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Brief Description The Duniho and Duniho Life Pattern Indicator (DDLI) is a program that asks you questions in order to determine your Life Pattern. The Life Patterns correspond to the sixteen psychological types measured by the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and they are represented by the same abbreviations. By using knowledge that Terence Duniho has added to the study of Type, this program also checks itself by asking supplementary questions about other preferences that correlate with a person's type. Copyright The DDLI and this documentation are Copyright (C) 1992, 1993, 1994 by Fergus Duniho. Most of its questions are drawn from and based on those in two questionaires by Terence Duniho. These are his "Preference Patterns Questionaire" and "What is Your Personality Pattern?" from his book _Wholeness Lies Within: Sixteen Natural Paths Toward Sprituality_. "What is Your Personality Preference" is Copyright (C) 1985, 1991 by Terence L. Duniho. Fergus Duniho uses questions from these questionaires with the permission of Terence Duniho. Contents The following should be included: ddli - The program (compiled for the Amiga with DICE) Readme.1st - A file you should read before using the DDLI. ddli.c - The main source code. fpdio.c - A file containing the source code for some input/output functions I wrote. qst.c - A file containing the qst type and the functions that use it. strdup.c - A file containing the "strdup" command in case you don't have it. ddli.doc - This file, the documentation. DDLI.QST - The file of questions used by the DDLI. pts - "The Personality Type Summary" by Jon Noring Descriptions of each of the 16 types: esfj, esfp, estj, estp, enfj, enfp, entj, entp, isfj, isfp, istj, istp, infj, infp, intj, intp Distribution The latest version of the DDLI may be freely distributed as long as it is left unchanged, and it always distributed with its source code (DDLI.C, QST.C, FPDIO.C, STRDUP.C), this documentation file, DDLI.QST, which contains the questions, and the supplentary text files. It may be, but does not have to be, distributed with any executables. If you want to distribute it with commercial products, such as books on Type, you need the written permission of the author. Whenever I release a new version, please stop distributing older versions. Please remove older versions from software libraries, disk collections, and electronic bulletin boards. This is especially important when older versions had bugs. Compiling You may have to compile ddli.c to run the DDLI on your computer. The DDLI is a completely portable Standard ANSI/ISO C program. You should be able to compile it and run it on any computer that has a Standard C compiler. First, look at ddli.c in a text editor and make sure that the preprocessor definition for OPSYS is set to the operating system that you want to compile ddli.c for. It should be set to AMIGA, MSDOS, or OTHER. If OPSYS isn't set for your operating system, set it to your operating system and resave ddli.c. Next, make sure that the source files are all in the same directory. If your operating system is case-sensitive, make sure the C source code file names are lowercase. Then type "cc ddli.c -o ddli". You may have to change "cc" to the name of the frontend for your compiler, such as "dcc", "bcc", or "gcc". If you use an IBM or compatible, you may have to add carriage returns (ASCII 13) to the end of each line (unless somebody has already done it for you). The Amiga, which I use, uses only the newline character to end each line, but the IBM uses both a newline and a carriage return. If it doesn't compile, it may be because your C compiler doesn't have the "strdup" function. In that case, uncomment the line which includes "strdup.c" and try to compile it again. DISCLAIMER I offer no guarantee that this program will accurately measure your type. I am not a trained psychologist, and I have tested these questions on only a few people. I have mainly used my knowledge of type to put them together. Although most were written by Terence Duniho, whose life work is psychological type, I wrote some of them, particularly the supplementary questions. This program is experimental, and I hope to use the computer-user community as my testing ground. If you already know your type, I would greatly appreciate it if you would report on the accuracy of this program. Also, if this program somehow messes up your computer or your data, I, Fergus Duniho, am not to blame. You use this program at your own risk. Furthermore, I am not responsible for any use that anyone makes of this program or its results. If, for example, someone chooses to discriminate against you because of the type you scored as on the DDLI, you should sue the person who discriminated against you, not me. Finally, I do not guarantee the accuracy of any of the documents in this archive. In particular, the authors of the type descriptions have their own ideas about who belong to particular types, and these do not always agree with my opinions or with those expressed to me by my father. Nevertheless, I'm not going to bother correcting them. In writing these descriptions, they did an important job that I didn't want to do, and I am not going to start doing their job for them. I'm going to stick to working on the program itself and leave supplementary text files to others. The Life Pattern Model The Life Pattern model is based on Carl Gustav Jung's four psychological functions. These are thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuition. The former two are judging functions, and the latter two are perceiving functions. The judging functions are those we use for making decisions. The perceiving functions are those we use for gathering information. According to Jung, the personality of each person is characterized by the dominance of one of these functions over the others. He also added that each person used his dominant function is either an extraverted way or an introverted way. Someone who used his dominant function in an extraverted way would rely on it when dealing with the external environment, such as in public settings, with people who aren't intimates, etc. Someone who used his dominant function in an introverted way would rely on it when alone or with intimates. Thus, Jung's personality theory had eight psychological types. These were Introverted Sensors, Introverted Intuitors, Introverted Thinkers, Introverted Feelers, Extraverted Sensors, Extraverted Intuitors, Extraverted Thinkers, and Extraverted Feelers. Jung also held that each type had an auxiliary function, as well as the dominant function. For the sake of balance, the auxiliary for a psychologically healthy individual was a perceiving function if the dominant was a judging function and a judging function if the dominant was a perceiving function. Furthermore, a person would use the auxiliary in the opposite way as the dominant function. Extraverts would rely on the auxiliary for introverting, and introverts would rely on it for extraverting. The introduction of the auxiliary split each of Jung's types into two, effectively giving us Myers-Briggs' sixteen psychological types. For example, Introverted Thinkers would be divided into Introverted Thinkers with Intuition as an auxiliary and Introverted Thinkers with Sensing as an auxiliary. The Myers-Briggs types are based on four sets of opposing preferences. These are extraversion vs. introversion (E vs. I), intuition vs. sensing (N vs. S), thinking vs. feeling (T vs. F), and perceiving vs. judging (P vs. J). The preference for extraversion or introversion indicates the way in which a person uses his dominant function. The preference for perceiving or judging indicates which function (the dominant or the auxiliary) the person relies on for extraverting. As I already indicated, the dominant and the auxiliary together include both a perceiving function and a judging function. P's rely on the perceiving function for extraverting, and J's rely on the judging function for extraverting. The preference for thinking or feeling indicates the preferred judging function, and the preference for sensing or intuition indicates the preferred perceiving function. Using this information, we can determine the Jungian type that corresponds to each Myers-Briggs type. Take, for instance, my type: INTP. The "I" indicates that I use my dominant function for introverting. The "P" indicates that I rely on my preferred perceiving function for extraverting. Since I am an introvert, this means that I rely on my preferred judging function for introverting. In other words, my dominant function is my preferred judging function. Since this is thinking, that means I am an Introverted Thinker. My auxiliary is my preferred perceiving function, and that is intuition. Therefore, an INTP is an Introverted Thinker with Intuition as an auxiliary. Each Myers-Briggs type can be translated into its corresponding Jungian type in like manner. Here is a table of what each type corresponds to: INTP: Introverted Thinker with auxiliary Intuition ISTP: Introverted Thinker with auxiliary Sensing INFP: Introverted Feeler with auxiliary Intuition ISFP: Introverted Feeler with auxiliary Sensing INTJ: Introverted Intuitor with auxiliary Thinking INFJ: Introverted Intuitor with auxiliary Feeling ISTJ: Introverted Sensor with auxiliary Thinking ISFJ: Introverted Sensor with auxiliary Feeling ENTJ: Extraverted Thinker with auxiliary Intuition ESTJ: Extraverted Thinker with auxiliary Sensing ENFJ: Extraverted Feeler with auxiliary Intuition ESFJ: Extraverted Feeler with auxiliary Sensing ENTP: Extraverted Intuitor with auxiliary Thinking ENFP: Extraverted Intuitor with auxiliary Feeling ESTP: Extraverted Sensor with auxiliary Thinking ESFP: Extraverted Sensor with auxiliary Feeling The Myers-Briggs model was extended into the Life Patterns model by Terence Duniho. According to Terence Duniho, each type also has a tertiary function and an inferior function. These balance the dominant and auxiliary functions. The tertiary function is used in the same way as the dominant function (extraverted or introverted), but it is not relied on to the same extent. Also, the tertiary function is always the opposite of the auxiliary function. If the auxiliary is a judging function, the tertiary is the other judging function; if the auxiliary is a perceiving function, the tertiary is the other perceiving function. The inferior function is always the opposite of the dominant function, and it is used in the same way as the auxiliary. Therefore, the introduction of the tertiary and inferior functions do not extend the number of psychological types. There are still sixteen. The advantage of the Life Pattern model is that it gives us more tools for understanding each type. Instead of telling us how each type uses two of Jung's functions, it tells us how each type uses all four of Jung's functions. In effect, it gives us a blueprint for understanding the core personality of each type. This blueprint describes the preferential hierarchy among Jung's four functions for each type, and it describes the way in which each type uses each of the four functions. First, there are eight different hierarchies among the sixteen types. Using a form of abbreviation in which the leftmost letter represents the dominant function, these are TNSF for INTPs and ENTJs, TSNF for ISTPs and ESTJs, FNST for INFPs and ENFJs, FSNT for ISFPs and ESFJs, NTFS for INTJs and ENTPs, NFTS for INFJs and ENFPs, STFN for ISTJs and ESTPs, and SFTN for ISFJs and ESFPs. Second, the Life Pattern model characterizes each type by how it uses the four functions. Extraverts use the dominant and tertiary functions for extraverting, and the other two functions for introverting. Introverts use the dominant and tertiary functions for introverting, and the other two for extraverting. Given the eight possible hierarchies of preference, this gives us four different ways in which the 16 types use the four functions. I call these four different ways directional patterns, for they indicate the direction (outward or inward) in which each function is used. Using a form of abbreviation in which "I" and "E" indicate the direction in which a function is used, these are IT-EF-IN-ES for ISTPs, ENFJs, INFJs, and ESTPs, ET-IF-IN-ES for INTJs, ESFPs, ISFPs, and ENTJs, IT-EF-EN-IS for INTPs, ESFJs, ISFJs, and ENTPs, and ET-IF-EN-IS for INFPs, ESTJs, ISTJs, and ENFPs. One interesting consequence of this model is that it gives us three different ways of understanding how someone's type can be the opposite of someone else's. I call these hierarchical, directional, and diametrical opposites. Hierarchical opposites have opposite hierarchies but the same diretional patterns. Hierarchical opposites never have any letters in common in their abbreviations. Directional opposites have the same directional patterns but opposite hierarchies. These always have the inner two letters the same and the outer two different. And diametrical opposites have both opposite hierarchies and opposite directional patterns. These have the outer two letters the same and the inner two different. Here is a chart that describes the directional hierarchy of each type. The functions appear left to right from dominant to inferior. "I" indicates that the function is used for introverting, and "E" indicates that the function is used for extraverting. INTP: IT-EN-IS-EF ISTP: IT-ES-IN-EF INFP: IF-EN-IS-ET ISFP: IF-ES-IN-ET INTJ: IN-ET-IF-ES INFJ: IN-EF-IT-ES ISTJ: IS-ET-IF-EN ISFJ: IS-EF-IT-EN ENTJ: ET-IN-ES-IF ESTJ: ET-IS-EN-IF ENFJ: EF-IN-ES-IT ESFJ: EF-IS-EN-IT ENTP: EN-IT-EF-IS ENFP: EN-IF-ET-IS ESTP: ES-IT-EF-IN ESFP: ES-IF-ET-IN For further information about Type, the Life Pattern model, and the sixteen different Life Patterns, consult Terence Duniho's book _Wholeness Lies Within_, or some other book about Type. _Wholeness Lies Within_ can be ordered from Type & Temperment, Inc., PO Box 200, Gladwyne, PA 19032 for $14.95 + $2.09 p/h. Terence Duniho also recommends _LifeTypes_ by Sandra Hirsh & Jean Kummerow (Warner Books) and _Gifts Differing_ by Isabel Briggs Myers (Consulting Psychologists Press). How to Use the DDLI Unless it has been compiled for msdos, the DDLI will first ask you how many columns you have on your screen. This is so it can wordwrap the text to fit on any screen size. It will then ask for your name. It expects that your name will be less than 80 characters long. The DDLI will then ask you a series of questions. You can answer a question by typing the letter that precedes the answer you choose: an A or a B. You should follow your answer with a carriage return. After you have chosen your preference, it will ask you to rank that preference on a scale of 1 to 7. This will allow you to weight how important a preference is to you. If you want to go back to a question you previously answered and change your answer, you can go back to the previous question by typing "Prev" or just "P" followed by a carriage return. Keep doing this until you get back to the question you want to answer differently. After you have changed your answer, the DDLI will resume with the next question that you haven't answered. If you want to postpone answering a question until later, type "Skip" or just "S" followed by a carriage return. You will see this question again after you have gone through the remaining questions. If you want to quit the DDLI, type "Quit" or just "Q" followed by a carriage return. Whatever you type in while answering the questions, the DDLI will read only the first character. If it isn't an "A," "B," "P," "Q," or "S," the DDLI will tell you what sort of input it expects from you. When you answer each question, there are some things you should bear in mind. 1. Do not base your answer simply on the most recent event in your life that fits the question. Rather, base your answer on your general pattern of behavior, not your behavior on one occasion. 2. Do not answer the questions according to how you want to be when that differs from how you actually are. Base your answers on how you actually are. 3. Do not stretch your imagination by trying to imagine situations that are favorable for each answer. Rather, base your answers on how you are in the situations you normally find yourself in. Here are some other tips on answering the questions. If one answer immediately seems more you than the other, go with that answer. For questions where this doesn't work, ask yourself which answer would take less energy or be more natural. Finally, remember that this is not a test. Nobody has an answer key with the right answers in it. The right answers depend upon who you are. This program does not measure degrees of normality and abnormality. It merely measures differences that may exist between normal, psychologically healthy individuals. Understanding the Results of the DDLI After you have answered all the questions, the DDLI will display the results to two different sets of questions. The first set of questions measures for extraversion vs. introversion, sensing vs. intuition, thinking vs. feeling, and judging vs. perceiving. These are the same four sets of preferences that the MBTI measures for. It first presents your scores on these questions and tells you what type they indicate. If you unambigously score as a definite type, the DDLI then presents the directional hierarchy of functions for that type. If you score as an X-type, it doesn't. X-types are not real types. An "X" in a type means it is uncertain which way the preference goes, not that there is no preference. The second set of questions measures for preferences that the MBTI does not measure for. These are extraverted thinking and introverted feeling vs. extraverted feeling and introverted thinking, extraverted intuition and introverted sensing vs. extraverted sensing and introverted intuition, and rationality vs. a-rationality. The pairs of opposites are Extraverted Thinking vs. Introverted Thinking Extraverted Feeling vs. Introverted Feeling Extraverted Sensing vs. Introverted Sensing Extraverted Intuition vs. Introverted Intuition Rationality vs. A-Rationality. The DDLI measures for the first two together because the types who extravert feeling and introvert thinking are the same, and the types who introvert feeling and extravert thinking are the same. And it measures for the second pair together because the types who extravert sensing and introvert intuition are the same, and the types who extravert intuition and introvert sensing are the same. The DDLI presents the scores on these questions and then indicates which types these scores suggest. These two types are always 4-letter opposites, which I referred to previously as hierarchical opposites. This is because these questions measure for directional preferences and for only one hierarchical preference. Hierarchical opposites, as you may recall, have the same directional patterns but opposite hierarchies. And any two types with opposite hierarchies have the same the same kind of dominant function: a judging function (thinking or feeling) or a perceiving function (sensing or intuition). Finally, the DDLI compares the type suggested by your answers to the first set of questions with the types suggested by your answers to the second set of questions. If it finds a match, it tells you that your results on the supplementary questions corroborate your results on the main set of questions. It otherwise tells you that your results on these two sets of questions conflict. If there is a conflict between your scores, there is no rule for determining which one is right. You should get ahold of a description of the types and read the descriptions for each of the types that the program suggests you are. And even if your scores don't conflict, you should read the descriptions of the type you scored as to really make sure you are that type. There is no guarantee that this program will accurately measure your type. I think that in most cases it will, but in your case it might not. If it doesn't, I hope you will offer your suggestions for making this program more accurate in the future. History V 1.00 (12/31/1992) - The first version Bug: It displays the functional hierarchy of an ENTP no matter what type you scored as. V 1.01 (01/03/1993) - Bug fix. A few changes and additions to QST. Bug: When it displays the functional hierarchy of the type you scored as, it assumes that you scored as an extravert, even in you scored as an introvert. V 1.10 (01/07/1993) - Bug Fix plus Feature Update. Can now send output to printer or file. Displays scores to supplementary questions. One grammatical correction in QST. One question in QST replaced with another. V 2.00 (01/31/1993) - Because I switched from the crippled freeware version of DICE to GNU C, I added some features that I couldn't previously put into the DDLI. Here are the new features: * Randomizes question order and answer order. * Allows you to skip questions until later. * Allows you to go back to questions and change your answers. * Displays output in a more understandable format. * QST renamed as "DDLI.QST" * Some major changes in DDLI.QST. * DDLI.QST now groups together questions that measure for the same preference. * Reads "DDLI.QST" all at once and closes it before asking any questions. This means you no longer have to keep the disk with the questions on it in your disk drive when you are running the DDLI. * Saves a file that contains a record of all your answers. Sending me this file will help me make the DDLI more reliable. V 2.01 (02/26/1993) - It turns out that I could incorporate the additions to V2.00 with DICE. This version has all the same features, and I have compiled the Amiga version with DICE so that it will not require ixemul.library to run. (If you have GNU C, you might want to recompile it, since the GNU C version takes up less space.) It's essentially the inside, rather than the outside, of the program that has changed with this version. The main difference is that this version stores the questions in a linked list instead of in an array. This is to prevent memory fragmentation errors that occur from asking for a large chunk of memory. V 2.02 (04/04/1993) The DDLI now puts a linefeed after the version string when it creates a record of your answers. ".raw" files renamed ".dar". Added Readme.1st. The "wrapwrite" function in fpdio.c now takes multiple arguments. V 2.03 (12/03/1993) Removed my GEnie address from the text printed at the beginning of the program, because I have quit GEnie. Changed my address in the documentation, because I moved over the summer. V 2.04 (12/04/1993) Bug fixes to make it work with less forgiving compilers than I have for my Amiga. V 3.00 (12/11/1993) Preprocessor instructions make it easier to compile the DDLI for different operating systems. It no longer asks for a seed value for the random number generator. Instead, it counts clock ticks to get a seed value. Instead of just creating a "*.dar" file, it asks you if you want a record of your scores created, and then it asks you for a filename for it. Added the "yesno" function to "fpdio.c". Added the "pow" function to "ddli.c" Previous versions failed to randomize the order of the answers to each question. This version doesn't fail to. Asks you to rank the strength of each of your answers on a scale from 1 to 7. Includes strength ranking in record of raw scores. More questions. Some questions removed or changed. V3.10 (01/05/1993) Fixed bug in pow(). Used gcc's -Wall option to find and remove some extraneous code. Including various text files: 1 - Descriptions of each type. 2 - Personality Type Summary Added the ability to read in a record file and return the interpreted results on it. This is useful for people who accidently save the record file under the same name as the interpreted results file. To use this feature, include the record file name as a command line argument. Acknowledgements The individual acknowledgements are listed in historical order: My INFJ father, Terence Duniho, for providing the theoretical structure behind this program plus most of the questions. INTP Gerald Erichsen for compiling the IBM version, for a bug report on version 1.00, and for suggesting the printing feature. INFP Kirk Worcester for a bug report on version 1.01. ENFP Jayne Thrall for letting me test a bunch of questions on her. Those who have given me feedback on GEnie. INTP Mark Lillibridge for most of the bug fixes made to V. 2.04. INTP Joe Butt, ENTP Brian Yamauchi, and INTJ Marina Margaret Heiss for the type descriptions they wrote, and for their permission to include them. ISTP(?) Vic Thompson for asking me if the DDLI could read in a record file. It can now. INFJ Jon Noring for writing the freely distributable "Personality Type Summary," and for founding alt.personality.psychology. And those who have given me copies of their scores. At the moment, I'm still writing the program that will use these, but I will finish it soon. How You Can Help The DDLI is in constant development, and your feedback can make it more reliable. The simplest thing you can do is send me a copy of your raw scores. After you have answered all the questions, the DDLI will ask you if it may create a record of your scores. I would appreciate it very much if you would email me a copy of this record. I intend to write a database program that will interpret these records and give me statistical data on them so that I can determine which questions work best. My email addresses are below. If you want to do more, you can tell me why you answered the questions as you did. It will be particularly helpful if you tell me why you chose answers that conflicted with your type. About the Author I am Fergus Duniho, the 26 year old INTP son of INFJ Terence Duniho, the Executive Director of the newly formed Life Patterns Institute. Except for this filial relationship, I have no associations with the Life Patterns Institute, and I am completely unassociated with any other organization devoted to the study of psychological type. Although I am knowledgeable on the subject of psychological type, I'm probably not an expert on the subject. I am currently a Ph.D. candidate and a T.A. in the philosophy department at the University of Rochester. I plan to teach philosophy to undergraduates after I get my degree. My calling is to be a teacher. Besides this program, I have written other software for the Amiga. These include a spelling checker called AlphaSpell and a pagination program called Paginate. You can reach me by email or by post. You can reach me through the Internet at fdnh@troi.cc.rochester.edu. You can also send me email on the FileWorks BBS in Rochester, NY. You can reach me through regular mail at Fergus Duniho 1095 Genesee St. Rochester, NY 14611 If you want me to reply back to you, it is best to use email, since I don't keep a large supply of stamps.