Black Box 4/BlackBox.cdr/dosutils/dosimp10.arj/SIMPLY7.HYP

Text File | 1991-08-12 | 18.3 KB | 340 lines

                           What Is a |tBatch File|t?

Oh, my, this is fun.  Batch files are what got me so interested in learn-
ing how to use DOS.  They're absolutely fascinating!  It is a very simple
sort of Programming, in a way.  But so simple that anyone can do it!

Well, a |nbatch file|n is just a plain ASCII text file, that contains nothing
except a batch of DOS commands, each command on a separate line, and each
line ending with a carriage return (the <Enter> key).  The |nbatch file|n can
have any name you want to give it, but it must have the extension .BAT,
and it's a very good idea to not ever give a |nbatch file|n the same name as
any other command on your system.

A |nbatch file|n is an executable file, so when you just type its name at the
DOS prompt, and hit <Enter>, the |nbatch file|n will run, just like any other
command.  DOS will read the first line of the |nbatch file|n, and execute the
command, read the next line and execute it, etc., until DOS finds that no
more lines are left to be executed.  That's it!

                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
Batch files can contain any commands at all, which includes internal com-
mands that reside inside the COMMAND.COM file, .COM files, .EXE files, or
even other .BAT files (but not CONFIG.SYS commands).  Some internal com-
mands are almost never used for anything else besides batch files.  Those
are CALL, ECHO, FOR, GOTO, IF, PAUSE, REM, and SHIFT.  Replaceable para-
meters is another thing that is only used in batch files.  Each of those
items has its own chapter here, so check them out for more information.

Environment variables can be used from within a |nbatch file|n, in a manner
similar to the use of |nreplaceable|n parameters.  If you have an |nenvironment|n
variable named ONE which was set equal to YES via the command |nSET|n ONE=YES
then you could reference that variable from inside a |nbatch file|n by sur-
rounding its name with percent signs, as in %ONE%.  Here's an example:
          |nIF|n %ONE%!==YES! |nGOTO|n OK
Now when DOS is executing the |nbatch file|n that contains that line, it will
see the %ONE% and go look in the |nenvironment|n to find the variable named
ONE, look at what ONE is set equal to, and replace ONE with that string.
So when DOS gets done with that, the above line will look like:
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
          |nIF|n YES!==YES! |nGOTO|n OK
and so the IF test will come out positive, and the GOTO command will be
executed.  Now this doesn't actually change the |nbatch file|n at all, just
the way DOS interprets the line.  The next time DOS executes the batch
file, it still says |nIF|n %ONE%!==YES! |nGOTO|n OK, but if the environment var-
iable ONE is set equal to NO this time, then when DOS expands that line,
it will say |nIF|n NO!==YES! |nGOTO|n OK this time, so that the |nGOTO|n command will
get ignored because the |nIF|n test fails.

The reason for the exclamation point in my examples, is in case you had
forgotten to set the |nenvironment|n variable.  If the ONE variable didn't
exist, then when DOS expands the %ONE% variable, it will find nothing at
all, so the command will be like |nIF|n !==YES! |nGOTO|n OK.  That |nIF|n test will
fail, but at least it won't cause DOS to freak out.  If we left out the !
symbols, and the line said |nIF|n %ONE%==YES |nGOTO|n OK, then when DOS |nexpanded|n
that, it would say |nIF|n ==YES |nGOTO|n OK, if the ONE variable didn't exist,
and since one side of the == signs is empty, DOS won't like that at all,
and you'll get a "Syntax error" message, and the |nbatch file|n will continue
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
with the next command which might not be what you intended!  So you want
to put some symbol on each side of the == signs to protect from that oc-
currence.  You can use the exclamation point like I did or just about any
symbol you want, as long as it's the same on both sides of the == signs.

Here's an example of a way that you can take advantage of environment
variables in a |nbatch file|n.  Suppose there's a certain set of commands
that you would like to execute twice in a row, but not more.  You could
do this:
          |nSET|n AGAIN=
          :START
          (commands you want repeated go here)
          |nIF|n !AGAIN==!NO |nGOTO|n END
          |nSET|n AGAIN=NO
          |nGOTO|n START
          :END
          |nSET|n AGAIN=
Now, when you execute that |nbatch file|n, the first line sets the environ-
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
ment variable AGAIN equal to nothing, to make sure the variable doesn't
already exist.  The :START line is just a label for the GOTO command that
comes later, so it has no effect the first time through.  Then the main
|nbatch file|n commands are executed, and then comes the IF statement.  Well,
since at this point, AGAIN is not set equal to anything, the |nGOTO|n END
command will be ignored, and the next line, |nSET|n AGAIN=NO will be execu-
ted.  Then the command |nGOTO|n START tells DOS to start over again at the
label that says :START.  So those main commands get executed again, and
then the |nIF|n test is positive this time, because you already executed the
|nSET|n AGAIN=NO line, so this time the |nGOTO|n END command does get executed,
which sends DOS to the line that says :END, and then the AGAIN variable
is once again removed from the environment, and the |nbatch file|n is done.

Another way that the use of |nenvironment|n variables from within a batch
file comes in handy, is with the PATH variable.  Suppose that you have a
program that you want to run, for which you need to have that program's
directory on the |nPATH|n, but you don't want to leave that |ndirectory|n on the
|nPATH|n all the time.  Well check out this |nbatch file|n:
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
          |nSET|n OLD=%PATH%
          |nSET|n PATH=C:\WORD;%OLD%
          WORDPROC
          |nSET|n PATH=%OLD%
          |nSET|n OLD=
Now supposing that your PATH variable started out like C:\DOS;C:\UTIL
then while that |nbatch file|n is being executed, each time you reference
the |nPATH|n or OLD variables, they will be |nexpanded|n to say C:\DOS;C:\UTIL
and here's what the |nbatch file|n will look like to DOS:
          |nSET|n OLD=C:\DOS;C:\UTIL
          |nSET|n PATH=C:\WORD;C:\DOS;C:\UTIL
          WORDPROC
          |nSET|n PATH=C:\DOS;C:\UTIL
          |nSET|n OLD=
So, the first line makes a variable called OLD which is just a duplicate
of what your |nPATH|n variable says at the moment.  The second command sets
a new |nPATH|n variable, which is C:\WORD; followed by what used to be in the
|nPATH|n variable a minute ago.  Then the WORDPROC program gets run, and then
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
the next line puts the PATH variable back to the way it used to be, by
setting it equal to the OLD variable which you created at the beginning
of the |nbatch file|n.  And the last line removes the OLD variable from the
environment since it's not needed any more, and we don't want to waste
|nenvironment|n space by just leaving it there for no reason.

Well speaking of |nPATH|n variables, batch files are an excellent way to keep
your |nPATH|n short.  The only directories that should go on your |nPATH|n, are
those which contain commands that you need to run with some other direc-
tory as the current one.  For commands that you can run from within their
own directory, those commands should not go on the |nPATH|n.  Instead, you
should use a |nbatch file|n (or DOSKEY macro) to make that command's directo-
ry |ncurrent|n, run the program, and change back to the root |ndirectory|n.  Like
this:
          CD C:\WORD
          WORDPROC
          CD \
Now you name that |nbatch file|n WP.BAT, and put it into a |ndirectory|n which
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
contains nothing but batch files (name it BELFRY, perhaps, or CAVE, since
that's where .BATs go), and put that |nbatch file|n directory on the PATH,
then you can access your WORDPROC program from any |ndirectory|n on your sys-
tem, just by typing WP <Enter>, even if C:\WORD is not on your |nPATH|n.  So,
after you create such a |nbatch file|n for each of your main applications,
now the only directories you need to keep on your |nPATH|n are the one where
you keep your batch files, the one where you keep your DOS external com-
mands, and the one where you keep other third-party utilities that only
have one or two files per program, such that you wouldn't want a separate
|ndirectory|n for each of them.  That last |ndirectory|n you might want to name
UTIL.  So, with only three directories on your |nPATH|n, your whole system
will be a lot more efficient.

The problem with batch files is that each one takes up an entire cluster
of disk space, just like any other file, even though batch files are gen-
erally very small.  A 28-byte |nbatch file|n takes up 2048 bytes of space on
a hard disk.  What a waste!  Well you can use replaceable parameters to
combine all of your little batch files into one great big |nbatch file|n in-
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
stead.  See the section about the GOTO command to find out how.  Now if
you do that, you don't need to keep an entire directory for your batch
files, since you only have one |nbatch file|n.  So just put your big batch
file into the UTIL |ndirectory|n and remove the |nbatch file|n |ndirectory|n from
your disk and from your PATH.

If you have DOS version 5.0, you can do just about everything you can do
with batch files, with DOSKEY |nmacros|n instead, except for accessing envir-
onment variables, or using the |nGOTO|n or SHIFT commands.  |nDOSKEY|n |nmacros|n can
not do those things.  And DOSSHELL menu items can do everything except
|nGOTO|n and |nSHIFT|n.  So if you upgrade to DOS version 5 you should convert
all your batch files that don't do those things, to one of those options.
You still need to learn about batch files anyway though, because |nDOSKEY|n
|nmacros|n and |nDOSSHELL|n menu items are put together by the same rules that
batch files follow.

And you have to know about batch files in order to keep a nice efficient
AUTOEXEC.BAT file.  That's a very special |nbatch file|n that DOS executes
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
every time you reboot your computer.  It's the only |nbatch file|n that has
to have a specific name, and that has to be located in the root directory
of the disk you boot from, and that in most cases, you never want to ex-
ecute.  Just let DOS execute it all by itself.  If you want the AUTOEXEC
.BAT to be executed, rebooting is the best way to get that accomplished.
See the AUTOEXEC.BAT chapter for the reasons.

You might want to have your |nAUTOEXEC.BAT|n contain just two commands:
          |nECHO|n OFF
          C:\DOS\STARTUP
and then you would have a |nbatch file|n named STARTUP.BAT in your C:\DOS
|ndirectory|n, which the |nAUTOEXEC.BAT|n would run every time you |nreboot|n.  The
reasoning behind this is that a lot of software programs that you install
are going to add commands to your |nAUTOEXEC.BAT|n file.  Well if you have
that really simple two-line |nAUTOEXEC.BAT|n file, then it will be really
easy for you to figure out what changes an installation program made to
that file so you can decide which of those changes you want to keep.  Put
those changes into your STARTUP.BAT file, and remove them from your two-
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
line |nAUTOEXEC.BAT|n file.  This lets you control your own system, instead
of letting some software programmer control your system for you.

Since percent signs are used in batch files to refer to environment var-
iables and replaceable parameters, you have to do something special to
make a |nbatch file|n understand a percent sign in any other context.  Like
if you have a file named HELLO%.TXT, if you mention that filename in a
|nbatch file|n, DOS will flip out over trying to figure out what |nreplaceable|n
parameter or |nenvironment|n variable you're trying to reference.  Because
that's what percent signs are supposed to mean in a |nbatch file|n.  Well all
you need to do, is write that filename with two percent signs whenever
you mention it in a |nbatch file|n.  Just refer to the file as HELLO%%.TXT
whenever you're mentioning it in a |nbatch file|n, and DOS will understand
then, that it's supposed to ignore that particular percent sign as far
as special |nbatch file|n processing is concerned.

DOS version 3.3 introduced a special new use for the @ symbol, which is
good for batch files.  If you put @ as the first character of any command
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
line in a |nbatch file|n, then that particular line will not show up on the
screen while the |nbatch file|n is executing.  For example, you know how the
|nECHO|n OFF command tells DOS not to show the commands on the screen as they
get executed.  But when the |nECHO|n OFF command gets executed, it has not
been executed yet so the |nECHO|n OFF command itself does show on the screen.
Well if you have DOS version 3.3 or later, you can say @ECHO OFF instead
of just |nECHO|n OFF, and then you'll never again see the |nECHO|n OFF command on
your screen.  Isn't that nice?

One thing that a lot of people try to accomplish with batch files, that
just won't work, is to feed commands or characters to another program.
Suppose you have a game which, as soon as it's loaded, it asks you wheth-
er you have a color monitor, and you have to tell it Y, and then it asks
you whether you want to use the mouse or the keyboard, and you have to
tell it K, and you're tired of typing those silly keystrokes every single
time you run that game.  Well you might be tempted to write a |nbatch file|n
like this:

                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
          GAME
          Y
          K
Well guess what's going to happen when you run that |nbatch file|n?  The game
will run, and it will wait for your answers to those questions just like
always, and then when you're finished playing the game, and you exit to
DOS, you'll see the "|sBad command or filename|s" error message twice.  Why
did that happen?  Well it's because the Y and K lines of the |nbatch file|n
don't get executed until after the GAME command finishes and passes con-
trol back to DOS, so that DOS can read the next command from the batch
file.  And since there are no such commands in DOS, as Y and K, then you
get that error message.

One line of a |nbatch file|n does not get executed, in fact does not even get
read by DOS, until the line before it is completely finished.  There's no
way around that, at all.

But there are two ways to feed information to a program.  If the program
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
will accept STanDard INput, you can use the piping form of redirection.
But if the program reads its input straight from the keyboard, rather
than using DOS's normal STanDard INput, then you will need a little util-
ity called a |nKeyboard|n Stuffer instead.  There are quite a few shareware
and public domain |nkeyboard|n stuffers, such as PC Magazine's KEY-FAKE.COM.
These little utilities will feed just about any keystrokes to just about
any program, and they are available for downloading from just about any
BBS in the country.

You can use the COPY CON command, or the EDLIN line editor, or if you
have DOS version 5.0, you have the EDIT command.  You can even use the
ECHO command with output |nredirection|n.  All of these things will create
batch files.  |nEDLIN|n and |nEDIT|n can also change batch files that already
exist.  Any text editor, and any word processor that can save files in
plain ASCII format can also do it.

There are even cases in which you can use certain DOS commands to create
batch files, from within other batch files, to perform certain functions.
                           <page down> for more
                           Batch File continued
For example, if you execute the PATH command with no parameters, it will
tell you what your |nPATH|n environment variable currently says, like this:
          PATH=C:\DOS;C:\UTIL
Well, that's the exact same format that you use to enter a new |nPATH|n vari-
able!  So if you were to type |nPATH|n > OLDPATH.BAT that'd use redirection
to create a new |nbatch file|n named OLDPATH and you could change your |nPATH|n
to whatever you wanted, and then if you were to later execute OLDPATH
<Enter>, then that PATH=C:\DOS;C:\UTIL command would be executed, to put
your |nPATH|n back to the way it had been before you started!  This sort of
thing can be infinitely useful.  See the end of the chapter about the
TIME command for a really interesting example of that.

So check out all the sections that are cross-referenced from this chapter
and have a great time with batch files!





                         PLEASE IGNORE THIS PAGE!
|tAUTOEXEC.BAT|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tBBS|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tDirectory|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tEnvironment|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tShareware|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tbytes|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tcurrent|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tdownloading|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tpublic domain|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|troot|t|fSIMPLY1|f
|tASCII|t|fSIMPLY2|f
|tEDLIN|t|fSIMPLY2|f
|tExecutable|t|fSIMPLY2|f
|tParameters|t|fSIMPLY2|f
|tReplaceable|t|fSIMPLY2|f
|TCALL|T|fSIMPLY3|f
|TCON|T|fSIMPLY3|f
|TCOPY|T|fSIMPLY3|f
|TFOR|T|fSIMPLY3|f
|TSHIFT|T|fSIMPLY3|f
|tBad command or filename|t|fSIMPLY3|f
|tPATH|t|fSIMPLY3|f
|TDOSKEY|T|fSIMPLY4|f
|TECHO|T|fSIMPLY4|f
|TEDIT|T|fSIMPLY4|f
|TGOTO|T|fSIMPLY4|f
|TDOSSHELL|T|fSIMPLY5|f
|TPAUSE|T|fSIMPLY5|f
|TREM|T|fSIMPLY5|f
|tBoot|t|fSIMPLY5|f
|tCOMMAND.COM|t|fSIMPLY5|f
|tReboot|t|fSIMPLY5|f
|tCONFIG.SYS|t|fSIMPLY6|f
|tKeyboard|t|fSIMPLY6|f
|tRedirection|t|fSIMPLY6|f
|tPROMPT|t|fSIMPLY6|f
|TIF|T|fSIMPLY5|f
|TTIME|T|fSIMPLY3|f