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- .\" Copyright (c) 1983 Regents of the University of California.
- .\" All rights reserved. The Berkeley software License Agreement
- .\" specifies the terms and conditions for redistribution.
- .\"
- .\" @(#)ms.diffs 6.1 (Berkeley) 6/2/86
- .\"
- .nr LL 6.5i
- .nr FL 6.0i
- .if t .nr PD .5v
- .if t .ds m \u\(ul\dm
- .if n .ds m -m
- .AM
- .OH 'A Revised Version of \*ms''USD:21-%'
- .EH 'USD:21-%''A Revised Version of \*ms'
- .TL
- A Revised Version of \*ms
- .AU
- Bill Tuthill
- .AI
- Computing Services
- University of California
- Berkeley, CA 94720
- .PP
- The \*ms macros have been slightly revised and re\%arranged for the
- Berkeley Unix distribution.
- Because of the rearrangement,
- the new macros can be read by the computer
- in about half the time required by the previous version of \*ms.
- This means that output will begin to appear between ten seconds
- and several minutes more quickly, depending on the system load.
- On long files, however, the savings in total time are not substantial.
- The old version of \*ms is still available as \*mos.
- .PP
- Several bugs in \*ms have been fixed, including
- a bad problem with the .1C macro,
- minor difficulties with boxed text,
- a break induced by .EQ before initialization,
- the failure to set tab stops in displays,
- and several bothersome errors in the \fBrefer\fP macros.
- Macros used only at Bell Laboratories have been removed.
- There are a few extensions to previous \*ms macros,
- and a number of new macros, but all the documented \*ms macros
- still work exactly as they did before, and have the same names as before.
- Output produced with \*ms should look like output produced with \*mos.
- .PP
- One important new feature is automatically numbered footnotes.
- Footnote numbers are printed by means of a pre-defined string
- (\e\(**\(**), which you invoke separately from .FS and .FE.
- Each time it is used, this string increases the footnote number by one,
- whether or not you use .FS and .FE in your text.
- Footnote numbers will be superscripted on the phototypesetter
- and on daisy-wheel terminals, but on low-resolution devices
- (such as the lpr and a crt), they will be bracketed.
- If you use \e\(**\(** to indicate numbered footnotes,
- then the .FS macro will automatically include
- the footnote number at the bottom of the page.
- This footnote, for example, was produced as follows:\**
- .DS
- This footnote, for example, was produced as follows:\e\(**\(**
- \&.FS
- .sp -.2
- ...
- \&.FE
- .DE
- .FS
- If you never use the ``\e\(**\(**'' string,
- no footnote numbers will appear anywhere in the text,
- including down here.
- The output footnotes will look exactly like
- footnotes produced with \*mos.
- .FE
- If you are using \e\(**\(** to number footnotes,
- but want a particular footnote to be marked with an asterisk or a dagger,
- then give that mark as the first argument to .FS: \(dg
- .DS
- then give that mark as the first argument to .FS: \e(dg
- \&.FS \e(dg
- .sp -.2
- ...
- \&.FE
- .DE
- .FS \(dg
- In the footnote, the dagger will appear where the footnote
- number would otherwise appear, as on the left.
- .FE
- Footnote numbering will be temporarily suspended,
- because the \e\(**\(** string is not used.
- Instead of a dagger, you could use an asterisk *
- or double dagger \(dd, represented as \|\e(dd.
- .PP
- Another new feature is a macro for printing theses
- according to Berkeley standards.
- This macro is called .TM, which stands for thesis mode.
- (It is much like the .th macro in \*me.)
- It will put page numbers in the upper right-hand corner;
- number the first page; suppress the date;
- and doublespace everything except quotes, displays, and keeps.
- Use it at the top of each file making up your thesis.
- Calling .TM defines the .CT macro for chapter titles,
- which skips to a new page and moves the pagenumber to the center footer.
- The .P1 (P one) macro can be used even without thesis mode
- to print the header on page 1,
- which is suppressed except in thesis mode.
- If you want roman numeral page numbering,
- use an ``.af\0PN\0i'' request.
- .PP
- There is a new macro especially for bibliography entries,
- called .XP, which stands for exdented paragraph.
- It will exdent the first line of the paragraph by \en(PI units,
- usually 5n (the same as the indent for the first line of a .PP).
- Most bibliographies are printed this way.
- Here are some examples of exdented paragraphs:
- .XP
- Lumley, Lyle S., \fISex in Crustaceans: Shell Fish Habits,\fP\|
- Harbinger Press, Tampa Bay and San Diego, October 1979.
- 243 pages.
- The pioneering work in this field.
- .XP
- Leffadinger, Harry A., ``Mollusk Mating Season: 52 Weeks, or All Year?''
- in \fIActa Biologica,\fP\| vol. 42, no. 11, November 1980.
- A provocative thesis, but the conclusions are wrong.
- .LP
- Of course, you will have to take care of
- italicizing the book title and journal,
- and quoting the title of the journal article.
- Indentation or exdentation can be changed
- by setting the value of number register PI.
- .PP
- If you need to produce endnotes rather than footnotes,
- put the references in a file of their own.
- This is similar to what you would do if you were
- typing the paper on a conventional typewriter.
- Note that you can use automatic footnote numbering
- without actually having .FS and .FE pairs in your text.
- If you place footnotes in a separate file,
- you can use .IP macros with \e\(**\(**\| as a hanging tag;
- this will give you numbers at the left-hand margin.
- With some styles of endnotes,
- you would want to use .PP rather then .IP macros,
- and specify \e\(**\(** before the reference begins.
- .PP
- There are four new macros to help produce a table of contents.
- Table of contents entries must be enclosed in .XS and .XE pairs,
- with optional .XA macros for additional entries;
- arguments to .XS and .XA specify the page number,
- to be printed at the right.
- A final .PX macro prints out the table of contents.
- Here is a sample of typical input and output text:
- .DS
- \&.XS ii
- Introduction
- \&.XA 1
- Chapter 1: Review of the Literature
- \&.XA 23
- Chapter 2: Experimental Evidence
- \&.XE
- \&.PX
- .sp .5
- .lt 5.5i
- .tl ''\fBTable of Contents\fP''
- .ta 5i 5.5iR
- .sp
- Introduction ii\|
- Chapter 1: Review of the Literature 1
- Chapter 2: Experimental Evidence 23
- .sp .5
- .DE
- The .XS and .XE pairs may also be used in the text,
- after a section header for instance,
- in which case page numbers are supplied automatically.
- However, most documents that require a table of contents
- are too long to produce in one run,
- which is necessary if this method is to work.
- It is recommended that you do a table of contents
- after finishing your document.
- To print out the table of contents, use the .PX macro;
- if you forget it, nothing will happen.
- .PP
- As an aid in producing text that will format correctly
- with both \fBnroff\fP and \fBtroff\fP,
- there are some new string definitions that define quotation marks
- and dashes for each of these two formatting programs.
- The \e\(**\^\u_\d string will yield two hyphens in \fBnroff\fP,
- but in \fBtroff\fP it will produce an em dash\*-
- like this one.
- The \e\(**Q and \e\(**U strings will produce
- `` and '' in \fBtroff\fP, but " in \fBnroff\fP.
- (In typesetting, the double quote is traditionally considered bad form.)
- .PP
- There are now a large number of optional
- foreign accent marks defined by the \*ms macros.
- All the accent marks available in \*mos are present,
- and they all work just as they always did.
- However, there are better definitions available
- by placing .AM at the beginning of your document.
- Unlike the \*mos accent marks,
- the accent strings should come \fIafter\fP\| the letter being accented.
- Here is a list of the diacritical marks,
- with examples of what they look like.
- .DS
- .ta 2i 3i
- name of accent input output
- \l'3.5i'
- acute accent e\e\(**\' e\*'
- grave accent e\e\(**\` e\*`
- circumflex o\e\(**\d^\u o\*^
- cedilla c\e\(**, c\*,
- tilde n\e\(**\d~\u n\*~
- question \e\(**? \*?
- exclamation \e\(**! \*!
- umlaut u\e\(**: u\*:
- digraph s \e\(**8 \*8
- hac\*vek c\e\(**v c\*v
- macron a\e\(**_ a\*_
- underdot s\e\(**. s\*.
- o-slash o\e\(**/ o\*/
- angstrom a\e\(**o a\*o
- yogh kni\e\(**3t kni\*3t
- Thorn \e\(**(Th \*(Th
- thorn \e\(**(th \*(th
- Eth \e\(**(D- \*(D-
- eth \e\(**(d- \*(d-
- hooked o \e\(**q \*q
- ae ligature \e\(**(ae \*(ae
- AE ligature \e\(**(Ae \*(Ae
- oe ligature \e\(**(oe \*(oe
- OE ligature \e\(**(Oe \*(Oe
- .DE
- If you want to use these new diacritical marks,
- don't forget the .AM at the top of your file.
- Without it, some will not print at all,
- and others will be placed on the wrong letter.
- .PP
- It is also possible to produce custom headers and footers
- that are different on even and odd pages.
- The .OH and .EH macros define odd and even headers,
- while .OF and .EF define odd and even footers.
- Arguments to these four macros are specified as with .tl.
- This document was produced with:
- .DS
- \&.OH \'\ef\^IThe -mx Macros\'\'Page %\ef\^P\'
- \&.EH \'\ef\^IPage %\'\'The -mx Macros\ef\^P\'
- .DE
- Note that it would be a error to have an apostrophe in the header text;
- if you need one, you will have to use a different delimiter
- around the left, center, and right portions of the title.
- You can use any character as a delimiter, provided it doesn't appear
- elsewhere in the argument to .OH, .EH, .OF, or EF.
- .PP
- The \*ms macros work in conjunction with
- the \fBtbl\fR, \fBeqn\fR, and \fBrefer\fR preprocessors.
- Macros to deal with these items are read in only as needed,
- as are the thesis macros (.TM),
- the special accent mark definitions (.AM),
- table of contents macros (.XS and .XE),
- and macros to format the optional cover page.
- The code for the \*ms package lives in /usr/lib/tmac/tmac.s,
- and sourced files reside in the directory /usr/ucb/lib/ms.
- .sp
- .tl '''\*(DY'
-