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Ex/Edit Command Summary (Version 2.0) Ex and edit are text edi- visual modes, discussed below.) tors, used for creating and In command mode, the editor modifying files of text on the issues a colon prompt (:) to UNIX computer system. Edit is show that it is ready to accept a variant of ex with features and execute a command. In text designed to make it less com- input mode, on the other hand, plicated to learn and use. In there is no prompt and the edi- terms of command syntax and tor merely accepts text to be effect the editors are essen- added to the buffer. Text tially identical, and this com- input mode is initiated by the mand summary applies to both. commands append, insert, and The summary is meant as a change, and is terminated by quick reference for users typing a period as the first already acquainted with edit or and only character on a line. ex. Fuller explanations of the Line Numbers and Command Syntax editors are available in the The editor keeps track of documents Edit: A Tutorial (a lines of text in the buffer by self-teaching introduction) and numbering them consecutively the Ex Reference Manual (the starting with 1 and renumbering comprehensive reference source as lines are added or deleted. for both edit and ex). Both of At any given time the editor is these writeups are available in positioned at one of these the Computing Services Library. lines; this position is called In the examples included the current line. Generally, with the summary, commands and commands that change the con- text entered by the user are tents of the buffer print the printed in boldface to distin- new current line at the end of guish them from responses their execution. printed by the computer. Most commands can be pre- The Editor Buffer ceded by one or two line-number In order to perform its addresses which indicate the tasks the editor sets aside a lines to be affected. If one temporary work space, called a number is given the command buffer, separate from the operates on that line only; if user's permanent file. Before two, on an inclusive range of starting to work on an existing lines. Commands that can take file the editor makes a copy of line-number prefixes also it in the buffer, leaving the assume default prefixes if none original untouched. All edit- are given. The default assumed ing changes are made to the by each command is designed to buffer copy, which must then be make it convenient to use in written back to the permanent many instances without any file in order to update the old line-number prefix. For the version. The buffer disappears most part, a command used with- at the end of the editing ses- out a prefix operates on the sion. current line, though exceptions Editing: Command and Text Input to this rule should be noted. Modes The print command by itself, During an editing session for instance, causes one line, there are two usual modes of the current line, to be printed operation: command mode and at the terminal. text input mode. (This disre- The summary shows the number gards, for the moment, open and of line addresses that can be Computing Services, U.C. Berkeley April 3, 1979 prefixed to each command as well as the defaults assumed if they are omitted. For example, (.,.) means that up to 2 line- numbers may be given, and that if none is given the command operates on the current line. (In the address prefix nota- tion, ``.'' stands for the cur- rent line and ``$'' stands for the last line of the buffer.) If no such notation appears, no line-number prefix may be used. Some commands take trailing information; only the more important instances of this are mentioned in the summary. Open and Visual Modes Besides command and text input modes, ex and edit pro- vide on some CRT terminals other modes of editing, open and visual. In these modes the cursor can be moved to individ- ual words or characters in a line. The commands then given are very different from the standard editor commands; most do not appear on the screen when typed. An Introduction to Display Editing with Vi pro- vides a full discussion. Special Characters Some characters take on spe- cial meanings when used in con- text searches and in patterns given to the substitute com- mand. For edit, these are ``^'' and ``$'', meaning the beginning and end of a line, respectively. Ex has the fol- lowing additional special char- acters: . & * [ ] ~ To use one of the special char- acters as its simple graphic representation rather than with its special meaning, precede it by a backslash (\). The back- slash always has a special meaning. Computing Services, U.C. Berkeley April 3, 1979 cp10 cp10 cp10 cp10 ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i). Name Abbr Description Examples (.)append a T{ Begins text input mode, adding lines to the buffer after the line specified. Appending continues until ``.'' is typed alone at the beginning of a new line, followed by a carriage return. 0a places lines at the beginning of the buffer. T} T{ :a Three lines of text are added to the buffer after the current line. . : T} (.,.)change c T{ Deletes indicated line(s) and initiates text input mode to replace them with new text which follows. New text is terminated the same way as with append. T} T{ :5,6c Lines 5 and 6 are deleted and replaced by these three lines. . : T} (.,.)copy addr co T{ Places a copy of the specified lines after the line indicated by addr. The example places a copy of lines 8 through 12, inclusive, after line 25. T} T{ :8,12co 25 Last line copied is printed : T} (.,.)delete d T{ Removes lines from the buffer and prints the current line after the deletion. T} T{ :13,15d New current line is printed : T} ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i). T{ edit file edit! file T} T{ e e! T} T{ Clears the editor buffer and then copies into it the named file, which becomes the current file. This is a way of shifting to a different file without leaving the editor. The editor issues a warning message if this command is used before saving changes made to the file already in the buffer; using the form e! overrides this protective mechanism. T} T{ :e ch10 No write since last change :e! ch10 "ch10" 3 lines, 62 characters : T} file name f T{ If followed by a name, renames the current file to name. If used without name, prints the name of the current file. T} T{ :f ch9 "ch9" [Modified] 3 lines ... :f "ch9" [Modified] 3 lines ... : T} (1,$)global g global/pattern/commands T{ :g/nonsense/d : T} (1,$)global! g! or v T{ Searches the entire buffer (unless a smaller range is specified by line-number prefixes) and executes commands on every line with an expression matching pattern. The second form, abbreviated either g! or v, executes commands on lines that do not contain the expression pattern. T} (.)insert i T{ Inserts new lines of text immediately before the specified line. Differs from append only in that text is placed before, rather than after, the indicated line. In other words, 1i has the same effect as 0a. T} T{ :1i These lines of text will be added prior to line 1. . : T} (.,.+1)join j T{ Join lines together, adjusting white space (spaces and tabs) as necessary. T} T{ :2,5j Resulting line is printed : T} cp10 cp10 cp10 cp10 ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i). Name Abbr Description Examples (.,.)list l T{ Prints lines in a more unambiguous way than the print command does. The end of a line, for example, is marked with a ``$'', and tabs printed as ``^I''. T} T{ :9l This is line 9$ : T} ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i). (.,.)move addr m T{ Moves the specified lines to a position after the line indicated by addr. T} T{ :12,15m 25 New current line is printed : T} (.,.)number nu T{ Prints each line preceded by its buffer line number. T} T{ :nu 10 This is line 10 : T} (.)open o T{ Too involved to discuss here, but if you enter open mode accidentally, press the ESC key followed by q to get back into normal editor command mode. Edit is designed to prevent acci- dental use of the open command. T} preserve pre T{ Saves a copy of the current buffer contents as though the system had just crashed. This is for use in an emer- gency when a write command has failed and you don't know how else to save your work.- T} T{ :preserve File preserved. : T} (.,.)print p Prints the text of line(s). T{ :+2,+3p The second and third lines after the current line : T} ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i). T{ quit quit! T} T{ q q! ----------- - Seek assistance from a consultant as soon as possible after saving a file with the preserve command, because the file is saved on system storage space for only one week. T} T{ Ends the editing session. You will receive a warning if you have changed the buffer since last writing its contents to the file. In this event you must either type w to write, or type q! to exit from the editor without saving your changes. T} T{ :q No write since last change :q! % T} (.)read file r T{ Places a copy of file in the buffer after the specified line. Address 0 is permissible and causes the copy of file to be placed at the beginning of the buffer. The read command does not erase any text already in the buffer. If no line number is specified, file is placed after the current line. T} T{ :0r newfile "newfile" 5 lines, 86 characters : T} recover file rec T{ Retrieves a copy of the editor buffer after a system crash, editor crash, phone line disconnection, or preserve command. T} (.,.)substitute s T{ substitute/pattern/replacement/ substitute/pattern/replacement/gc Replaces the first occurrence of pattern on a line with replace- ment. Including a g after the command changes all occurrences of pattern on the line. The c option allows the user to confirm each substitution before it is made; see the manual for details. T} T{ :3p Line 3 contains a misstake :s/misstake/mistake/ Line 3 contains a mistake : T} cp10 cp10 cp10 cp10 ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i). Name Abbr Description Examples undo u T{ Reverses the changes made in the buffer by the last buffer-editing command. Note that this example contains a notification about the number of lines affected. T} T{ :1,15d 15 lines deleted new line number 1 is printed :u 15 more lines in file ... old line number 1 is printed : T} (1,$)write file w T{ Copies data from the buffer onto a permanent file. If no file is named, the current filename is used. The file is automatically created if it does not yet exist. A response containing the number of lines and characters in the file indicates that the write has been completed successfully. The editor's built-in protections against overwriting existing files will in some circumstances inhibit a write. The form w! forces the write, confirming that an existing file is to be overwritten. T} T{ :w "file7" 64 lines, 1122 characters :w file8 "file8" File exists ... :w! file8 "file8" 64 lines, 1122 characters : T} (1,$)write! file w! ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i). (.)z count z T{ Prints a screen full of text starting with the line indicated; or, if count is specified, prints that number of lines. Variants of the z command are described in the manual. T} !command T{ Executes the remainder of the line after ! as a UNIX command. The buffer is unchanged by this, and control is returned to the editor when the execution of command is complete. T} T{ :!date Fri Jun 9 12:15:11 PDT 1978 ! : T} control-d T{ Prints the next scroll of text, normally half of a screen. See the manual for details of the scroll option. T} (.+1)<cr> T{ An address alone followed by a carriage return causes the line to be printed. A carriage return by itself prints the line following the current line. T} T{ :<cr> the line after the current line : T} ltw(1.0i) lt2w(0.40i)fB ltw(3.0i) ltw(1.8i). /pattern/ T{ Searches for the next line in which pattern occurs and prints it. T} T{ :/This pattern/ This pattern next occurs here. : T} // T{ Repeats the most recent search. T} T{ :// This pattern also occurs here. : T} ?pattern? T{ Searches in the reverse direction for pattern. T} ?? T{ Repeats the most recent search, moving in the reverse direction through the buffer. T}