures a true perspective for the 5:4 ratio of a Mode 12 screen
- (although any X,Y ranges in this ratio would be equally good).
- You can always return to this `screen' set by pressing <O> (=Original).
-
-
- 4) Input own X value (or T or L): <Return>
-
- Pressing <Return> will request the user to input an X value.
- The corresponding function value will be calculated and the point
- (X,Y) will then be displayed at the centre cursor on the graph.
-
- Note: in Polar mode the default input is in degrees. However
- <Shift>+<Return> will request input in radians.
-
-
- 5) Area under graph: <A> (Mode A only)
-
- Pressing <A> will request input of a lower limit and then an upper
- limit (of definite integration). The area will then be calculated.
- The display will show the area as a colour-filled area.
-
-
- 6) Volume of Revolution: <V> (Mode A only)
-
- Pressing <V> will request input of a lower limit and then an upper
- limit. The Volume will then be calculated and the corresponding region
- will be displayed as a colour-filled area.
-
- ____________________________________________________________________________
-
-
- (c) Graph Manipulation - Keyboard
- ---------------------------------
-
- 1) Zooming: >,<,Z,X,",? keys.
-
- Global - Use the keys `>' or `<' to zoom IN/OUT (global magnification)
-
- Horiz - Use the Z and X keys to zoom/stretch in the X-direction only.
-
- Vert - Use the " and ? keys to zoom/stretch in the Y-direction only.
-
- ( Note: In Polar plotting mode only Global zooming is available.)
-
- The scales on the axes change to reflect the amount of zooming.
-
- The maximum zooming factor is x100 either way (so x10000 overall).
-
-
-
- 2) Panning: Cursor keys ( + <Shift>,<Ctrl> ) OR Mouse {Menu}.
-
- Use the Cursor keys to pan around the graph area. To examine a
- particular area either pan to that area OR press <Alt> to input the
- appropriate values of Min X, Max X, Min Y, Max Y.
-
- Use ⇦,⇨ to pan left,right OR ⇧,⇩ to pan up,down.
-
- Use the cursor keys + <Shift> to pan more rapidly, OR
-
- use the cursor keys + <Ctrl> for small,accurate adjustments.
-
- The scales on the axes change to reflect the current position.
-
-
- 3) Resolution: Keypad 1,2,3,4 OR press <Space> to toggle low/medium.
-
- The graphs can be plotted in 4 different resolutions - low, medium,
- high and very high. They can be accessed by pressing the Keypad
- numbers 1,2,3,4 respectively. Pressing <Space> will toggle between
- low and medium resolution.
-
- The four different resolutions are indicated by the four different
- colours of the function expressions ( which are displayed at the
- top-left of the screen.)
-
- The colours are : low = gold,
- medium = white/black,
- high = blue,
- very high = pink.
-
- The programme starts up in Medium resolution.
- This is a reasonable compromise between accuracy and speed.
-
- Low resolution is useful for zooming or panning at high speed but the
- resulting graphs should not always be taken too seriously, especially
- at high zoom. Some erratic functions can look quite strange at low
- resolution.
-
- The higher resolution graphs give more accurate representations of the
- various functions, but take longer to plot.
-
-
- 4) Default/Original scales: <D>,<O> keys.
-
- After zooming, panning etc.(which will have changed the initial scaling)
- you can sometimes get a bit lost, and you may wish to get back to your
- initial scaling ( as set with the <Alt> key ).
-
- Press <D> to get back to the latest default scaling, as set by the user.
-
- Press <O> to revert to the `screen' scaling of 5:4.
-
-
- 5) Centre Coordinates cursor: <C> key.
-
- Use <C> to toggle the centre coordinates cursor ON/OFF.
-
- This cursor always appears at the centre of the screen, and displays
- the coordinates of this point. By panning, zooming etc. any point can
- be moved to the centre and its coordinates read.
- Use of the cursor keys+<Ctrl> is useful here for accurate adjustments.
-
-
- 6) Scale marks: <Q> key.
-
- Pressing <Q> will toggle ON/OFF the display of the scale marks on
- the X,Y axes. These scale marks will be either units, 1/10 units OR
- 10 units, and the programme will do this automatically. The current
- units on display should be obvious from the numbers on the axes.
- The default is ON.
-
-
- 7) Grid: <G> key.
-
- Use <G> to toggle the grid ON/OFF. This grid will either be a
- Cartesian type or Polar type, as appropriate.
- By default the Cartesian grid is OFF and the Polar grid is ON.
-
-
- 8) Delete: <Delete> key.
-
- Pressing the <Delete> key will delete any Second function or
- Tangent display or Area display etc.
- i.e returns the user to the default single function display.
-
-
- 9) Invert Colours: <Insert>
-
- Use <Insert> to toggle `inverse' colours ON/OFF.
-
- This is useful just before saving the graph and its subsequent
- printing, since a white background will save a lot of ink and
- print much faster.
-
-
- 10) Roots,Points of intersection: Keyboard <R> OR Mouse {Adjust}.
-
- Plotting Modes A,B only.
-
- If the centre cursor is ON, then pressing {Adjust} or <R> will make
- the cursor `jump' to the nearest root.
- (If a second function has been drawn in Mode A then the cursor will
- jump to the nearest point of intersection of the two functions).
- The exact (x,y) coordinates are displayed.
- The technique used is the `Newton-Raphson' method.
-
-
- 11) Maxima,Minima: Keyboard <M> OR Mouse {Select}+{Menu}
-
- Plot Mode A only.
-
- If the centre cursor is ON, then pressing <M> OR {S}+{M} will make
- the cursor `jump' to the nearest Maximum or Minimum.
- (If you are too far away or there is no Max/Min then the computer
- will just emit a beep.)
- The coordinates of the Max/Min will be displayed at the bottom
- of the screen.
-
-
- 12) Tangent: Keyboard <T> OR Mouse {Select}+{Adjust}
-
- Plot Mode A only.
-
- If the centre cursor is ON, then pressing <T> OR {S}+{A} will
- display a tangent line at the current x-coordinate and the centre
- cursor will `jump' to the appropriate point on the graph.
-
-
- 13) Y value: Keyboard <Y> (Modes A,B only)
-
- Pressing <Y> at any time will automatically calculate the Y-value
- corresponding to the current X-value of the centre cursor, and
- place the centre cursor at this (X,Y) point on the curve.
-
-
- 14) Parameter range: Number keys 1,2,3,...,9,0 (Modes C,D only)
-
- Use the keyboard number keys 1,2,3,...,9,0 to extend the range of
- the parameter T in Parametric mode, or to extend the range of the
- angle L (in multiples of 2*PI) in Polar mode.
-
- Examples
-
- Parametric mode:
- a) Press F4, then <6>
- b) Press F5, then <4>,<5>,<6>,...
- You will have to zoom out to see the full effect.
-
- Polar mode:
- a) Press F7, then <2>,<3>,....
- b) Press F8, then <2>
- c) Press F9, then <3>
- d) Press F11, then <4>
- e) Press F12, then <3>,<4>,...,<9>
- In some cases you may have to zoom out to see the full effect.
-
- ____________________________________________________________________________
-
-
- (d) Graph Manipulation - Mouse
- ------------------------------
-
- The Mouse can also be used for panning and examining specific points.
-
- 1) {Select}
-
- Pressing {Select} on any point P will display the coordinates of that
- point P, and will also move the graph so that P will be at the centre
- of the screen. This is one of the major facilities, since any point
- can become the `centre of attention' and can be examined in detail.
-
- {Select}+{Menu}
-
- While holding {Select}, clicking {Menu} will find the nearest Maximum
- or Minimum (if it exists) and display its (X,Y) coordinates.
-
- {Select}+{Adjust}
-
- While holding {Select}, clicking {Adjust} will draw a tangent line
- at the corresponding point on the curve - Mode A only.
-
- Examples:
-
- Example 1: Click {Select} near a root and then click {Adjust} (or <R>).
- The exact value of the root will be displayed. (If you then press <T>
- then a tangent line will be drawn at this point.)
-
- Example 2: Click {Select} near a MAXIMUM or MINIMUM and then press <M>
- ( or hold {Select}+{Menu} ). The exact (X,Y) coordinates of the
- MAX/MIN will be displayed at the bottom of the screen.
-
- Example 3: If two functions F(X) and G(X) have been drawn (in Mode A)
- click {Select} near a point of intersection of the two functions and
- then click {Adjust}, or <R>. The exact (X,Y) coordinates of the point
- of intersection will be displayed.
-
- 2) {Menu}
-
- Hold {Menu} and move the mouse for global panning. The centre
- coordinates cursor will automatically appear.
- The direction of panning is relative to this centre cursor and the
- speed of panning is proportional to the distance of the pointer from
- this centre cursor. So the greater the distance the greater the
- speed of panning.
- Fine adjustments can be made by moving the pointer very close to
- the centre cursor.
-
- Pressing <Shift> as well will enable faster panning,
- OR pressing <Ctrl> will enable slow, accurate panning.
-
-
- {Menu}+{Select}
-
- As above, except that holding {Menu}+{Select} and moving the mouse
- will now pan in the X-direction only. This can be useful to move from
- root to root. (The pointer will be constrained to move horizontally.)
-
- {Menu}+{Adjust}
-
- As above, except that holding {Menu}+{Adjust} and moving the mouse
- will now pan in the Y-direction only. (The pointer will be constrained
- to move vertically.)
-
-
- 3) {Adjust} - Plot modes A,B only.
-
- If the centre cursor is displayed then pressing {Adjust} (or <R>) will
- find the nearest root to the cursor (if any) for a single function
- OR the nearest point of intersection (if any) of two functions.
- ( Use {Select} to first fix the approximate position.)
-
- ____________________________________________________________________________
-
- This programme is Copyright.
- Author:
- R.A.Swetman,
- 45 Claude Road,
- Roath,
- Cardiff.
- ____________________________________________________________________________