A Beginner's Guide to the Internet/INTERNET.ISO/text/guides/info/internet.tx

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host: sri.com
directory: netinfo
file: internet-access-providers-non-us.txt
date: June 1993

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
This file is Chapter 6 (formerly Chapter 7) of the book "Internet:
Getting Started," a book that tells what the Internet is and how to
join it.  "Internet: Getting Started" (ISBN 0-13-327933-2) is
published by Prentice-Hall.  It can be ordered directly from
Prentice-Hall by calling 515-284-6751, and is also available in many
bookstores.
* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

                                 CHAPTER 6
                              NON-U.S. SITES

The  Internet,  having originated in the United States, is not surprisingly
strongest and most diverse in that country.  However,  the  Internet  is  a
worldwide enterprise and there are many networks in many countries that are
full and active Internet participants.  Larry Landweber of  the  University
of  Wisconsin  maintains  a file describing international connectivity that
covers not only  IP  connectivity,  but  BITNET,  UUCP,  FidoNet,  and  OSI
connectivity  as  well.    According  to the April 15, 1993 version of this
file,  there  are  127  entities  (mostly  countries)  with   international
connectivity.    A  slightly  earlier  version  of this file is included in
Appendix VIII.


This chapter describes some of these  networks.    These  descriptions  are
provided  so  that  if  you are in one of these countries and would like to
connect to the Internet, you can  contact  the  resource  listed  for  your
country and get started.


However,  what  if you are in a country that is not listed here?  How would
you go about joining the Internet?  This can be a  challenge  if  there  is
currently  no  Internet  presence  in your country, but here are some ideas
about how to get started.


First, determine whether the top-level domain for  your  country  has  been
delegated  by  the  Internic  Registration Service.  That is, does InterNIC
Registration Services list an administrative contact for that domain?   You
can find this out by contacting InterNIC:

          Network Solutions, Inc.
          InterNIC Registration Services
          505 Huntmar Park Drive
          Herndon, VA 22070
          800 444 4345
          [phone]
          [phone]
          [e-mail]


If  the  InterNIC  does  list  someone,  contact that person.  He or she is
probably knowledgeable about networking in your country and  can  help  you
get started.  You will need to register your domain name with him as well.


If  your  country's  domain  has  not  been delegated, there is probably no
connection to the Internet based on the TCP/IP protocols.  However,   there
may  be  at least electronic mail access based on other protocols.  You may
wish to check books that have lists of networks.    For  example,  !%@::  A
Directory  of  Electronic Mail Addressing and Networks by Donnalyn Frey and
Rick Adams [1], The Matrix by John Quarterman [2], and Users' Directory  of
Computer  Networks  by Tracy LaQuey [4] have network listings that are much
more extensive than those provided here.  In addition, there are  a  couple
of  newsletters that often discuss the international aspects of networking.
One is the Internet Society News [5], whose  first  volume  was  issued  in
January 1992; another is Matrix News [6], offered by Matrix Information and
Directory Services, Inc.  More information about each of these  newsletters
can be found in Chapter 12.

If  you  can  find  no established networking presence in your country, you
will have to start from scratch by contacting possible providers and seeing
what they can do for you.  Some good places to start are:

   - The  commercial  service  providers listed in Chapter 4.  As they
     are in the business of providing Internet connections,  they  are
     very  motivated  to  help.  Some of them already have connections
     from the U.S. to other countries.  These particular providers are
     repeated  in  Section  6.39.    However,  some  of their non-U.S.
     connections may be due to special project  affiliations  or  some
     other arrangement that might make it difficult for these sites to
     help some other organization even within the same country to join
     the Internet.

   - InterNIC  Information Services The InterNIC is very knowledgeable
     about connections to the Internet from other countries and can be
     helpful in suggesting contacts or strategies.

   - The  BITNET  Network  Information  Center  (BITNIC)  (see Section
     10.5.5).  Although BITNET access is not full Internet access,  it
     can  be  used  for  electronic  mail.  BITNET has a strong sister
     network in Europe called EARN (see Section 6.1.1.2).

   - In Europe, the RIPE Network Coordination  Center  (NCC)  supports
     the  network providers in the member countries.  They may know of
     some activity in IP networking in your area and be able to  refer
     you to a local contact (see Section 6.1.1.6).


The  following  sections  provide  information  about specific countries or
areas.  We are grateful  to  the  contacts  in  these  countries  who  have
supplied this information for us.  If you are a provider of Internet access
in your country and do not see your information reflected in the  following
sections,  please  feel  free  to  send  it  to  us  at SRI via the contact
information  provided  in  the  Overview.    Most  notably  we  regret  the
comparative  lack  of  information regarding networking activities in South
America and Africa.  The newsletters mentioned above are a good  source  of
current information for networking in these, as well as other, areas.



6.1. Europe

Internetworking  in  Europe is quite strong in many countries--in many more
countries, in fact, than we include here.  As mentioned in the introduction
to  this  chapter,  there  are  several  books  whose purpose it is to list
networks, but that is not the primary purpose of this book.  If you  cannot
gain  access  to  any  of the books mentioned, a network information center
(such as the InterNIC can provide  information  for  you  about  what  they
contain.


Europe  is  the  home  of  the  OSI protocols, so networking based on these
protocols is much more extensive there than in the U.S.   Networking  based
on  TCP/IP,  however, is also strong, as shown by the influence of the RIPE
group (see Section 10.1.6).  In addition, the goal of communicating between
networks  based  on  each  of  these suites of protocols is given very high
priority in Europe.

However, in some individual countries, there is some conflict between which
suite  of protocols should be used for national networking.  There may also
be some uncertainty regarding  which  agency  or  site  will  coordinate  a
national  networking  effort.   This makes it more confusing both for those
trying to gain access  to  the  network  world  and  for  those  trying  to
ascertain service provider referrals.


This  section  provides  two  general types of information.  First, several
groups  are  working  in  Europe  at  coordinating  networking  efforts  in
individual  countries into internets that serve larger areas.  These groups
are introduced in the following subsections.  Second, thanks to input  from
the  RARE  Information  Services  and User Support Working Group (ISUS), we
list contacts in Section 6.1.2 for many European networks  taken  from  the
first  RARE  Technical  Report.    This  section includes contacts for some
networks about which we have more extensive information elsewhere  in  this
Chapter,  as  well  as contacts for some networks for which we have yet not
gathered further descriptions.


6.1.1. Pan-European Cooperation
There are several efforts being made toward uniting networking  efforts  in
individual  countries  into  a  pan-European  cooperation.  EUnet currently
provides a framework for uniting many national networks.  The EBONE project
is  a  new effort at a pan-European, multi-protocol backbone.  In addition,
the EARN and HEPnet networks have existed across Europe for some time.  The
RIPE  Network  Coordination  Center  is  a  relatively  new group tasked to
provide support to the RIPE member networks.    Each  of  these  widespread
European efforts is described briefly in this subsection.  However, as yet,
there is no one organization we can point to if you are in  a  country  not
listed here and wish to join the Internet.


6.1.1.1. EUnet
SRI thanks Alessandro Berni for forwarding this information about EUnet.


EUnet  is  the  largest  subscription-funded  research-oriented  network in
Europe, serving users from Iceland to Russia, and as far South as  Tunisia.
Operating since 1982, EUnet connects over four thousand sites and networks,
with gateways to major research networks around the world including  NSFnet
and the Internet.


EUnet  is  constituted  as a service by and for the members of EurOpen, the
European Forum for Open Systems.  Founded in 1977, EurOpen is a  non-profit
association  of  Open Systems users, organized into National User Groups in
Europe and beyond.  At present EurOpen has more than  6000  members.    The
close  association  of  EUnet  with EurOpen provides a continuing source of
user input.


EUnet is a pan-European cooperative network made up  of  national  networks
located across Europe.  Each EUnet National Network (or NalNet) operates in
conjunction with their respective national EurOpen User Group.  Each NalNet
operates  its  own National Network Operations Center (National NOC), which
provides user support in the  local  languages.    Technical  problems  and
requests  for  services  at  the  national  level  should  be  addressed to
postmaster@<country>.eu.net.  Many NalNets provide unique services.  Please
contact your NalNet for additional information.

Each  EUnet  NalNet  connects to the European Network Operations Center (or
NOC) in Amsterdam.  From Amsterdam, EUnet connects to every  major  R  &  D
network in Europe, and, via a 128kb leased line, to UUNET and the NSFNET in
the United States.  Technical problems at  the  European  level  should  be
addressed  to [e-mail].  Users interested in information on how to
obtain an EUnet subscription should contact [e-mail] or their  National
EUnet Network.


EUnet  services  include  electronic mail, network news, InterEUnet (TCP/IP
based networking services), UUCP,  the  EUnet  Archive,  and  user  support
services.


EUnet connects to every major research network in Europe, and most research
networks around the world.    Peer  international  networks  include  EARN,
HEPnet,  NORDUnet,  NSFNET.    EUnet  is  also  a member of EBONE (European
Backbone), and the Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX) Association.  Several
EUnet NalNets are users of IXI, the X.25 service.


EUnet has a social-technical mission to provide services to a wide range of
users, from the one-person software development organizations  to  research
centers of large, multinational corporations.  EUnet has a special focus on
helping to make networking available to as  many  members  of  the  R  &  D
community, in as many countries, as is possible.  Accordingly, should EUnet
develop a budgetary surplus, it is to be used for  grants  to  networks  in
developing countries.


For more information about EUnet, contact:

          EUnet
          c/o NIKHEF
          Postbus 41882
          1009 DB Amsterdam
          NETHERLANDS
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]


6.1.1.2. EARN
We  would like to acknowledge and thank Nadine Grange of the EARN Office in
France for the following information.


EARN, the European Academic Research Network, is the first general  purpose
computer  network  dedicated  to  universities  and  research  institutions
throughout Europe, the Middle East and Africa.


The network is  widely  used  for  scientific,  educational,  academic  and
research  purposes.    Commercial  and political use is not allowed, either
directly or indirectly.


EARN is made up of nearly 500 institutions including universities, European
research  centers  (e.g., CERN, the European Space Agency, and the European
Molecular  Biology  Laboratory),  and   national   research   centers   and
laboratories  such  as  CNRS (France); Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (UK);
CNR, INFN, and  CINECA  (Italy);  DESY,  GSI,  DFLVR  and  the  Max  Planck
Institute (Germany).


EARN  also has links to 27 countries including Yugoslavia, Turkey, Algeria,
Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt, Iceland, and Luxembourg, to name a few.


EARN is an integral part of BITNET (see Section 1.5.4), in that it is based
on the same protocols and shares the same name space.  Through BITNET, EARN
members have access to equivalent facilities in Argentina, Brazil,  Canada,
Chile, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, Singapore, Taiwan and the United States.


Most  of  the  academic  networks in the world can be accessed through EARN
including EUnet, HEPnet, NSFNET, national European networks such as DFN  in
Germany and JANET in the UK, as well as a regional European Network such as
NORDUnet, which links all the Nordic countries (see Section 6.28).


One of EARN's  major  objectives  is  to  stimulate  cooperative  research,
support  the day-to-day exchange of research information, and the execution
of joint projects and publications.    Like  BITNET,  EARN  supports  mail,
mailing  lists,  and  a  type  of  file transfer.  It provides the LISTSERV
mailing list function.  Its facilities also allow users  access  to  remote
applications, databases, and libraries.


EARN  is  also  an  international  member of RARE (Reseaux Associes pour la
Recherche  Europeenne)  and  cooperates  actively  with  RARE  and   COSINE
(Cooperation  for Open Systems Interconnection Networking in Europe) on OSI
for the research community.  RARE and COSINE are more  fully  described  in
Sections 10.1.5 and 10.1.7.


For  information  about access to EARN, how to become a member organization
or member country, or any other general information, contact your country's
EARN representative or:

          European Academic Research Network
          BP 167
          F-91403 Orsay CEDEX
          FRANCE
          BITNET/EARN/NetNorth: grange@frors12
          Internet: [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.1.1.3. HEPnet
HEPnet  is  a  worldwide  network  used by researchers in the field of High
Energy Physics; however, the  European  portion  of  the  network  is  very
prominent.    It  is  mentioned  here  because  HEPnet was one of the first
pan-European internets.  In Europe, HEPnet is coordinated  by  a  committee
chaired  by  a  CERN  (Organisation Europeenne pour la Recherche Nuclearie)
representative.


For information about HEPnet, contact:

          Denise Heagerty
          DD Division
          CERN
          CH-1211 Geneve 23
          SWITZERLAND
          [e-mail]
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          TELEX: 419000 CER CH


6.1.1.4. EBONE
EBONE (E1  Backbone)  is  an  effort  aimed  at  filling  the  need  for  a
well-managed  pan-European  multi-protocol  backbone service in Europe.  An
initial meeting to delineate the technical and operational aspects of  such
a  backbone  was  held  in  September 1991, so this effort is very new.  An
EBONE task force has recommended a two-step approach to  implementing  this
backbone:

   - During  1992, create a kernel backbone by combining and enhancing
     existing facilities.

   - In 1993, merge the 92 backbone into the planned RARE  Operational
     Unit.


The  target  group for EBONE is all the national and international networks
and international research institutions that provide network  services  for
users at higher education and research sites.  In principal, the EBONE will
have no restrictions on traffic. It will be up to participating networks to
restrict traffic according to their own norms.


In  September  1992,  it  was  announced  that  the  the  final link of the
initially defined EBONE, the London-Montpellier link,  was  put  in  place.
The EBONE is now complete as a resilient pan-European IP backbone.


The  RARE  Secretariat  has  the responsibility for maintaining information
regarding EBONE. They are the contact point for organizations  planning  to
contribute and/or connect to the EBONE.

          RARE Secretariat
          Singel 466-468
          NL-1017 AW
          AMSTERDAM
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]


6.1.1.5. RARE
RARE,  the Reseaux Associes pour la Recherche Europeenne, is described more
fully in Section 10.1.5, but briefly  it  is  an  association  of  European
networking  organizations.   Its purpose is to promote network services for
the European research community, and especially  to  promote  international
interconnections of such services.  Please also refer to Section 10.1.6 for
information regarding the RARE-sponsored  organization  RIPE  (see  Section
10.1.6).

For more information, contact:

          RARE Secretariat
          Singel 466-468
          NL-1017 AW
          AMSTERDAM
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]


6.1.1.6. The RIPE Network Coordination Center (NCC)
The  RIPE  NCC  began  operation  on  April  1,  1992  with  the mission of
supporting the networking organizations that cooperate in RIPE (see Section
10.1.6  for  information  about RIPE). The RIPE Network Coordination Center
(NCC) supports  all  those  RIPE  activities  that  cannot  be  effectively
performed  by  volunteers  from  the  participating organizations.  Besides
supporting RIPE activities in  general,  the  NCC  provides  the  following
services to network operators:

   - Network  Management  Database  containing  information  about  IP
     networks,  DNS  domains,  IP  routing   policies,   and   contact
     information

   - Delegated  Internet  registry,  a  clearing house distributing IP
     network numbers

   - Coordinated network statistics gathering

   - Domain Name System (DNS) coordination

   - Graphical maps of IP networks (planned)

   - Repository for network operations software

   - RIPE document store

   - Interactive information service


The RIPE  NCC  provides  services  to  the  networking  organizations  that
cooperate in RIPE.  It does not provide direct services to end users.


The RIPE NCC currently has 3 permanent staff members.  The RARE association
provides the formal framework for the NCC.  Funding for the first  year  of
operation of the NCC is provided by the national members of RARE and EARN.


The  RIPE  NCC  will function as a "Delegated Registry" for IP addresses in
Europe, as anticipated and defined in RFC 1174.  The NCC keeps the registry
of  IP  (Internet  Protocol) numbers and AS (Autonomous System) numbers for
the RIPE member organizations.  This  will  mean  that  the  NCC  allocates
blocks  of  numbers  to  local  registrars  in  Europe.    It  remains  the
responsibility of the NCC to collect information regarding  how  the  local
registrars  allocate  IP  addresses  and  make  such  information available
globally.  The local registries are set up by RIPE member organizations  as
appropriate.    Particular  requests  that  can  not  be  handled  by local
registries will be handled by the NCC.

To contact the RIPE NCC:

          RIPE NCC
          c/o NIKHEF
          Kruislaan 409
          NL-1098 SJ Amsterdam
          THE NETHERLANDS
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.1.2. European Network Contacts List

We are indebted to the RARE Information Services and User  Support  Working
Group  for  the  information   contained in this section.  It is taken from
RARE Technical Report 1, User Support and Information Services In Europe: A
Status  Report  [32].    This report aims to provide guidance regarding the
numerous networks and the information found on them, specifically  focusing
on  the  answer  to  the questions "Who should I ask about a network?"  and
"Where can I find the 'signposts' to this information?"  It is an excellent
introduction  to networking efforts in Europe, from which we have extracted
only contact information to help  you  get  started.    The  document  also
contains  information  about what services each network offers and how they
may be accessed, as well as information about how the survey was  conducted
and  background  information  about RARE, the Information Services and User
Support working group, and various network servers from  which  information
can be obtained online.


To  obtain  this  document,  send  a  message  to the Mailbase server.  The
address is [e-mail].  In X.400 format, the address is  C=gb;
ADMD=  ; PRMD=uk.ac; O=mailbase; S=mailbase;.  In the text of your message,
type send rare-wg3-usis rtr-usis-92.


Some of these contacts  are  repeated  in  information  elsewhere  in  this
chapter,  with  more  extensive  descriptions  of their networks.  They are
included again for completeness in representing the RARE information.   The
other  contacts  are  included  as  a  starting  point  for people in their
countries,  even  though  we  have  not  yet   collected   more   extensive
descriptions of their networks.


Contacts  for the networks reported on in the RARE WG3 Technical Report are
listed next.  For each network listed, entries follow this format:

          Network Name
          Contact person(s)
          Postal address
          Telephone number
          E-Mail address in RFC 822 format
          E-Mail address in X.400 format


Austria

ACONET
     Austrian Scientific Data Network
     Florian Schnabel
     ACONET-Verein
     Gusshausstrasse 25
     A-1040 Wien
     AUSTRIA
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     [e-mail]
     C=at; ADMD=ada; PRMD=tu-graz; O=edvz; S=schnabel




Belgium

Future Belgian National Academic Network
     P. Van Binst
     R. Vandenbroucke
     ULB
     CP 230, Bd du Triomphe
     1050 Bruxelles
     BELGIUM
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=be; ADMD=rtt; PRMD=iihe; O=helios; S=vanbinst;




Denmark

DENet
     Jan.P.Sorensen
     [e-mail]
     Building 305, DTH, DK-2800, Lyngby
     DENMARK
     [phone]
     C=dk; ADMD=DENET; O=UNI-C; OU=NET; S=SORENSEN;




France (EARN)

EARN-France
     Dominique Dumas
     950 re de St. Priest
     F-34000 Montpellier
     FRANCE
     [phone]
     BITNET: bruch@frmop11
     Internet: [e-mail]


RED400
     Serge Aumont
     CICB
     Campus de Beaulieu
     35042 Rennes
     FRANCE
     or
     Paul-Andre Pays
     INRIA
     Domaine De Voluceau
     Rocquencourt
     BP 105
     78150 Le Chesnay Cedex
     FRANCE
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=FR; ADMD=atlas; PRMD=cicb; S=contact-red;




Germany

DFN/WIN
     DFN-Verein
     Pariser Str. 44
     D-1000 Berlin 15
     GERMANY
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=de; ADMD=dbp; PRMD=dfn; S=dfn-verein;




Greece

ARIADNE
     Yannis Corovesis
     NRCPS Demokritos, 153 10 Athens
     GREECE
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=gr; ADMD= ; PRMD=ariadne-t; OU=iosun; S=corovesis; G=yannis;




Hungary

HUNGARNET
     Istvan Tetenyi
     Computer and Automation Institute
     H-1132 Budapest
     18-22 Victory Hugo
     HUNGARY
     [phone]
     [e-mail]




Iceland

ISnet
     Marius Olafsson
     c/o SURIS
     University of Iceland
     Dunhaga 5
     107 Reykjavik
     ICELAND
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=is; ADMD=0; PRMD=isaneet; O=hi; OU=rhi; S=marius




Ireland

HEANET
     Higher Education Authority Network
     Peter Flynn
     Computer Centre, University College,
     Cork IRELAND
     [phone] x2609
     [e-mail]




Italy

GARR  Gianfranco Turso
     Tecnoplois CSATA Novus Ortus
     SP. Casamassima Km. 3
     I-70010 Valenzano (BA)
     ITALY
     [phone] Gianfranco Turso
     [e-mail]




Luxembourg

RESTENA
     Antoine Barthel
     6 Rue Coudenhove Kalergi
     L-1359 Luxembourg
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=lu; ADMD=pt; PRMD=restena; O=restena; S=admin




The Netherlands

SURFnet
     Maria Heijne
     P.O.Box 19035
     3501 DA Utrecht,
     THE NETHERLANDS
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=nl; ADMD=400net; PRMD=surf; O=surfnet; S=info;




Norway

UNINETT
     Petter Kongshaug
     SINTEF DELAB
     7034 Trondheim
     NORWAY
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=no; ADMD= ; PRMD=uninett; O=sintef; OU=delab; S=kongshaug; G=petter;




Portugal

RCCN  Vasco Freitas
     Dr. Vasco Freitas
     CCES
     Universidade do Minho
     Largo do Paco
     P-4719 Braga Codex
     PORTUGAL
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=pt; ADMD= ; PRMD=fccn; O=ce; S=Freitas; G=Vasco;




Slovenia

ARNES
     Marko Bonac
     ARNES Network
     Jamova 39, Ljubljana
     SLOVENIA
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=si; ADMD=mail; PRMD=ac; O=ijs; S=bonac




Spain

RedIRIS
     Fundesco/RedIRIS
     Alcala, 61
     E-28014 Madrid
     SPAIN
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=ES; ADMD=mensatex; PRMD=iris; O=iris-dcp; S=info;




Sweden

SUNET
     Anders Gillner
     KTH,100 44, Stockholm
     SWEDEN
     [phone]
     [e-mail]




Switzerland

SWITCH
     Thomas Lenggenhager
     SWITCH Head Office
     Limmatquai 138
     CH-8001 Zuerich
     SWITZERLAND
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=CH; ADMD=arCom; PRMD=SWITCH; O=SWITCH; S=postmaster;




Turkey

TUVAKA
     Esra Delen
     Ege Universitesi
     Bilgisayar Arastirma ve Uygulama Merkezi
     Bornova, Izmir 35100
     TURKEY
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     [e-mail]




United Kingdom

JANET
     Joint Academic Network
     JANET Liaison Desk
     c/o Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
     Chilton
     Didcot
     Oxon
     OX11 OQX
     UNITED KINGDOM
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     O=GB; ADMD= ; PRMD=uk.ac; O=jnt; G=JANET-LIAISON-DESK;





Regional Networks


Both NORDUnet and YUNAC are discussed more fully elsewhere in this chapter.

NORDUnet
     Peter Villemoes
     UNI-C,
     Build. 305, DTH
     DK-2800 Lyngby
     DENMARK
     [phone]
     [e-mail]


YUNAC
     Avgust Jauk
     Jozef Stefan Institute
     Jamova 39, Ljubljana,
     SLOVENIA
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     C=yu; ADMD=mail; PRMD=ac; O=ijs; S=postmaster


6.1.3. Eastern and Central Europe
The  following information is taken from a report by Milan Sterba published
as Ripe 74, Version 5, November 1992 [33].  At the time of this writing, it
was         available        from        host        ftp.ripe.net        as
ripe/docs/ripe-drafts/ripe-draft-ece.v5.txt.  The report in  more  complete
than  the  information  we include here.  Again, we are primarily concerned
with providing contacts from whom you can gain more  detailed  information.
Some  of the countries mentioned in this section may be listed elsewhere in
the chapter as well.


The report begins by noting  that  "considerable  progress  has  been  made
during  the  last  year  in  IP  connectivity  of  ECE [Eastern and Central
European] countries."  He notes that all connected countries  have  rapidly
challenged  the  initial  capacity  of  their  international  lines and are
seeking to upgrade the existing lines and establish fallback solutions.


"All the countries considered have at the present  time  some  (often  more
than  one)  connection  to  international networks.  Certain countries have
only a dial-up e-mail connectivity, others have low or medium speed  leased
lines."


In  this  section,  for  each country discussed, we reproduce the points of
contact given in the report.


Albania

Maksim Raco                           Francesco Gennai
[e-mail]                   [e-mail]
University of Tirana                  CNUCE, Pisa, Italy

Estonia

Ants Work [e-mail]
Institute of Cybernetics, Tallinn

Latvia

Guntis Barzdins                       Ugis Berzins
[e-mail]                [e-mail]
BaltNet                               BaltNet

Sergei Rotanov                        Sergey Dmitrijev
[e-mail]                  [e-mail]
Institute of Electronics              JET (RELCOM Riga)

Lithuania

Laimutis Telksnys                     Algirdas Pakstas
[e-mail]                 [e-mail]
Institute for Mathematics, Vilnius    Institute for Mathematics, Vilnius

Bulgaria

Daniel Kalchev                        Anton Velichkov
[e-mail]                       [e-mail]
EUnet backbone manager BG and         EARN president for Bulgaria
contact for top level domain BG

Alexander Simeonov
[e-mail]
Center for Informatics, Sofia

Commonwealth of Independent States

Valery Bardin                         Misha Popov
[e-mail]                       [e-mail]
EUnet - RELCOM                        EUnet - RELCOM Demos

Andrej Mendkovich                     Nickolay M.Saukh
[e-mail]                   [e-mail]
CIS EARN director                     EUnet - RELCOM

Igor Sviridov                         Oleg Tabarovsky
[e-mail]  [e-mail]
EUnet - Ukraine contact               EUnet - RELCOM

Dima Volodin
[e-mail]
EUnet - RELCOM Demos

Czechoslovakia

Jaroslav Bobovsky                     Gejza Buechler
[e-mail]                [e-mail]
SANET                                 EUnet backbone manager CS

Karol Fabian                          Jan Gruntorad
[e-mail]                 [e-mail]
SANET                                 EARN director for Czechoslovakia
                                       and CESNET coordinator

Vladimir Kassa                        Jiri Orsag
[e-mail]                        [e-mail]
SANET                                 CS NIC and EUnet Prague

Peter Pronay                          Pavel Rosendorf
[e-mail]                    [e-mail]
President of EUnet Czechoslovakia     Contact for .CS top level domain

Ivo Smejkal                           Milan Sterba
[e-mail]                            [e-mail]
CESNET - user services                Author of this report, CESNET

Hungary

Peter Bakonyi                         Laszlo Csaba
[e-mail]                        [e-mail]
President of IIF Exec Com.            EARN director for Hungary

Piroska Giese                         Nandor Horvath
[e-mail]             [e-mail]
HEPnet                                EUnet backbone manager,
                                      domain contact for HU

Balazs Martos                         Ferenc Telbisz
[e-mail]                      [e-mail]
HBONE project manager                 HEPnet

Istvan Tetenyi                        Geza Turchanyi
[e-mail]                [e-mail]
EARN deputy director                  HUNGARNET CRIP

Laszlo Zombory
[e-mail]
EARN president, chairman  of HUNINET

Poland

Daniel J.Bem                          Jerzy Gorazinski
[e-mail]                   [e-mail]
Polish academic network (NASK)        Polish State Committee for
                                      Scientific Research

Krzystof Heller                       Tomasz Hofmokl
[e-mail]              [e-mail]
Contact for PL domain                 EARN director for Poland

Rafal Pietrak                         Jerzy Zenkiewicz
[e-mail]                      [e-mail]
IP within NASK                        Polish academic network (NASK)

Andrzej Zienkiewicz
[e-mail]
Polish academic network (NASK)

Romania

Florin Paunescu                       Paul Dan Cristea
[e-mail]                        [e-mail]-darmstadt.d
National Council for Informatics      Polytechnic Institute of Bucharest

Slovenia

Leon Mlakar                           Borka Jerman-Blazic
[e-mail]                   [e-mail]
EUnet backbone manager YU

Marko Bonac                           Denis Trcek
[e-mail]                    [e-mail]
ARNES Executive Director              ARNES
Serbia and Montenegro

Jagos Puric
[e-mail]
EARN director for YU

Macedonia

Marjan Gusev                          Aspazija Hadzisce
[e-mail]       [e-mail]
or [e-mail]                    Ministery for Science and Technology,
Faculty for Natural Sciences,
Gazibaba, Skopje




6.2. Canada

UUNET Canada


UUNET Canada serves all of Canada and offers international connectivity  to
the Internet via UUCP, Telnet, IP connections, and a corporate WAN service.
This provider offers all the AlterNet services as well.  It is a member  of
the CIX, and serves both the research and commercial communities.


For more information about UUNET Canada, contact:

          UUNET Canada Inc.
          1 Yonge Street
          Suite 1801
          Toronto, Ontario
          M5E 1W7
          CANADA
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]




CA*net



SRI  thanks  Eugene  Siciunas  of the University of Toronto for much of the
information we present about CA*net.


Canada began implementation of its national research and academic  network,
called  CA*net,  in the summer of 1990.  It is intended to interconnect the
existing and emerging Canadian regional networks, and  thereby  to  support
data  communications  related  to  the  research,  academic, and technology
transfer needs of Canada.


Following is information about CA*net and its ten member regional networks.

CA*net

CA*net Information Centre
     Computing Services
     University of Toronto
     4 Bancroft Ave., Rm 116
     Toronto, Ontario
     CANADA, M5S 1A1
     Attn: Eugene Siciunas
     416 978 5058
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]
     [e-mail]




Quebec

RISQ  Reseau Interordinateurs Scientifique Quebecois
     Centre de Recherche Informatique de Montreal (CRIM)
     3744, Jean-Brillant, Suite 500
     Montreal, Quebec
     CANADA, H3T 1P1
     Attn: Bernard Turcotte
     514 340 5700
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]




Ontario

ONet  ONet Computing Services
     University of Toronto
     4 Bancroft Avenue, Rm 116
     Toronto, Ontario,
     CANADA, M5S 1A1
     Attn: Eugene Siciunas
     416 978 5058
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]




Manitoba

MBnet
     Director, Computing Services
     University of Manitoba
     603 Engineering Building
     Winnipeg, Manitoba
     CANADA, R3T 2N2
     Attn: Gerry Miller
     204 474 8230
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]

Saskatchewan

SASK#net
     Computing Services
     56 Physics
     University of Saskatchewan
     Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
     CANADA, S7N 0W0
     Dean Jones
     306 966 4860
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]




Alberta

ARnet
     Alberta Research Network
     Director of Information Systems
     Alberta Research Council
     Box 8330, Station F
     Edmonton, Alberta
     CANADA, T6H 5X2
     Attn: Walter Neilson
     403 450 5188
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]




British Columbia

BCnet
     BCnet Headquarters
     Room 419 - 6356 Agricultural Road
     University of British Columbia
     Vancouver, B.C.
     CANADA, V6T 1W5
     Attn: Mike Patterson
     604 822 3932
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]




Newfoundland

NLnet
     Newfoundland and Labrador Network
     Director, Computing and Communications
     Memorial University of Newfoundland
     St. John's, Newfoundland
     CANADA, A1C 5S7
     Attn: Wilf Bussey
     709 737 8329
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]

Nova Scotia

NSTN  Nova Scotia Technology Network
     General Manager, NSTN Inc.
     900 Windmill Road, Suite 107
     Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
     CANADA, B3B 1P7
     Attn: Mike Martineau
     902 468 6786
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]




Prince Edward Island

Prince Edward Island Network
     University of Prince Edward Island
     Computer Services
     550 University Avenue
     Charlottetown, P.E.I.
     CANADA, C1A 4P3
     Attn: Jim Hancock
     902 566 0450
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]




New Brunswick

NBnet
     Director, Computing Services
     University of New Brunswick
     Fredericton, New Brunswick
     CANADA, E3B 5A3
     Attn: David Macneil
     506 453 4573
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]





In  addition,  Mr.  John  Demco  of  the Computer Science Department of the
University of British Columbia acts as the registrar for the CA domain  (CA
is the ISO 3166 two-letter country code designation for Canada).  Mr. Demco
can provide information to those sites interested in becoming  a  subdomain
of CA.


For  those  already  connected  to  the  Internet,  online  information  is
available by  anonymous  FTP  from  host  ftp.cdnnet.ca  in  the  ca-domain
directory.  Included is an introduction to the domain, an application form,
several indices, and a registration file for each organizational subdomain.

The  information  is  also  available via e-mail from the archive server at
[e-mail].


If you're not connected, but would like additional information about the CA
domain or sites currently registered under CA contact:

          John Demco
          Computer Science Dept.
          University of British Columbia
          Vancouver, B.C.
          CANADA V6T 1Z2
          [e-mail]
          604 822 6724
          FAX: [phone]



6.3. Australia

connect.com.au Pty Ltd.


connect.com.au  Pty  Ltd.  provides  local access to users in Melbourne and
Sidney.  Some of the services provided include SLIP, PPP, ISDN, UUCP,  ftp,
Telnet, NTP, and FTPmail.  For further information contact:

          connect.com.au Pty Ltd.
          29 Fitzgibbon Crescent
          Caufield, Victoria 3161
          AUSTRALIA
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]



AARNet


The  Australian  Academic and Research Network (AARNet) is a multi-protocol
national network serving the Australian academic  and  research  community.
Our thanks to Geoff Huston for providing this information.


The  network  provides  Internet  services  to  the  national  academic and
research sector as it's  primary  objective,  and  also  provides  Internet
services to any other organization with compatible interests to this sector
on a fee for service basis.


AARNet was commissioned in May 1990, and currently uses 2 megabit  capacity
links  across  the  major trunk routes interconnecting Adelaide, Melbourne,
Canberra, Sydney and Brisbane.


AARNet is connected to the U.S. Internet via a dedicated 512  kbps  circuit
to  the  United States, and also provides an Internet mail delivery service
to Papua New Guinea and Thailand.

TCP/IP is the major supported protocol within  AARNet.  A  national  DECnet
Phase  IV  network  is  supported,  but it should be noted that there is no
DECnet interconnection between this DECnet network and the HEP/SPAN DECnet.
X.25  is  also supported on a regional basis, and an interconnection to the
public X.400 mail service is also supported.


Further information regarding  AARNet  (including  maps,  a  more  detailed
description   of   the  network,  a  list  of  connected  institutions  and
organizations and an Australian network resource guide)  is  available  via
anonymous ftp from the host aarnet.edu.au. The Australian resource guide is
also published in the Internet as a WAIS service.    The  guide  itself  is
maintained by Geoff Huston, [e-mail].


For additional information regarding AARNet contact:

          Geoff Huston
          The Australian Academic and Research Network
          GPO Box 1142
          Canberra  ACT  2601
          AUSTRALIA
          [phone]
          [e-mail]


PRO-NET


PRO-NET  is a user-friendly communications system, fully menu-driven at all
levels,  providing  a  comprehensive   Australia-wide   and   International
communications   and   resource   network.      Computers,   terminals  and
work-stations connect easily to  PRO-NET  by  modem.    PRO-NET  is  wholly
Australian-owned,    and    provides   Australia-wide   and   International
E-Mail(electronic-mail)  by  modem  dial-up  from  anywhere  in  Australia,
together  with  software archives, Australia-wide and international forums,
real-time discussion lounges, database storage and retrieval.


For more information contact:

          Phone:  [phone]
          Fax:    [phone].
          Mail:   [e-mail]

          Pro-Net Australia
          P.O Box 186
          North Carlton, Vic., 3054
          Melbourne, Australia



6.4. Czechoslovakia

SRI thanks Pavel Rosendorf for providing this information.


In Czechoslovakia, public X.25 networking services have  been  provided  by
the  PTT  only  very  recently,  so the majority of connections are dial-up
lines.  There is a great effort now being undertaken to  build  a  national
backbone  based  on  64 kbps lines, running the set of TCP/IP protocols via
cisco routers.  There is a project underway, launched  by  INRIA  (Institut
National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique), and supported by the
French government, which will  assist  with  the  tasks  of  building  this
national  backbone  and  improving  overall IP connectivity of some Eastern
Europen countries.


Czechoslovakia is connected to two international networks - EUnet and EARN.
Connection  to  the  EUnet  is  realized by a 9600 kbps leased line between
Bratislava and Vienna, Austria.  The protocol currently in use is UUCP, but
tests  are  being  performed  to  switch to the TCP/IP protocols as soon as
possible.


The connection to EARN is via a 19200 kbps leased line between  the  cities
of Prague, Czechoslovakia and Linz, Austria.  The current protocol for this
connection is TCP/IP via cisco routers.    There  is  also  a  test  TCP/IP
connection between Praha and Linz using SLIP implemented on PC.  E-Mail and
news services are currently available to all users  and  remote  login  and
file transfer services are available on the test line.


There   are   two   networking   organizations   in  Czechoslovakia  -  the
Czechoslovakian part of EUnet (CSUUG) and the Czechoslovakian part of  EARN
(CSERN).


There  are  also  plans  underway  by  the  government of Czechoslovakia to
establish a federal organization for networking in the country.


For  additional  information  about   networking   in   Czechoslovakia   or
administration of the top-level domain CS, contact:

          Pavel Rosendorf
          University of Wisconsin
          Dept of Chemical Engineering
          1415 Johnson Drive
          Madison, Wisconsin 53706
          U.S.A.
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.5. Hungary

SRI thanks Balazs Martos for this information about networking in Hungary.


The  IIF  network  center, operated by the Academic Computer Infrastructure
Division  of  the  Computer  and  Automation  Institute  (MTA-SZTAKI/ASZI),
provides  many types of services to a large Hungarian user community.  This
community  includes  people  from  education,  research  and   development,
government,  healthcare,  libraries  and  museums, etc.  Services for these
nonprofit organizations are free of charge, financed  by  the  "Information
Infrastructure  Program"  of the government.  Commercial users pay a modest
contribution to cover a part of the service costs.

Network services are  provided  mainly  over  the  large  X.25  network  in
Hungary,  but  leased  lines  running  IP are also connected to the center.
UUCP and PAD based services (mail, file transfer, news) are accessable  for
dial-up  users  as  well.    The IIF network center runs the EUnet and EARN
national node, so also provides services to the Hungarian  EUnet  and  EARN
nodes.


Tens  of  thousands  of  people  are  using  the most popular mail service.
Internet services like FTP and Telnet are becoming more and more a dominant
part of the international bandwidth.


Services include:

   - Line mode terminal access (XXX)
   - 327x full screen service
   - Central  e-mail  service  (called  ELLA)  with  gateways  to  the
     Internet and BITNET, and with a built-in directory system
   - Central file server
   - Central bulletin board
   - Databases
   - BITNET Listserv
   - NetNews


IP services include:

   - Domain Name Server
   - Anonymous FTP
   - Electronic mail
   - Remote login


For more information, contact:

          Balazs Martos
          Head of the Academic Computer Infrastructure Division
          Computer & Automation Institute
          Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA-SZTAKI/ASZI)
          Budapest, XIII
          Victor Hugo u. 18-22
          HUNGARY
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.6. Bulgaria

BGnet


SRI thanks Daniel Kalchev for this information on networking in Bulgaria.


BGnet in Bulgaria is presently very small, but is growing more stable.

At present, sites in Bulgaria connect over UUCP dialup links or  using  the
national  X.25  network to the national backbone in Varna.  The backbone is
connected to two other EUnet backbones - the  Greek  national  backbone  in
Heraklion,  Crete,  and  the  European  EUnet  backbone  in  Amsterdam, The
Netherlands.  Both links are over the X.25 network, with dialup connections
in reserve when the X.25 network is not operational.


The  following  additional  background information is taken from a draft of
the paper  Implementing  Internationally  Connected  Computer  Networks  in
Bulgaria by Daniel Kalchev [31].


Danbo BBS, the first Bulletin Board System in Bulgaria, started in Varna in
November 1989.


Shortly after that, Danbo BBS became member of FidoNet.   Having  connected
to  FidoNet, the BBS could offer international e-mail, which was affordable
and reachable for anyone with a computer and modem.  This had a significant
social  effect and shortly thereafter many other BBSs opened all around the
country.


Many Bulgarian users, mostly researchers, desired  wider  connectivity  and
services.    Many alternatives for acquiring such services were considered,
but the final choice was  EUnet.    In  December  1990,  a  Bulgarian  site
(danbo.uucp) connected to EUnet.


As  the demand for networking services was high, EUnet installed a national
backbone in Bulgaria.  Other sites connected in  September  1991,  and  the
EUnet network in Bulgaria started operation.


EUnet  offered  not only e-mail, but also News and InterEUnet (worldwide IP
connectivity).  To ease the future connection of the  national  network  to
the  Internet,  it was necessary to register the national top-level domain;
Bulgaria's top-level domain BG was registered in November 1991.


Several other groups in Bulgaria began attempts to establish  international
connections  with other networks, most notably with EARN.  An EARN node was
installed in Sofia.


There is a public X.25 network in Bulgaria called BULPAC.  When  the  EUnet
backbone  connects  to  BULPAC,  the  other  sites  can dial a local access
number, login to BULPAC and then connect to the backbone.


Here is some numerical data about the Bulgarian EUnet network.   This  data
reflects the state of the network on 1 May 1992.

    Number of operational sites: 12

    Number of sites by type:

    Companies         6
    Universities      2
    Public Institutions                 2
    Research          1
    Government        1


The  majority  of  these  sites  are  in  Varna  or Sofia, although Burgas,
Plovdiv, Blagoevrgad, and Rousse each have at least one site.


For more information about BGnet, contact:

          BGnet
          Daniel Kalchev
          c/o Digital Systems
          Neofit Bozveli 6
          Varna - 9000
          Bulgaria
          Voice and FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.7. Romania

SRI thanks Florin Paunescu for this information about Romania.


Currently, Romania has no  operational  country-wide  academic  (or  other)
network.    Romania  is  not connected to any international network either,
except for an  end-user  connection  from  the  Polytecnical  Institute  of
Bucharest  (IPB)  to the Technical University of Darmstadt in Germany.  The
only service provided is e-mail for a group of people from IPB.


A connection to EARN is planned by July 1992.  It will be connected to  the
University  of  Linz,  Austria.    Although  there  are still problems with
obtaining export licenses for both this node  and  TCP/IP  routers,  it  is
planned  that  the  services  available  will be those currently offered by
EARN.


The first users connected to this EARN node will be the Research  Institute
for  Informatics  in  Bucharest  (ICI), which is also hosting the node; the
Research Institute for Atomic Physics (IFA); and IPB.  There is a  Romanian
EARN Board.


To  obtain  a  country-wide  academic network in Romania, a TCP/IP backbone
network is planned.  The project is supported by the National Commission of
Informatics  (CNI),  which  is  an interministerial governmental body whose
main role is to propose to  the  Government  strategies  and  policies  for
information in Romania.


For more information about networking in Romania, contact:

          Florin Paunescu
          Commission Nationale d'Iformatique
          Piata VICTORIEI Nr.1
          71 201 Bucarest, ROUMANIE
          Tel.: [phone]
          Fax.: [phone]
          e-mail: [e-mail]



6.8. Ukraine

SRI thanks Igor Sviridov for this information about networking in Ukraine.


Most  hosts  in  the  Ukraine  today started as part of the Relcom network,
which was created in the USSR  in  1990.    Services  offered  there  today
include  mail  feeds,  access  to  news via a news-to-mail server, and news
feeds.


These hosts are usually 386 PCs connected via dialup lines and UUCP.   They
provide users with access to e-mail (which is routed outside Relcom through
Moscow, then to the host fuug.fi in Finland), as well as to Usenet news and
Relcom  news.    There  is  also quite a young ukr.* news hierarchy.  Users
usually are equipped with DOS PC's, 2400  baud  modems  and  UUCP  flavors.
There  are  more than 300 nodes in Ukraine and more than 10 hosts providing
news feeds.  There are also some direct UUCP connections  to  West,  though
for now the Relcom link from Moscow to Finland is the most reliable.


A  networking  issue  in  the Ukraine is the registration of the UA domain.
Currently, UA is resolved only  within  Relcom,  so  traffic  from  outside
Relcom  must be routed through the host ussr.eu.net.  For example, a user's
address would be in the form:

     [e-mail]


Soon the administration of the UA domain will move from Moscow to a site in
the   Ukraine,   although   which   organization   will   be  assuming  the
responsibility is still unclear.


The Ukraine Unix Users  Group  (UUUG)  was  recently  formed,  and  is  now
officially registered both in Ukraine and EuNet.


For more information about networking in the Ukraine, contact:

          Igor Sviridov
          App. 72, Prospekt 40 liet Oktyabrya, 108/2, 252127
          Kiev, Ukraine
          [e-mail]
          [phone]



6.9. Baltic Countries

BALTBONE


SRI  thanks  Ants  Work for this information about networking in the Baltic
countries.

The BALTBONE project is a joint project of Estonia, Latvia,  and  Lithuania
to  build  a  64  Kbps  TCP/IP network backbone as soon as possible between
Tartu, Tallinn, Riga, Vilnius, and Kaunas, and  to  link  the  backbone  to
NORDUnet  and  the  rest  of  the world via the current Tallinn to Helsinki
connection.  Cisco Systems AGS routers will  be  used  as  soon  as  export
licenses have bee acquired.


A  digital  microwave  link  of  34 Mbps between Tallinn and Helsinki is in
operation, and one 64  Kbps  channel  has  been  leased  for  the  BALTBONE
connection.  As of May, 1992, the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) runs on SUN
3/80.  The 64K channel from Tallinn to Tartu is ready,  and  was  built  on
12-group  analog  voice  channels.    The  digital 64K link from Vilnius to
Kaunas is in operation (temporarily on X.25).  The next  difficult  problem
is to make the Vilnius-Riga-Tallinn connection.


Research and Education Networks in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are called
respectively ESTNET, LATNET and LITNET, and  they  will  use  BALTBONE  for
international connectivity.


For more information about the BALTBONE project, contact:

          Ants Work
          Deputy Director
          Institute of Cybernetics
          Estonian Academy of Sciences
          Akadeemie tee 21
          EE 0108   Tallinn
          ESTONIA
          [e-mail]
          +007 0142 525622
          FAX: [phone]



6.10. Russia

Relcom


SRI thanks Dimitry (Dima) Volodin for this information about Relcom.


Demos  provides  UUCP  access to the RELCOM network.  The standard services
are e-mail, Usenet and RELCOM news, archive service.  Demos connects to the
Internet  via dial-up IP link to Alternet (UUNET).  The immediate plans are
to start interactive (BBS and "public access Unix") dial-up services,  UUCP
and  interactive  services  via X.25, dial-up IP and IP-over-X.25 services,
fax-telex-e-mail gateways, fax box  service.    We  plan  to  switch  to  a
full-time  leased  line link to Alternet to make the access to the Internet
faster and easier for our customers.


Demos provides e-mail access not only to the RELCOM  network,  but  to  the
Internet  as  a  whole.   TCP/IP access to Internet (Alternet-CIX-etc.) for
users is planned for the near future.

For more information about Relcom or Demos, contact:

          Demos
          6 Ovchinnikovskaya nab.
          113035 Moscow
          Russia
          [e-mail]
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.11. Former Yugoslavia

SRI thanks Borka Jerman-Blazic for this information regarding networking in
what was formerly Yugoslavia.


Yugoslav Academic and Research Network (YUNAC)


The  Yugoslav  Academic  and  Research  Network (YUNAC) was formed in 1990.
After the political events in Yugoslavia in 1991, YUNAC reorganized  itself
as  an international organization following the example of NORDUNET.  YUNAC
is an international  member  of  RARE.    New  countries  appeared  on  the
territory  of  former  Yugoslavia  and  new networking organizations formed
within those countries.


In general all these networks provide a similar choice of services and  are
using  the  international  IXI  line  that  was  granted  to YUNAC Services
include:

   - Electronic mail (DECnet and X.400)

   - Computer conferencing

   - Remote login

   - Connection via gateways (IXIgate of  DFN)  to  the  international
     networks EARN/BITNET, EUNET/USENET, and Internet.


Slovenia


The  academic  and  research  network  of  Slovenia  is  called ARNES.  The
infrastructure of ARNES is the following: PPSDN in the country, some leased
lines, and one international 64 Kb line (the line granted to YUNAC) to IXI.
ARNES is organized as a public institution and  is  governed  by  the  body
appointed by the Ministery of Science and Technology of Slovenia.  ARNES is
a member of RARE.  The backbone of the Yugoslav part of EUnet is located in
Slovenia.  They use mainly UUCP protocol.  Recently some new networks based
on  the  TCP/IP  suite  became  operational   and   provide   international
connectivity.  They are members of RIPE.


Croatia

The  academic  and  research  network  of  Croatia  is  called CARNET.  The
infrastructure used by CARNET is similar to that used by ARNES; i.e using a
PPSDN  with  DECnet  on  top  of  it.   CARNET is the YUNAC line to IXI for
international traffic.  CARNET is also a member of RARE.


Bosnia and Herzegovina


At the time of this writing, there is no networking activity in  this  part
of former Yugoslavia.


Serbia and Montenegro


Serbia  was  connected  with  a  leased line to Linz, and the University of
Belgrad was a member of EARN.  After the sanctions adopted  by  U.N.,  this
connection  was  cut  off.    Serbia can be reached by international public
packet switched networks.  The part of PPSDN - JUPAK is still  operational,
as is the DECnet network within the country.


Macedonia


The  part  of  the  PPSDN  in  this  former  republic of Yugoslavia is also
operational.  The e-mail service is  provided  through  the  University  of
Ljubljana  node  and  DECnet network.  The academic and research networking
organization is called MARNET.  MARNET  is  currently  seeking  for  direct
connection to Internet and EARN.


For  further  general  information  about  YUNAC  and  networking  in these
countries, contact:

          Borka Jerman-Blazic
          IJS E-5NET
          Jamova 39
          61000 Ljubljana
          SLOVENIA
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]


          E-mail addresses for points of contact for other networks
          mentioned in this section are:

          ARNES: [e-mail]
          EUnet: [e-mail]
          CARNET: [e-mail]
          MARNET: [e-mail]
          EARN in Serbia: [e-mail]



6.12. France

EARN-France

EARN-France is the French portion of EARN/BITNET.


For more information about EARN-France, contact:

          Dominique Dumas
          EARN-France
          950 rue de Saint Priest
          34184 Montpellier Cedex 4
          France
          [e-mail]
          or
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]


Fnet


SRI thanks Annie Renard for this information about Fnet.


Fnet is the French part of EUnet, and INRIA (located  near  Versailles)  is
the organization that manages the Fnet backbone.


EUnet-FR  is  open  to  members of AFUU (French Unix users group), which is
affiliated with  EurOpen.    One  also  needs  to  subscribe  to  the  Fnet
association to benefit from its services.


Fnet  supports  usage of TCP/IP over Transpac, leased lines, and telephone,
with ISDN support coming soon.  A service called InterEUnet  (Internet  for
EUnet  subscribers)  is also provided, which allow these subscribers to get
access  to  all  authorized  parts  of  the  European  and   US   Internet.
("Authorized" meaning that the NSFNET might be inaccessible to a commercial
company, but a US commercial network  could  well  be  accessible  to  that
site.)  In addition, dialup IP access over a telephone ("DIP") is available
on a pay per use basis.


Incoming calls to Fnet are supported at 1200 (V.22) (although this usage is
discouraged  now), 2400 (V.22-bis), 9600 (V.32), 14400 (V.32-bis) and other
multiprotocol modems.


In addition, X.25 access is supported over PSDN  public  network  Transpac,
and  ISDN  access  is  supported  over ECMA 102 adaptors (which makes those
adaptors look like 19200 full-duplex asynchronous modems).


For more information about Fnet, contact:

          Sylvain Langlois
          FNET Association
          11 rue Carnot
          94270 Le Kemlin-Bicetre
          FRANCE
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.13. Spain

RedIRIS


SRI thanks the Secretaria RedIRIS for this information  about  the  RedIRIS
network.


Since  1991,  Higher  Education  and  Research funding bodies in Spain have
sponsored  RedIRIS  as  the  National   Research   and   Academic   Network
organization.    RedIRIS  provides  services  for universities and research
centers in Spain.   The  network  is  managed  by  Fundesco,  a  non-profit
organization  dealing  with  Information  Technology  and Telecommunication
activities.


The number of RedIRIS user organizations has grown to  108,  most  of  them
belonging  to the Higher Education and Public Research sectors.  RedIRIS is
the National  Member  representing  Spain  in  the  RARE  Association,  and
participates in the COSINE Project.


RedIRIS  services  are  supported on a private 64 Kbps X.25 backbone called
ARTIX, which links the main Research and Development sites, and  connection
to  the PPSDN is also provided.  An IP network service is tunneled over the
common backbone as well.  In a similar way  a  CLNS  (ISO  IP)  service  is
provided, currently for experimental purposes.  The ARTIX backbone expanded
in the first half of 1992 to 9 regional nodes.  Presently 50 RedIRIS member
organizations  (all  mainly  universities and research institutes in Spain)
hold at least one access link to ARTIX.  For 1993 plans are to upgrade  the
ARTIX infrastructure to 2 Mbps.


International communications are established through the COSINE IXI network
for X.25 traffic and through EBONE for  IP  and  CLNS  services.    Present
international  bandwitdh  is  2  x  64  Kbps.    A new 64 Kbps digital link
Madrid-Amsterdam was added in May as part of the  EBONE  infrastructure  to
supplement  the former IXI (X.25) access point which was used for some time
to carry all traffic types.  Now  the  IXI  line  is  used  for  X.25-based
traffic (X.400, XXX, DECNET) whereas the EBONE tail link is kept for IP and
CLNS traffic.


In June 1992, 40 RedIRIS member organizations reached full IP connectivity.
Within  the  RedIRIS  Autonomous  System,  there  are  now  57 IP connected
networks (18 class B, 39 class C).  More networks are  in  the  process  of
getting IP connectivity.


Several  user support and information services are now being implemented to
provide users with available information and adequate tools.   A  principal
aim  is  to  help  local  managers  at  RedIRIS organizations run their own
network services at each  specific  site.    Anonymous  ftp  and  an  X.500
Directory  are  ready  available  for  that  purpose.   Other user-friendly
interfaces such as WAIS and Gopher are under consideration.

For more information about RedIRIS, contact:

          Secretaria RedIRIS
          RedIRIS
          Fundesco
          Alcala 61
          28014 Madrid
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]
          C=es;ADMD=mensatex;PRMD=iris;O=rediris;S=secretaria;



6.14. Germany

DFN


SRI thanks Martin Wilhelm for this information about the services  provided
by DFN.


The  DFN (Deutsches Forschungsnetz) association provides a broad variety of
communication  services  to  its  members  and  other  interested  parties.
Consultancy services, manuals, and special software are provided to support
the use of  communication  services.    The  association  further  supports
projects   for   the  development  of  data  communication  and  encourages
experiments with  new  applications.    Special  emphasis  is  put  on  the
development of services at higher speeds ( > 2 Mbps).


Communication within DFN is realized through a packet switched X.25 network
using powerful and  advanced  technologies  to  provide  access  speeds  of
currently  up  to  2  Mbps.  As of September 1992, WIN comprises 184 access
points with 9.6 kbps, 164 access points with 64 kbps, and 17 access  points
with 2 Mbps.


International  connectivity  is  established  by  connections  to  European
backbone  infrastructures  and  a  high  bandwidth  connection  to  the  US
internets.


Provision  of  additional  value added services is another major concern of
DFN.  Gateway and relay  services  for  electronic  mail  exchange  between
X.400,  SMTP,  and  BSMTP  are  provided.   Currently, approximately half a
million messages are handled monthly.  Via the services  of  DFN,  all  the
German  universities,  research  institutes, Max-Planck-Society, Fraunhofer
Society, database  providers,  libraries,  and  several  research  oriented
departments of industry can be reached.


For additional information about the DFN Association, contact:

          DFN-Verein e. V.
          Geschaeftsstelle
          Pariser Strasse 44
          D - 1000 Berlin 15
          Germany
          [e-mail]
          [e-mail]
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.15. Japan

The  Widely Integrated Distributed Environment (WIDE) project was initiated
in July 1987 by a group of researchers led by Professor Jun Murai, of  Keio
University.  The  project  was  designed  to  provide  a  testbed  for  the
development  of  large-scale  distributed  systems  technologies,  and  was
initially  constructed by interconnecting several campus networks. The WIDE
Internet  has  since  provided  a  basis  for  Japanese  computer   science
researchers  to  gain practical experience in advanced networking. The WIDE
project operates as a non-government  network  with  funding  support  from
about 25 private companies.


The  WIDE  project  sponsors  a consortium to study various computer issues
including   protocols,   operating   systems,   computer   security,   ISDN
technologies,    home   computing,   mobile   computing,   satellite   data
communications,  distributed  applications  and   internationalization   of
computer  software.    Their research results are annually published by the
project and the resulting software is also distributed.


The WIDE Internet is composed of a variety of links, including voice  grade
leased  lines,  64K  kbps  and  192  kbps  digital  leased lines, and ISDN.
Currently,  52  user  organizations,  including  universities  and  private
companies  are  connected  to  six operation centers through 64 kbps to 192
kbps leased lines. The backbone  also  passes  traffic  of  other  research
networks,  such  as  JUNET  (Japan  University  Network), which is now JAIN
(Japan  Academic  Inter-university  Network),  and  which  does  not   have
long-haul  nationwide  connectivity.    The WIDE project has been providing
connectivity  to  other  networks,  such  as  the   University   of   Tokyo
International  Science  Network  (TISN), NACSIS Science Information Network
(SINET), and BITNET-JAPAN. The WIDE Internet supports TCP/IP as  its  basic
protocol suite.


WIDE  operates  in  conjunction  with  the  Pacific  Communications Network
(PACCOM) project to provide international links  for  Japanese  researchers
using 192 kbps under-sea cable via the University of Hawaii to NASA Ames in
Mountain View, CA.


WIDE Project contact:

          c/o Prof. Jun Murai
          KEIO University
          5322 Endo, Fujisawa, 252
          JAPAN
          [e-mail]
          [phone] ext. 3330

6.16. Taiwan

TANet


SRI thanks Lui Zi-Di for this information about TANet.


TANet, The Taiwan Academic Network, is a pilot project  undertaken  by  the
Ministry  of  Education  and  Universities  Computer  Center to establish a
common national academic network infrastructure.


To support research and academic institutions in Taiwan, TANet will provide
access to unique resources and opportunities for collaborative work.  TANet
will be composed of  most  of  the  Taiwan  Internet  community,  including
industry   networks  such  as  SEEDNet  (Software  Engineering  Environment
Development Network).


The management structure of TANet is a  two-layer  hierarchy.    The  TANet
network  service  center  (TANSC)  is  to  be  responsible for the national
backbone network and  management  of  international  links.    Within  each
regional  area,  a  regional  network  service  center  (RNSC) will provide
necessary services and support connections to the TANet backbone  from  the
local-area  network/campus  network  of  each  university/institution.   At
present, TANSC is run by the Ministry of  Education  computer  center,  and
each RNSC is run by a major local university.


The network protocols will initially focus on TCP/IP on the TANet backbone.
Regional networks may support multiple protocols and additional  facilities
(including  X.25  transport  or  dial-up  services)  on  a  local  basis in
accordance with regional requirements.  Support for OSI (CLNS) routing will
be  introduced  in  the  near  future.    Existing  Taiwan BITNET and ifNET
(information NETwork) applications  (including  electronic  mail  delivery,
NetNEWS,   and   file  transfer)  will  be  supported  over  TANet  via  IP
connections.


A 256 kbps link will be installed from the Ministry of  Education  Computer
Center  to  Princeton  University in the end of 1992. This link will couple
TANet to both JvNCnet and NSFNET.


For more information about TANet, contact:

          Computer Center, Ministry of Education
          12th Fl, No. 106
          Sec. 2, Hoping E. Road
          Taipei, Taiwan
          Attention: Chen Wen-Sung
          [e-mail]
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]

6.17. Israel

ILAN, or Israeli Academic Network, is  a  network  owned  and  operated  by
Machba  -  the Israeli Interuniversity Computer Center.  ILAN was formed in
November 1988 as an  outgrowth  of  the  BITNET  network  that  existed  in
Israel.    The  initial  network,  established  in  1984,  grants  Internet
connectivity to institutes  of  higher  education,  cultural  and  academic
organizations,   as   well   as  organizations  involved  in  Research  and
Development.


There are two international links to sites outside of Israel.   One  starts
at  the  Weizmann Institute of Science and ends in the United States within
the  NSF  regional  network  called  NYSERnet.    The  physical  connection
terminates  in  New York City.  This link is a 64 kbps satellite link.  The
second  connection  is  from  Tel-Aviv  University  to  CERN   in   Geneva,
Switzerland.  This is also a 64 kbps link via an undersea fiber-optic cable
called EMOS.  The fiber-optic link is faster for Telnet  connections  since
it  does  not  suffer from satellite delays.  Both these links are paid for
and owned by Machba.


The ILAN network currently handles routing for IP,  DECnet,  and  Appletalk
between various universities.


For additional information about ILAN contact:

          Hank Nussbacher
          Israeli Academic Network Information Center
          Computer Center
          Tel Aviv University
          Ramat Aviv
          ISRAEL
          [e-mail]
          [phone]



6.18. Italy

GARR


Our thanks to Antonio Blasco Bonito of CNUCE for the following information.


In  Italy,  The Ministry of University and Scientific Research supports and
finances the GARR network.    GARR  is  the  acronym  for  "Group  for  the
Harmonization  of  Research Networks" (Gruppo Armonizzazione delle Reti per
la Ricerca).  The aim of GARR is to interconnect the Italian  research  and
academic  networks  and  coordinate  intercountry  connections.    GARR  is
currently composed of CNR (CNRnet),  ENEA  (ENET),  INFN  (INFNet),  CILEA,
CINECA,  CSATA,  and  government  research organizations.  GARR is publicly
financed and only allows research institutions to connect to it.  IUnet  in
Italy  (described  below)  is  a  non-profit institution and is open to the
general public.


GARR provides the following facilities:  electronic  mail,  file  transfer,
remote  login,  database  access, remote job entry, remote terminal access,
and USENET news.

All computers on GARR use Internet-style domain  addresses  for  electronic
mail.


Recognized   vehicles   of  mail  traffic  are  IP/SMTP  and  X.400.    The
electronic-mail GARR task force (named GARR-PE) has adopted the  policy  of
having  every  Italian  domain  registered  through  the DNS to be directly
reachable through the Internet or indirectly through an SMTP/other protocol
mail gateway.  Another mail path is through the COSINE X.400 WEPS.


GARR  has  recently decided to organize a Network Information Service (NIS)
which will act as the Italian Registration authority for IP  addresses  and
Internet  domains  under  IT.    The GARR NIS will also provide support for
managers of "GARR-regional" networks.  The  GARR  NIS  will  be  in  direct
contact  with  the  other  major  network information services, such as the
InterNIC, and RIPE-NCC.  The GARR-NIS, located in Pisa,  will  run  the  IT
top-level domain name server and the c=IT X.500 DSA.


The  backbone  of  the  GARR network provides four TDM channels over 2 mbps
lines, carrying IP, DECnet, SNA and X.25 (IXI).  There  are  seven  primary
sites  on  the network backbone: they are located in Milano, Pisa, Bologna,
Roma, Frascati, and Bari.  Sites on GARR employ a combination of protocols,
including TCP/IP, X.25, SNA, DECnet, UUCP, and others.


The  backbone,  built  up by the original seven primary sites, is gradually
being extended as funds are made available.  Many  new  sites  are  in  the
process  of  being added on the backbone.  Other sites will be connected as
secondaries attached to the primary sites at their own expenses.


GARR is composed by the interconnection of member  networks,  and  is  well
connected  to  IUnet, the Italian part of EUnet/InterEUnet.  GARR will also
maintain  connections  to  the  major  international   research   networks,
including  RIPE/EASInet/Internet,  EARN/BITNET,  EUnet/UUnet,  HEPnet,  and
others.


For additional information about GARR contact:

     Gruppo Armonizzazione delle Reti per la Ricerca
     Ufficio del Ministro per l'Universita` e la Ricerca
     Scientifica e Tecnologica
     Lungotevere Thaon di Revel, 76
     I-00196 Roma
     ITALY
     [phone]
     FAX: [phone]


IUnet


The Italian UNIX Systems User Group  (I2U),  a  non-profit  association  of
hardware  manufacturers, software houses, universities and research centers
that share an interest for the diffusion of the UNIX operating  system  (as
well  as  open  systems),  began  in  1986  as  a  UUCP  network.   Totally
reorganized in 1988, this network, subsequently named IUnet, has  grown  to
become an important reality in the Italian networking landscape.

IUnet is the Italian segment of EUnet and today connects more than 80 sites
in the Italian R&D community  (both  academic  and  industrial/commercial).
While  the  IUnet  NIC  is hosted at the Computer Science Department of the
University of Genoa (one of the founders of the  I2U),  IUnet  receives  no
kind of government funding.  All costs for the operation and improvement of
the network infrastructure are covered by the user's fees.


IUnet is gradually evolving to become a TCP/IP network (about  30%  of  its
sites have switched to the InterEUnet service, that is, have full access to
the  whole  "European  Internet").  EUnet  is  a  participant  to  the  CIX
initiative.    There are no limitations to the type of traffic that crosses
IUnet, EUnet or any other of the CIX  networks.  For  this  reason,  unlike
GARR,  IUnet  is  ready  to connect commercial/industrial enterprises, thus
making possible a vital  information  exchange  between  academic  research
institutions  and  industry.  IUnet  members  can  also  qualify for NSFNET
access, provided they meet the requirements of the  NSFNET  Acceptable  Use
Policy.


TCP/IP  access  to  IUnet  is  possible  via  leased lines, public X.25 and
dial-up, both SLIP and PPP (Points of Presence in Genoa, Milan, Turin, Rome
-  activation  of  the Bologna POP in 1993).  International connectivity is
via a leased line to INRIA in Sophia Antipolis, France. European  and  U.S.
access is via the EUnet infrastructure.


IUnet  offers  UUCP  mail,  news,  and archives via dialup and public X.25;
offers access to the Internet via dialup, public X.25,  and  leased  lines;
offers  a  mailbox  service,  and  database  access to UNIX software and an
electronic newsletter.  IUnet plans to offer MHS X.400  services  in  1993.
The network operates the anonymous FTP archive host ftp.iunet.it.


For additional information about IUnet contact:

          Alessandro Berni
          IUnet
          DIST, Universita` di Genova
          Via Opera Pia, 11a
          16145 Genova
          ITALY
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.19. The Netherlands

SURFnet


Our thanks to Peter Kokosky Deforchaux for the following information.


SURFnet  bv  is  the  Dutch  national  organization  for  the  provision of
information and communication services for research  and  higher  education
including  industrial  research.    It is a private not-for-profit company.
The owners are the SURF Foundation (51%), representing the user  community,
and the Dutch PTT (49%).

The main services of SURFnet are:

   - Megabit  multi-protocol  backbone  services (IP and X.25) with IP
     rates up to 1.5 Mbps; CLNS will follow in 1992;

   - E-Mail, file transfer and remote access,  both  TCP/IP  and  OSI,
     including gateway services;

   - Open   Library   Network   in   cooperation   with  the  national
     organization for library automation Pica;

   - File services and a variety of other  information  services  e.g.
     NEWS  (in  cooperation  with NLnet, the Dutch part of EUnet).  In
     The Netherlands, SURFnet is responsible for EARN/NJE  and  HEPnet
     services.


The  SURFnet  services  are  managed  in a one-stop shopping approach where
total administrative and technical (e.g.  help-desk), support  is  provided
by  SURFnet personnel.  Operational management tasks are subcontracted with
SURFnet retaining the overall service provision responsibility  vis  a  vis
its customers.


The  1991  turnover was 7 M$.  The 120 connected institutions and companies
pay 5.5 M$ for operational services via volume independent  tariffs.    The
remaining  1.5  M$  are  related  to  forthcoming innovative services (i.e.
pilots, development projects) and are financed  by  the  government  funded
SURF Foundation.


SURFnet's  activities  are  restricted  to universities, colleges, research
institutions including industrial research, scientific and public libraries
and academic hospitals.


SURFnet   is  strongly  focussed  on  international  cooperation,  both  in
operational and in innovative activities.   International  connectivity  is
presently  achieved  via  the  EBONE  initiative  and  via  IXI.  SURFnet's
employees are active in several international  bodies  and  programs  (i.e.
RARE, Internet, COSINE).


Current development activities include:

   - The  development  of  an  Open  Library  Network based on the VTP
     protocol;

   - The connection of student work places at home via  the  TV  cable
     infrastructure;

   - Enhancement  of  the  Megabit multi-protocol backbone in terms of
     topology (resiliency), introduction CLNS,  introduction  34  Mbps
     trunks,  upgrade  of international connectivity, investigation of
     protocols like Frame Relay,  DQDB  and  ATM  and  integration  of
     network management;

   - Extension  of  the  pilot X.500 directory service with full scale
     data management tests and interworking tests;

   - Set up of an X.400 1988  extension  of  the  present  X.400  1984
     infrastructure including interworking tests of new products;

   - Set  up of a file service based on FTAM and FTP with interworking
     tests of new products;

   - Introduction of security procedures and facilities including  the
     set up of a CERT NL (Computer Emergency Response Team);

   - The  set  up  of  a  pilot Full Image Document Delivery Server in
     cooperation  with  scientific  libraries  and  publishers  (under
     preparation).


For more information about SURFnet, contact:

          P.O. Box 19035
          3501 DA Utrecht,
          THE NETHERLANDS
          [phone]
          [e-mail]
          c=nl, ADMD=400net, PRMD=SURF, O=SURFnet, S=Admin



6.20. Switzerland

SWITCH


SWITCH  is  the  Swiss  Academic  and  Research  Network.   We thank Thomas
Lenggenhager for the information contained in this section.


SWITCH is a  foundation,  sponsored  by  the  Swiss  government  and  Swiss
universities,   that   provides   teleinformatics  services  to  all  Swiss
universities, technical high schools, and various  research  institutes  by
connecting  to  national  and  international  resources.    SWITCH  started
operation in October 1988.


SWITCHlan is a national backbone network which  connects  all  universities
using leased lines with speeds between 128 kbit/s and 2 Mbit/s.  Most other
organizations are connected via 64 kbit/s.  For routing on  these  national
leased  lines  SWITCH  uses  cisco  routers.    The protocols supported are
DECnet, TCP/IP, X.25, and ISO CLNS.


The resources connected to SWITCHlan are documented in the SWITCH  Resource
Guide,  a  collection  similar  to  the  Internet  Resource  Guide.   It is
accessible  via   anonymous   FTP   on   nic.switch.ch   [130.59.1.40]   in
/info_service/SWITCH-resource-guide.    The  Swiss  supercomputer sites and
several library catalogs are connected to SWITCHlan.


International connections on the  network  level  went  into  operation  in
January 1990. The current state today is:

   - Two  lines  with TCP/IP to CERN each 2 Mbit/s.  This gives access
     to EBONE, the European part of the Internet and via the  EASIgate
     T1 link to the US access to the NSFNET.

   - TCP/IP  and  ISO CLNS connection to Nice, France, with 64 kbit/s,
     which also acts as the backup route to the Internet/NSFNET.

   - A TCP/IP 64 kbit/s line to BelWue, a regional research network in
     southern Germany.


A  64  kbit/s  connection  to the COSINE/EMPB private X.25 network has been
running since the first quarter of 1990.   This  infrastructure  is  mainly
used  for  TCP/IP  over X.25 to RedIRIS, DFN and ACOnet. In addition, it is
used for X.400 and X.500 traffic as well as for pilot ISO  CLNP  over  X.25
with the European Academic and Research Community.


SWITCHmail   is   the   national  X.400  MHS  network  which  connects  the
universities and research institutes to the  ADMD  of  the  Swiss  PTT  and
through  COSINE-MHS  to  research  MHS  networks  in  31 countries.  E-Mail
gateways to EARN/BITNET, UUCP and Internet are offered by SWITCH too.


SWITCHinfo is an information service accessible either via anonymous FTP to
nic.switch.ch  [130.59.1.40]  or interactively with Telnet to the same host
with the login name info; no password required.


On behalf of RARE (Reseaux Associes pour la Recherche Europeenne,  European
Research  Network Organization) SWITCH runs COSINE-MHS, an MHS coordination
service spanning 33 research networks in 31 countries.  SWITCH is an active
partner  in  other  COSINE  pilot  X.500  Directory Service project and the
COSINE Information Service project.


Any host on the network of a connected organization may access the network,
as  long the usage complies with the use policy of SWITCH.  SWITCH networks
can only be used for academic and research traffic.


SWITCH services include

   - Mailbox accounts. Offering  e-mail  connectivity  to  the  X.400,
     Internet,  BITNET, and UUCP world.  Dialup to the mailbox account
     is via modem or XXX (Pad).

   - Direct X.400 MTA-MTA connection. This includes  gateway  services
     to the same community as for the mailboxes.

   - Dialup UUCP.

   - Usenet NEWS service.

   - Leased  line  access to the Swiss IP network and the Internet for
     organizations cooperating with universities on research projects.

   - Dialup SLIP access to  the  Internet  has  been  available  since
     summer 1992, ISDN access is planned for 1993.

   - X.500 DSA/DUA access to the international X.500 pilot.


For additional information about the SWITCH network, contact:

          SWITCH Head Office
          Limmatquai 138
          CH-8001 Zurich
          SWITZERLAND
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]
          C=CH;ADMD=arCom;PRMD=SWITCH;O=SWITCH;
          S=Postmaster



6.21. Greece

ARIADNE SRI thanks Yannis Corovesis for the following information.


The  ARIADNE  Network  (ARIADNet)  is  open  to all members of the Research
Academic Community in Greece.  It is also open to Industrial R&D companies.
The  ARIADNE  Network Operations Center (NOC) is at the Demokritos Research
Centre in Attiki.


Most Research Institutes and  Universities  are  connected  via  a  private
backbone  of  more  than  20  leased  analog  circuits  (9.6 kbps).  Athens
(Attiki) is in the center of the network, with the  peripheries  stretching
to Thrace, Macedonia, Ipeiros, Peloponnese, and the Aegean.


Recently,  there has been demand for ARIADNE services by a wider community,
beyond that currently covered by State and CEC financing, and  a  study  is
underway  to  devise  a financial cost/charging scheme to cover operational
costs.  A study  group  has  been  formed  to  look  into  the  problem  of
networking coordination in the Research and Academic sector as the relevant
Ministry is restricting funds severely.    This  exercise  brings  together
pioneering  sites  in  networking  as well as newcomers planning to support
regional NOCs.  A forum of all  user  sites  is  to  complement  the  above
activity.


The outcome is expected to merge the Greek part of EARN (Crete) and ARIADNE
producing  a  four  NOC  backbone  (University  of  Crete,  CTI  at  Patra,
University of Thessaloniki, and Demokritos at Athens)


The International networks Internet (via ULCC/JANET), COSINE-MHS, IXI/EMPB,
BITNET (University of Crete), EUnet (ITE) and the CERN DECnet  (Demokritos)
may be accessed from ARIADNE.


The ARIADNE Network currently offers the following services:

   - Remote login via PAD or Telnet.

   - E-Mail (RFC 822, X.400 and gateway RFC 987).

   - File  transfer  via  FTP  and  Kermit, and anonymous FTP to fetch
     RFCs, FYIs, and UNIX configuration files.

   - Dial-up on 5 telephone lines for PC  users  (1200-9600  bps,  MNP
     error correction), including provision of a mailbox.  An order of
     another 10 lines has been placed with OTE (PTT).

   - Pythia,  an  information  server  for  browsing  information   on
     keywords  about  networks  and  related  topics,  currently at an
     embryonic stage.  Also Dialdoc for  PC  users  over  dial-up  for
     information and software exchange.

   - A  supercomputer,  CONVEX,  currently installed in Demokritos and
     made  available  to  ARIADNE  users  for  projects  in   physics,
     meteorology, environmental pollution, space, and defense.


Plans for the ARIADNE Network include:

   - Immediate  plans are the upgrade of International connectivity to
     64K.  Also  a  leased  line  running  TCP/IP  to  CERN  is  being
     installed.  This is to be an EBONE line.

   - ARIADNE  backbone is to receive 10 cisco Routers (currently being
     installed, 5 in pilot operation).

   - Build an X.400 backbone (10 sites) in  1992-1993  (currently  the
     MTAs of NRCPS, CTI, AUEB, TPCI, HEP are operational)

   - Install  10  network  servers over the backbone in 1993 (in order
     from HP)

   - A supercomputer, CONVEX, is being installed in Demokritos at this
     moment  and  made  available  to  ARIADNE  users  for projects in
     physics,  meteorology,  environmental   pollution,   space,   and
     defense.

   - Mass  publish a Network Users Guide fully in Greek, with examples
     and  explanations  (certain  parts  produced  using  other  net's
     experience)


For additional information about ARIADNE network, contact:

          ARIADNE Network Help Desk
          [phone]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]
          C=gr; ADMD= ; PRMD=ariadne-t; OU=isosun; S=postmaster;
          Yannis Corovesis
          [e-mail]
          C=gr; ADMD= ; PRMD=ariadne-t; OU=isosun; S=ycor
          Takis  Telonis
          [e-mail]



6.22. Turkey

TUVAKA


SRI thanks Esra Delen for this information about the TUVAKA Network.

TUVAKA stands for "Turkish University and Research Organizations' Network."
It was established in 1987 just before Turkey joined  EARN.    The  network
initially consisted of 4 nodes running the BSC protocol on 9.6K lines.  Now
the network consists of 34 nodes affiliated with  29  organizations.    The
network initially had a star topology with the node TREARN being the center
and the main international exit to EARN/BITNET.   Now  the  network  mainly
runs  the SNA protocol over 14.4K lines and is planning to migrate to IP on
64K lines very soon.  Also, now the network has  begun  to  lose  its  star
shape as alternate routes and backup links have developed.


The  major  node and the starting point of the network is at Ege University
in Izmir.  This node has the id TREARN in the NJE world, and ege.edu.tr  in
the IP world.  It holds the major international link, a 14.4K SNA link.  In
a very short time this line will be upgraded to a 64K VMNET line.   Another
international  exit  from TUVAKA is the Middle East Technical University in
Ankara, and this is an IP/X25 line to the Netherlands.


The host ege.edu.tr is the major governing node of the network.  Almost all
routing, addressing and other modifications are done from there.  This node
gives the other nodes a lot  of  technical  assistance,  and  help  in  all
issues.  The network mainly consists of IBM VM nodes, and UNIX machines and
DEC VAXes. Ege.edu.tr holds two IBM mainframes and two  UNIX  workstations,
all of them are defined in the network as separate nodes.


The  technical  personnel  on  the  TUVAKA  backbone nodes give courses and
assistance   to   the   newly   connected   nodes   both   nationally   and
internationally.    The  network  holds several servers and all of them are
accessible by mail and via interactive messages.  Most nodes in the network
have dialup and packet switched access.


For   more   information   about   TUVAKA,   contact  the  Network  Country
Coordinators:

          Sitki Aytac
          [e-mail]
          Esra Delen
          [e-mail]
          TUVAKA
          Ege University Computing Center
          Bornova, Izmir 35100
          TURKEY
          [phone]



6.23. Mexico

SRI thanks Ing. Hugo E. Garcia Torres for providing the  information  about
networking in Mexico.


MEXnet


The  Mexican  Academic  network  (MEXnet)  is  one  of  the participants of
Mexico's national academic and research network, SIRACyT (Sistema  Nacional
de  Redes  para  la  Ciencia  y la Tecnologia).  MEXnet is a not-for-profit
organization whose mission is to provide a way to facilitate  communication
for  the  faculty  and student community of its members in order to promote
the exchange of non-commercial information.  MEXnet is a fully  terrestrial
network with links going from 9.6 kbps to 64kbps.The following institutions
are MEXnet's members and are already connected and fully operational:

   - ITESM System (Instituto Tecnologico y de Estudios  Superiores  de
     Monterrey) UDLA (Universidad de las Americas)
   - Universidad de Guadalajara
   - ITESO   (Instituto   Tecnologico  y  de  Estudios  Superiores  de
     Occidente)
   - Colegio de Postgraduados de Chapingo
   - CIQA (Centro de Investigacion en Quimica Apliacada)
   - CINVESTAV (Centro de Investigaciones Avanzadas)
   - ITAM (Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico)
   - UAC (Universidad Autmnoma de Coahuila)
   - IPN (Instituto Politecnico Nacional)
   - UAM (Universidad Autmnoma Metropolitana)
   - LANIA (Laboratorio Nacional de Informatica Avanzada)
   - ITM (Instituto Tecnologico de Mexicali)
   - Instituto de Ecologia de Xalapa
   - UDEM (Universidad de Monterrey)


At this time the national system of state owned public universities are  in
the  process  of  being  incorporated  into MEXnet or with any of the other
networks that participate of SIRACyT.


MEXnet has several  international  connections.    ITESM  connects  with  a
terrestrial  56kbps link to ANSnet at MCI's POP in Houston, Texas, and also
to the University of Texas in San Antonio with three leased lines (3 X 9600
bps).    ITM  connects  with  a  terrestrial 64kbps link to San Diego State
University in San Diego, California.


Other participants of SIRACyT are:

   - Red UNAM (Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico) which  has  an
     international   link  to  the  National  Center  for  Atmospheric
     Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado, via  a  64  kbps  satellite
     connection.

   - Red  Cicese  (Centro  de  Investigacion  Cientifica  y  Educacion
     Superior)  with  an  international  link   to   the   San   Diego
     Supercomputer  Center  in  San  Diego,  California  via a 64 kbps
     satellite connection.

   - Red  CETyS  (Centro  de  Ensenanza  Tecnica  y  Superior)  has  a
     terrestrial   56kbps  link  to  San  Diego  State  University  in
     California.


Following  is  an  overview  of  the  ITESM  Network,   one   of   MEXnet's
participants.


ITESM
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
ITESM,   Instituto  Tecnologico  y  de  Estudios  Superiores  de  Monterrey
(Monterrey Technological Institute of Higher Education), is a network of 27
multicampus higher education institutions located in 22 different cities in
Mexico.  Telecommunications for the whole system are via satellite using 64
kbps  full  duplex  channels  for  voice and data.  The network is arranged
using a star topology with the central  hub  located  at  the  Mexico  City
campus.


The ITESM network has three international links.


ITESM  users have been BITNET members since 1986 and Internet members since
1987.  The  ITESM  network  consists  of  approximately  4000  nodes,  with
approximately  60%  PCs  and  Macs  and  40%  workstations,  mainframes and
minicomputers.


In the near future, ITESM plans to increase the capacity  of  the  link  to
ANSnet  in Texas to a T1, pending all necessary approvals.  Also, the ITESM
is working to have higher bandwith links to  the  most  important  campuses
like the one that is already working between the Mexico City campus and the
Monterrey campus (2 Mbps digital terrestrial link).


For further details about the ITESM network and MEXnet contact:

          Ing.  Hugo E.  Garcia Torres
          Director
          Depto.  de Telecomunicaciones y Redes
          ITESM Campus Monterrey
          E.  Garza Sada #2501
          Monterrey, N.L., C.P.  64849
          MEXICO
          [phone], ext. 4130
          FAX:   [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.24. Dominican Republic

REDID


SRI thanks Daniel Pimienta for this information  about  networking  in  the
Dominican Republic.


The  Dominican  Republic  has a UUCP node called REDID.  The design is of a
centralized UUCP based mailing system with access  to  Puerto  Rico  via  a
national  X.25  network  and  a  9600 bps leased line.  Puerto Rico conveys
messages between REDID and the Internet.


REDID (Red Dominicana de Intercambio para el Desarrollo  or  the  Dominican
Network  for  Exchanges  Toward  Development)  is  the name of a user group
formed as the result of an "open, transparent,  and  participative  process
directly conducted by future end-users."

For more information about REDID, contact:

          Daniel Pimienta
          Asesor Cientifico Union Latina
          APTD0 2972
          Santo Domingo
          Republica Dominicana
          pimienta![e-mail]
          [phone]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          TELEX: 1 346 0741



6.25. Caribbean Basin

This  Caribbean Basin survey is provided to us courtesy of Daniel Pimienta,
who wrote it.


The Caribbean Basin has not been left apart of the ongoing  network  growth
within  the  region.    If  the user population, except for Puerto Rico and
Costa Rica, is still low, infrastructures are in place  which  lead  us  to
expect further developments in the coming months.


For  several  years,  Costa  Rica  has  been  a  key  BITNET  location and,
furthermore, hosts the central UUCP node of a pilot project named  HURACAN.
HURACAN offers access to various researchers belonging to different Central
American countries via their interconnected national X.25 networks.    This
project  is  a  result of a cooperative effort started by Canadian Agencies
and completed by the UNDP.

Bitnet
     Guy de Teramond
     [e-mail]
     [e-mail]
     [phone]
     [phone]


Huracan
     Technical contact: Theodore Hope
     [e-mail]
     [phone]
     [phone]
     Management contact: Edgardo Richards
     [e-mail]




Puerto Rico is  presenting,  as  a  result  of  years  of  investments  and
technical  follow-up,  a  state-of-the-art network linking all the campuses
with each other and with the Internet by  high  speed  lines.    It  allows
students  to  operate  Telnet  functions at fractions of seconds in several
terminal areas spread over  the  country.    CRACIN  (Corporation  for  the
National  Academic  Scientific and Research Network) can now concentrate on
user support and make available some time to help its neighbors.

Puerto Rico is heading a sub-regional project, named  CUNET  for  Caribbean
Universities Network, which has put seeds virtually in all English speaking
islands of the Caribbean.  CUNET has a star design where UUCP nodes access,
by  switched  connection,  into  the Puerto Rico network which gateways the
traffic to the Internet.  The number of users is reported  to  be  steadily
growing in various countries, such as Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.  The
project is sponsored by OAS, which pays for the experts to travel  and  for
the dial-up connections to Puerto Rico.

CRACIN and CUNET
     Roberto Loran
     [e-mail]




Cuba is experiencing a spectacular growth of the network.  The island has a
traditionally  strong  science  and  technology  sector,  and  is in a good
position to present user applications and scientific databases.  INFO93,  a
congress planned for May 93 in La Habana, will focus on networking.

Cuba  Jesus Martinez
     [e-mail]




Surprisingly,  the  French  West Indies have remained outside of the area's
growth in networking.  There is a RIO (Orstom network)  node,  but  a  1988
plan  to  have  the  University  (UAG)  join  EARN-France  has not yet been
implemented.  However, moves are underway to make it  a  playing  actor  in
network related training.


University of Nicaragua is maintaining a UUCP node.

Nicaragua
     Teresa Ortega
     Project Manager
     Red Academica y de Informacion Nicaraguense (RAIN)
     [e-mail]
     [phone]
     [phone]
     FAX: [phone]




Dominican Republic's REDID was  born  last  May.    Also,  one  of  the  25
Dominican universities (PUCMM) is maintaining a PC station connected to the
CUNET project, and has been planning a BITNET node for some time.


Haiti was targeted to be part of the REDID creation process.  The political
turmoils  jeopardized  the process.  Other alternatives, such as training a
group of researchers outside the countries, are currently  under  study  to
start  an  action.    See  also  Section  6.24  for  more information about
networking in the Dominican Republic.

REDID
     Daniel Pimienta
     pimienta![e-mail]
     [phone]



6.26. Argentina

ARNET


SRI thanks Jorge Marcelo Amodio for this information about ARNET.


ARNET, a TCP/IP network connected to the Internet, is the major science and
research network of Argentina.  It  connects  approximately  three  hundred
sites,  mainly  universities  and  research  organizations.  ARNET provides
electronic mail, USENET News, file  server,  and  electronic  mailing  list
services.


Like  other  cooperative networks, ARNET has no central planning or central
authority.  The current international link and the top-level AR domain  are
managed  by the UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) at the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs (MREC), together with the  Secretariat  of  Science  and
Technology  (SECYT).    For  the  time  being, the top-level subdomains are
administered by the UNDP/MREC project.


ARNET is connected to the Internet through a satellite link to  SURANet  at
the University of Maryland.


Most  ARNET connections are over the public telephone network or the public
packet-switching network, ARPAC,  using  the  UUCP  protocol  in  different
environments.    USENET news and most electronic mail traffic is brought to
ARNET from uunet.uu.net via Internet.


There is a cooperation agreement between  the  UNDP/MREC  project  and  the
SECYT  to distribute Internet services in the future.  The first stage will
be the installation of a couple of Unix  boxes  at  major  regional  sites,
interconnected  through  the  PSN  ARPAC and national satellite links using
UUCP.  The second stage will be the migration from UUCP to TCP/IP.    There
are  under  study different ways to distribute Internet services throughout
the country, and to upgrade the international link to the Internet.


For more information about ARNET, contact:

          UNDP Project ARG-90-012
          Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores y Culto
          Reconquista 1088 1er. Piso - Informatica
          (1003) Capital Federal
          Buenos Aires, Argentina
          Attention: Jorge Marcelo Amodio
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]

6.27. Bolivia

UnBol/Bolnet


SRI thanks Sam Lanfranco for this information about networking in Bolivia.


Bolivia has electronic mail access to the Internet  via  a  network  called
called  BolNet  (in  English)  or  UnBol  (in  Spanish).    The network was
originally established with the help of PeaceNet, a network administered by
the  Institute  for  Global  Communications  (IGC)  (see section 4.2).  IGC
provides MX forwarding for the unbo.bo domain.


UnBol is located  at  the  Department  of  Electronic  Engineering  of  the
Universidad Mayor de San Andres in La Paz.


For more information about UnBol, contact:

          Prof. Clifford Paravicini
          Facultad de Ingenieria Electronica
          Univ. Mayor de San Andres
          La Paz, Bolivia
          [e-mail]



6.28. Nordic Countries

NORDUnet


NORDUnet  is  an international network connecting the Nordic countries.  It
is administered by NORDUNET (note capitalization), a networking program  in
the  Nordic  countries  funded  by  the  Nordic  Council of Ministers.  The
participating organizations are the  Nordic  national  networks  in  Norway
(UNINETT),  Denmark  (DENet),  Finland (FUNET), Iceland (SURIS), and Sweden
(SUNET).  The goals of NORDUnet are to provide harmonized network  services
to Nordic research and development users in cooperation with these national
networks and to establish good inter-Nordic relations in networking.


Much of this information regarding NORDUnet  was  taken  from  the  article
Profile:   NORDUnet,   which  appeared  in  the  November  1990  issued  of
ConneXions: The Interoperability Report [29].  (See Section 12.5  for  more
information about this journal.)


The NORDUnet idea was born in September 1987 and the network was officially
opened in October 1989.


NORDUnet activities focus on provision of services, meaning its goal is  to
extend the services and interconnectivity to new networks to the benefit of
its users.  NORDUnet is also planning  for  an  introduction  of  OSI-based
services  through  pilots  and  experiments.  These include X.500 Directory
pilots, the harmonization of e-mail addresses, and development of  national
e-mail gateways.

NORDUNET  also takes an active part in the RARE work and supports the goals
of COSINE (see Section 10.1.5).


The NORDUnet transport network is a wide area network  based  on  MAC-level
bridges  and  "network-level"  routers.    They  form  a  logical  Ethernet
connection  through  leased  lines  provided  by   the   Swedish   Telecomm
International  (STI)  and  the  Scandinavian Telecommunications Services AB
(STS).  NORDUnet provides, through its interconnections  to  the  U.S.  and
central   Europe,   access   to   the  following  networks:  The  Internet,
BITNET/CREN, EUnet, EARN,  HEPnet,  SPAN  and  the  COSINE/RARE  IXI  pilot
service.    The  U.S.  connection  is between The Royal Technical Institute
(KTH) in Stockholm, Sweden, and the John von Neumann National Supercomputer
Center  (JvNC)  in  Princeton,  New Jersey.  JvNCnet is an NSFNET mid-level
network (see Section 4).


For those already connected to the Internet,  NORDUnet  provides  a  common
resource via its "NIC" host nic.nordu.net.  This host is the first European
DNS root server machine and also contains a wealth of information available
for  anonymous  FTP.    Information  concerning  NSF,  IETF, NETF (NORDUNET
Engineering  Task  Force),  statistics   for   NORDUnet,   EEPG   (European
Engineering and Planning Group), and EBONE are some examples of information
resident on this host.


For additional information about resources available on nic.nordu.net, send
mail to [e-mail].


Alternatively,  you  may  use  the  following  address  for  obtaining more
information about the NORDUNET program:

          NORDUNET
          c/o SICS P.O. Box 1263
          S-164 28 Kista
          SWEDEN
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.29. Finland

DataNet


SRI thanks Seppo Noppari  for  this  description  of  the  DataNet  Service
offered by Telecom Finland.


DataNet  is  a  network  service  for  interconnecting  LANs.  It is mainly
targeted for closed corporate networks.  Telecom Finland has  been  running
the  network since 1990.  At present there are several TCP/IP networks, for
example SWIPnet and TIPnet in Sweden and PSInet, and Alternet  and  CERFnet
in  USA.    DataNet network covers the whole country in Finland with its 21
POPs.  Currently there are more than 300 CPEs of about 80 customers.    The
network  is still growing fast.  DataNet has also international connections
through CIX and InfoLAN.  DataNet service, like InfoLAN also, has  one  key
feature  that separates it from other commercial TCP/IP offerings.  DataNet
is an end-to-end managed  complete  network  service  with  wide  range  of
supported protocols.


Backbone technology


In  the first phase DataNet network was based on a backbone of leased lines
and cisco  multiprotocol/multimedia  routers.    Now  it  includes  also  a
Stratacom IPX based Frame Relay backbone.  Customer LANs are connected with
routers (= CPEs) to  the  nearest  backbone  routers  or  IPX  Frame  relay
switches  with  serial lines.  Charging is based on access line speed which
varies from 19.2 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s.  Also FDDI connections  are  available
which means access speed up to 100 Mbit/s.  Supported level 3 protocols are
TCP/IP, DECnet, ISO CLNP, Novell IPX, AppleTalk and X.25.  IBM connectivity
is provided by source route bridging of Token Ring LANs and SDLC tunneling.
Network management is SNMP based.


Service elements


DataNet  is  a  complete  service  including  customer  network   planning,
implementation  and  management.  The CPEs are usually owned and managed by
Telecom Finland and the customer pays a flat rate  of  the  service.    For
example  a  typical 64 kbit/s access to the network is $1800/month and this
price includes the CPE, local loop, traffic, hardware DataNet  is  using  a
wide range of routers and other equipment from cisco.


AGS or AGS+ routers are used mainly in the backbone, but of course also our
FDDI customers have AGS+ routers at  their  sites.  Usually  customers  are
connected  with  an  IGS  but  also  CGS and MGS boxes are used for special
needs. MSM terminal servers are used for customers who need asynchronous or
SLIP services.  Per customer X.25 gateways are based on CPT's.


Supported Protocols


Supported  protocols  are  TCP/IP,  DECnet  Phase IV, SRB, X.25, Novell IPX
AppleTalk, ISO CLNP and bridging.  AppleTalk, IPX, DECnet and bridging  are
nowadays  implemented  over  the  Frame Relay backbone. Routing protocol is
IGRP and  the  following  network  interfaces  are  supported:    Ethernet,
TokenRing  and  FDDI.    The  BGP  protocol  is  used  between different AS
networks.


International connections


DataNet is currently connected to CIX via a FrameRelay link from  NordFrame
network.     This  arrangement  allows  practically  global  commercial  IP
connectivity.  Connections to European IP networks have been built via  EBS
-  EBONE  Boundary  System, built with FrameRelay also.  To those customers
who want international and closed  networks  there  is  a  gateway  to  the
InfoLAN network.


For more information about DataNet contact:

          Seppo Noppari
          Telecom Finland
          P.O. Box 228
          Rautatienkatu 10
          33101 Tampere
          Finland
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.30. Sweden

TIPnet


SRI thanks Anders Halldin, TIPnet manager, for the following information.


TIPnet  is  Swedish  Telecom's commercial public TCP/IP service.  TIPnet is
based on a cisco router backbone.  TIPnet is a member  of  EBONE,  and  has
Frame  Relay-based  connections  to Alternet in the US, DataNet in Finland,
and INFOnet's router in Stockholm.  Access to TIPnet is either  via  leased
lines from 9.6 kBit to 2 Mbit, or via X.25 at 9.6 kBit or 64 kBit.


The  TIPnet  customer  support  and  Network  Control  Center  services are
situated in Gothenburg:

          Hakan Hansson
          [phone]
          [e-mail]

          Support and NCC:

          NRE MUX, TIPnet
          403 35 Gothenburg
          Sweden
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          [e-mail]


The TIPnet technical sales support organization is in Stockholm:

          Kjell Simenstad
          MegaCom AB
          Kjell Simenstad
          121 80 Johanneshov
          Stockholm
          Sweden
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]


SUNET (The Swedish University Network)


SRI thanks Hans Wallberg for this information about SUNET.

SUNET is a network for Swedish universities.  SUNET interconnects local and
regional  networks  at  all  the Swedish universities.  Via NORDUnet, SUNET
provides  international  connections  to  the  Internet.    SUNET  is  also
connected  to  the  two  commercial  IP  networks--SWIPnet and TIPnet--that
operate in Sweden.


SUNET is based on cisco-routers and 2 Mbps lines.  It supports  TCP/IP  and
DECnet (plus NJE over IP and DECnet) and is ready to support ISO/IP.  There
were more than 19,000 IP hosts and 650 DECnet hosts connected to  SUNET  as
of August 1992.


For more information about SUNET,contact:

          Hans Wallberg
          [e-mail]
          or
          Bjorn Eriksen
          [e-mail]
          SUNET
          UMDAC
          S-901 87 Umea
          Sweden
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.31. Norway

UNINETT


SRI  thanks  Knut  L. Vik for this information about UNINETT, some of which
also appears in the Internet Resource Guide.


UNINETT is the Norwegian academic and research data network.   Its  purpose
is  to  support  research and education and collaborative work in and among
academic and non-profit  research  organizations  in  Norway  by  providing
access to computer networks and network resources.  As the Norwegian branch
of the Internet, EARN/BITNET, the European academic DECnet, and OSInet/IXI,
UNINETT  offers  a  variety  of  services connecting the Norwegian academic
society to the rest of the academic world.


Electronic mail, file transfer, terminal access, directory services, USENET
Network  News  and  Gopher  information  service  are  among  the  services
available on the UNINETT network.


By August 1992, about 103 academic and research organizations are connected
to  the  UNINETT  backbone, giving national and international connection to
some 14,500 IP hosts, a few hundred DECnet hosts  and  X.400  MTAs,  and  3
EARN/BITNET nodes.


UNINETT  is  a  member  of  NORDUnet,  which is a cooperative effort of the
academic  networks  in  all  of  the  Nordic  countries  and  is  connected
internationally through the NORDUnet network.

The  UNINETT  activity  is  funded  by The Norwegian Ministry of Education,
Research and  Church  Affairs;  the  day-to-day  work  is  organized  by  a
secretariat sited at SINTEF Delab, Trondheim.


UNINETT is a non-commercial network for academic and research traffic only.
However, some (25) commercial (and governmental) organizations have  gained
access to the network, under restrictions that do not allow them to use the
network for commercial purposes.


For more information about UNINETT, contact:

          UNINETT secretariat
          SINTEF Delab
          N-7034 Trondheim
          Norway
          [e-mail]
          C=no;P=uninett;O=uninett;S=sekr
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.32. Denmark

DENet


SRI thanks Jan P. Sorensen for this information about DENet.


DENet was initiated at the beginning of 1988  with  to  connect  the  local
networks  at  various education institutions in Denmark.  DENet is almost a
star shaped network with the center at  the  Danish  Computing  Centre  for
Research  and  Education  (UNI-C)  in  Lyngby,  which  is  located about 15
kilometers north of the center of Copenhagen on the campus of the Technical
University.  As of Spring 1992, DENet contains about 50 connections.


DECnet and LAT protocols are only supported on DENet institutions belonging
to the Department of Education.  All other institutions are required to use
TCP/IP  on  DENet.    This  restriction  is imposed to reduce the necessary
resources  for  maintenance  and  development  of  DENet.    Administrative
applications  are also required to use TCP/IP.  The protocol requirement is
only enforced on DENet, on the local ethernet segments all protocols may of
course be used.


In  addition  to  DENet  UNI-C  has operated an EARN/RSCS network since the
beginning of  1985.    Today  the  network  is  limited  to  IBM-compatible
computers  and  contains four connections, two of which are based on VMNET,
which enables an RSCS connection to run on top of TCP/IP.


The network is financed by the Danish Computer Board with grants  from  the
Department of Education.


The  connected  institutions  pay  a  fixed yearly rate, which is graduated
according to the size of the institution, and differentiated by whether  or
not the institution belongs to the Department of Education.

Telnet,  FTP,  SMTP  and  domain  name  service are supported for all DENet
users.  All UNI-C mainframes support all the above services.  In  addition,
the network supports DECnet and EARN services for some sites.


UNI-C  operates  mail  gateways  between  SMTP,  VMS MAIL, EARN, and X.400.
Domain addresses are used throughout the network.  For  ease  of  use,  the
addresses  are  independent  of  the various network protocols.  Hence, the
users do not have to know which protocol is used on a particular computer.


Users without direct access to DENet may use dialup or X.25 connections  to
mainframes at UNI-C, which have full TCP/IP connections to DENet.


International  network connections are based on a 256 kb/s NORDUnet line to
Stockholm.  This line supports TCP/IP, DECnet, and X.25  and  has  been  in
operation  since the beginning of 1989.  In addition, two international 9.6
kb/s lines are connected to Lyngby: an EARN/RSCS  line  to  Russia,  and  a
combined TCP/IP and EARN/RSCS line to Poland.


For more information about DENet, contact:

          DENet, The Danish Network for Research and Education
          Jan P. Sorensen
          UNI-C, The Danish Computing Centre for Research and Education
          Building 305, DTH
          DK-2800 Lyngby
          DENMARK
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.33. Finland

FUNET


SRI thanks Petri Ojala for this information about FUNET.


FUNET,   the   Finnish  University  and  Research  Network,  is  a  project
established in 1984 by the Ministry of Education.  FUNET provides  Internet
connectivity  to the academic and research community.  The network is based
on cisco multiprotocol routers, and is mostly based on public  Frame  Relay
service.    The  supported protocols are TCP/IP, NJE, DECNET, and OSI CLNS.
In two major cities, FUNET connectivity is provided with single modem fiber
FDDI  rings.    FUNET  operates  various  application  level  gateways  and
services, including the largest public archive server in  the  Internet  on
the  host  nic.funet.fi.    FUNET  uses  the Nordic University and Research
Network, NORDUnet, for international connectivity.


For more information about FUNET, contact:

          FUNET
          Finnish University and Research Network
          Markus Sadeniemi
          PO Box 40
          SF-02101 Espoo
          Finland
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.34. Iceland

ISnet


SRI thanks Marius Olafsson for this information about ISnet.


ISnet is a collective term for the Icelandic  segments  of  the  EUnet  and
NORDUnet.    The  network  is  run by the Icelandic Association of Research
Networks (SURIS).  The network operation is contracted to the University of
Iceland, Computing Services, where the network equipment is located.  ISnet
is open to anyone that signs the ISnet Acceptable Use document.


ISnet currently has  approximately  50  nodes  with  more  than  800  hosts
connected.    These  nodes are connected via dial-up lines through UUCP; IP
via leased lines; IP via  dialup  lines  and  IP  via  X.25  and  Ethernet.
Connection  to  NORDUnet  and EUnet is via IP over 56 kbit leased satellite
link to the NORDUnet hub in Stockholm using Cisco routers.


ISnet provides its members access to standard Internet services,  including
mail  (SMTP), Usenet, file transfer (FTP), remote terminal (Telnet), access
to publicly available software and  information  via  FTP  and  mail  based
archive  servers, access to library catalogues, general information systems
and many others.  ISnet  also  participates  in  the  X.500  pilot  project
(PARADISE).


ISnet  does  not  have  a  fixed  rate  schedule, but subscription fees are
determined by the size of the organization wishing to  join,  the  type  of
access, and the access speed.


For further information contact:

          SURIS
          co Marius Olafsson
          Taeknigardi
          Dunhaga 5
          107 Reykjavik
          ICELAND
          [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.35. Pacific Rim

PACCOM

In the Pacific, Australia, Japan, Korea, New Zealand, Hong Kong, and Hawaii
have forged a Pacific Communications Network consortium called PACCOM.   We
thank Torben Nielsen for this information about PACCOM.


Begun  in  1989,  PACCOM  was  conceived  as  a means to develop a regional
networking infrastructure in the Pacific Region.  The Pacific  Rim  nations
realized  they  needed Internet access.  At the same time, awareness of the
need for international network connectivity to serve science groups in  the
U.S.  was  also  increasing.    PACCOM  is  intended  to  meet the need for
connectivity to scientific groups in the Pacific Region.


PACCOM consists of a variety of links, with bandwidths ranging from 64 kbps
to  T1.    Links  have been installed to Melbourne University in Australia,
Keio University in Japan, the University of Tokyo in Japan, the  University
of  Waikato  in  New  Zealand, the Korea Advanced Institute for Science and
Technology (KAIST) in Korea, and NASA Ames Research Center in the U.S.


The link to Australia connects to  the  Australian  Academic  and  Research
Network  (AARNet)  and  the link to New Zealand connects to the New Zealand
University Network (NZUNINET) at the University of Waikato.  Two  links  to
Japan  have  been  established.    One  connects to the University of Tokyo
International Science Network (TISN) at the University  of  Tokyo  and  the
other  to  the  Widely  Integrated  Distributed  Environment (WIDE) at Keio
University.    Both  links  are  in  the  Tokyo  area,  and  they  are  all
interconnected within Japan.


The  link  to NASA Ames Research Center connects to an interconnect network
where the various agency networks meet, and it provides connectivity to the
agency networks.


For more information about PACCOM contact:

          Torben Nielsen
          University of Hawaii
          Department of ICS
          2565 The Mall
          Honolulu, HI 96822
          U.S.A.
          [phone]
          [e-mail]



6.36. South Africa

UNINET-ZA: An Academic and Research Network in Southern Africa


The  mission  of  the UNINET project is the development, implementation and
promotion of an academic and research  network  of  computers  in  southern
Africa,  where  it  is  required  as  an  essential element of the region's
research infrastructure.  We thank Vic Shaw for this information  regarding
networking in South Africa.

The  UNINET project started late in 1987 as a result of joint action by the
Computer  and  Network  Subcommittees  of  the  Committee   of   University
Principals  and  the Foundation for Research Development (FRD). The project
staff at the FRD gets collaborative support, both academic  and  technical,
from staff of the participating organizations.


UNINET  supports  electronic  mail,  computer  conferencing, file transfer,
newsfeeds,  and  remote  login.    Access  to  overseas  networks  is   now
implemented via a TCP/IP link to the Internet.


The  UNINET  project provides a focal point for the many individual efforts
that are  being  put  into  network  development  among  the  participating
organizations, as well as for developing and managing a central information
base for the operation of the network. It also operates an information  and
support  service  for organizations participating in UNINET, as well as for
individual users of the network.


Participation in UNINET is on a voluntary basis and  is  open  to  research
organizations,   tertiary  institutions  and  museums.    Participation  is
formally effected by the organization entering into an agreement  with  the
FRD, which covers matters such as costs and obligations of each party.


The  project  is  financed  partly by participating fees from participating
organizations,  partly  from  payment  for  the  use   of   specific   data
communication channels, and partly from FRD funds.


The  first  point  of  approach  for  information  on  UNINET should be the
computing services section of the interested person's organization.


Contact with the UNINET Office is possible by electronic mail  for  persons
on  the  network; the UNINET office may also be reached by post, telephone,
TELEX or FAX.


The FRD contact persons and address are:

          Manager: Mr. Vic Shaw
          Technical Assistants:
          Mrs. Gwen Heathfield
          Miss Annemarie Marais
          UNINET Project
          Foundation for Research Development
          P.O. Box 2600
          Pretoria 0001
          SOUTH AFRICA
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]
          TELEX: 321312 SA

6.37. Ireland

HEANET


SRI thanks Peter Flynn for this information about HEANET.


HEANET is the Higher Education Authority Network.  It is the Irish academic
network,  and  connects  all  seven Universities via multiprotocol services
(TCP/IP, OSI, DECnet).  There is a gateway to EARN/BITNET at the University
College  Dublin,  and a gateway to EUnet/UUCP at Trinity College Dublin, as
well as connections to IXI and other international networks.


An experimental X.500 directory (Irish Elk)  is  accessible  by  Telnet  to
Paradise  (128.86.8.56,  login  dua).    There are moves towards a National
Research Network (NRN) which will eventually incorporate other academic and
research sites which are currently on EARN/BITNET or EUNET/UUCP nodes.


For more information about HEANET, contact:

          John Hayden
          Chairman, HEANET Management Committee
          Higher Education Authority
          Fitzwilliam Square, Dublin
          Ireland
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]



6.38. United Kingdom

UKnet


A  parallel  activity  to the development of the JANET IP Service is the IP
service offered by the UKnet Backbone.  UKnet has been the UK  backbone  of
the  worldwide UUCP and USENET news services for more than 10 years.  About
half its customers are commercial sites.  The  first  site  was  linked  in
early March 1991 and more sites were added throughout the rest of the year.


UKnet  offers two IP services, firstly over 9.6 or 64 kbps leased lines and
secondly over British Telecom "PSS Plus" closed user  group  X.25  service.
UKnet has worked closely with JANET for many years and this cooperation has
continued with IP services.  As a direct result of this cooperation,  UKnet
and JANET IP sites will be able to route datagrams to sites on each other's
networks.


For more details regarding UKnet write to:

          Uknet Support Group
          Computing Laboratory
          University of Kent
          Canterbury
          Kent CT2 7NF
          UNITED KINGDOM


PIPEX


A new service called PIPEX has recently been established by Unipalm Ltd. in
Cambridge, UK.  PIPEX stands for Public IP Exchange, and is a commercial IP
access provider for the United Kingdom.   PIPEX  has  no  "acceptable  use"
policy  for  its  network  limiting  the types of traffic that can be sent.
PIPEX is the first non-U.S. member  of  the  Commercial  Internet  Exchange
(CIX)  (see  10.1.2  for  more  information  about CIX).  PIPEX offers both
network connections and dialup IP services.


We thank Richard Nuttal for the information about PIPEX.   PIPEX  offers  a
range of connection strategies and prices.


There  is  an  online PIPEX discussion list called [e-mail]; to
join, send a message to [e-mail].    The  list  carries
announcements of new services and news of changes to the network.


For more information about PIPEX:

          PIPEX
          Unipalm Ltd.
          Area served: UK
          Michael Howes (sales information)
          Richard Nuttall (technical information)
          [phone]
          [e-mail]
          FAX: [phone]
          Services: Network connections, dialup IP.



PC User Group CONNECT


SRI thanks Alan Jay for this information about CONNECT.


CONNECT  is  a  multi-line  Bulletin  Board  System (BBS) provider offering
dial-up e-mail services.  The main dial-in number is [phone].
USENET  News  and electronic mail services, both for individuals and sites,
are available, as is access to the Internet  via  Telnet,  FTP,  and  other
services  such as Internet Relay Chat (IRC).  The main node is based in the
London area.  There is an annual charge for the service, with discounts  to
members  of  the  PC  User  Group.    (Membership  in the User Group is not
required to use the service.)  BBS services  for  third  parties  based  on
CONNECT's  host cluster are also provided.  This service is affiliated with
the IBM PC User Group (IBMPCUG) in England.


For more information about CONNECT, contact:

          Alan Jay
          or
          Matther Farwell
          The IBM PC User Group
          PO Box 360,
          Harrow HA1 4LQ
          ENGLAND
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          FAX: [phone]


JANET


SRI thanks Bob Day for this information about JANET.


JANET (the Joint Academic  NETwork)is  a  network  in  the  United  Kingdom
serving  its  academic  community.    It  runs several different protocols,
including the TCP/IP protocols used on the Internet.  This  latter  service
(called  the  JANET  IP Service, or JIPS) has only recently been introduced
and, although the majority of Universities connected to  JANET  have  opted
for  TCP/IP  access,  not all of these have at the time of writing finished
the work necessary to be able to offer the service.  (See Section 6.38  for
more information about JIPS.)


Historically, JANET services have been based on X.25 and a set of protocols
specific to the  UK  academic  community.    Besides  the  introduction  of
services  based  on  TCP/IP,  there  are  now  some  ISO  services becoming
available.  Because of the different protocols in  use,  JANET  supports  a
number  of  gateway  services  so  that  users  can  interwork  between the
different protocols.  The most widely used of these is the electronic  mail
gateway  called nsfnet-relay.ac.uk.  Many JANET sites use this to send mail
to the Internet, and to receive mail from the Internet.  With the advent of
the  TCP/IP  service some sites now mail direct to Internet systems without
the use of this gateway.  However, Internet users  do  not  need  to  worry
about this because JANET operators make sure that the entries in the Domain
Name System (DNS) for all systems on JANET with mail access are kept up  to
date,  regardless  of  the  protocols  they use.  Consequently, the correct
action is taken automatically by Internet mailers to ensure delivery  of  a
message.


File  transfer  and interactive login may be done directly to many sites on
JANET, if the site has TCP/IP access.  You can always check whether a  site
has  such  access by seeing if the name of the system concerned is known in
the DNS.  Note that users in the UK often quote the names  of  systems  the
opposite  way  round  from those in the US.  Thus, if you have been given a
name starting with uk.ac -- e.g.  uk.ac.janet.news -- you should type it as
news.janet.ac.uk  to  FTP or to Telnet to it.  If the site where the system
is located has TCP/IP access, the name will be found in the  DNS,  and  you
will be able to make an FTP or Telnet connection.


Where  direct  interactive login with Telnet is not possible, a user on the
Internet can make a Telnet connection to a  gateway  called  sun.nsf.ac.uk.
When  connected,  login with the standard username janet, no password.  You
are then prompted to type the name of a JANET host, in UK format (i.e.  the
opposite  way  round  from the US format, as explained above).  The program
suggests the JANET NEWS host, uk.ac.janet.news, as a starting point.

Where  direct  file  transfer  with  FTP  is  not  possible,  there  is   a
file-transfer gateway called ft-relay.ac.uk available.  Currently this only
offers a service be used from within JANET, but an extension to allow users
on  the  Internet access is going to beta test at the time of this writing.
This will allow a FTP call to be made to it, and  files  on  JANET  systems
that do not have TCP/IP access will be able to be accessed in this way.  In
the meantime, there is also a guest FTP service available on sun.nsf.ac.uk,
but this is very overloaded.


JANET  hosts  have  information  on  network  addresses,  gateways to other
networks, instructions for electronic mail, remote login, guides to mailing
lists,  document  collections,  and user groups, as well as bulletin boards
for  technical  questions  and  employment  opportunities,  libraries,  and
education   projects.      There  are  also  extensive  files  of  news  of
computing-related activities, including minutes of meetings in all parts of
the UK, as well as in Europe and the US.


For more information about JANET, contact:

          Joint Academic Network
          JANET Liaison Desk
          c/o Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
          Chilton
          Didcot
          Oxon
          OX11 OQX
          United Kingdom
          [phone]
          [e-mail]
          O=GB; ADMD= ; PRMD=uk.ac; O=jnt; G=JANET-LIAISON-DESK;


The JANET IP Service (JIPS)


SRI  thanks  Dr.    Bob Day for this information about the JANET IP Service
(JIPS).


JIPS is an IP carrier service which runs over the X.25 service provided  by
JANET.    The  JIPS  has  run as an additional service over JANET since the
beginning of November 1991.


The JIPS is available to all sites connected  to  JANET,  although  joining
this  additional  service is optional.  To date approximately 60 of the 150
or so sites connected to JANET have applied to join.


As a major IP network, the JIPS is connected to  the  rest  of  the  global
Internet.    In the UK it is connected to UKNET, a public IP network run by
GBnet Ltd and subscribed to mainly by commercial organizations, and it will
be  connected  to  PIPEX, a similar network recently established by Unipalm
Ltd.  The JIPS is  also  connected  to  many  other  European  IP  research
networks  through  the  auspices  of  RIPE  Finally, it is connected to the
NSFNET, and hence to the regional IP networks in the USA.  Connectivity  to
the Far East is also gained through this route.

The  JANET  IP  Service was introduced as one avenue to provide JANET users
with the services they need.  An IP  service  will  increase  international
connectivity because the predominant protocol set in the research community
outside the UK is IP.  Many  computer  manufacturers  of  interest  to  the
research  community  are currently providing their highest level of support
for IP protocols.  Also, new application protocols often  become  available
first over IP networks.


Within  JANET,  there is a large ongoing commitment to X.25.  This de facto
situation meant that there was a choice  at  the  JIPS  planning  stage  of
whether  to  run  IP  over  the  X.25  infrastructure,  or  to use physical
multiplexing of the raw bandwidth to provide separate channels for X.25 and
IP,  with  each  running  alongside  each other.  It was decided to use the
technique of encapsulating IP as data over a X.25  virtual  circuit  (often
referred  to  as  "IP  tunneling").    The  advantages of this were of cost
savings, given the existing infrastructure,  and  of  the  ability  to  get
effective  dynamic bandwidth sharing, as all services running over the X.25
carrier service could then compete on the basis of demand.


The JIPS network is organized as a backbone of eight IP routers,  with  one
connected to each major X.25 switch on the X.25 backbone.  Thus the routers
appear to be fully interconnected to each other, via the X.25 network.


Of the 60 or so sites that have currently applied to connect, approximately
40  are  already connected.  As a consequence, traffic through the backbone
IP routers is now building up quickly.  There is now  of  the  order  of  4
Gbytes traffic per day through the JIPS backbone routers.  Although not all
of this is switched onto the main JANET trunks, there is  already  a  large
component  due  to international connectivity.  For example, the IP link to
the NSFNET in the USA is now supporting over 1 Gbyte traffic per day.


The other notable trend is the growth of registrations in the  Domain  Name
System  (DNS),  that is, the set of nameservers used in the IP community to
perform name-to-address mapping and some  mail  routing.    The  number  of
registrations  of  end  systems  in  the  academic  community  part  of the
namespace (the  ac.uk  domain)  is  growing  very  quickly.    It  is  also
noticeable,  however,  that the commercial side of IP networking (the co.uk
domain) is growing, albeit not at the same rate.  This latter is no doubt a
reflection  of  the  growing interest in that community in connection to IP
networks both to interwork with the academic  research  community,  and  to
gain  connectivity  with  other  companies  for  more  directly  commercial
purposes.


For more information about JIPS, contact:

          Dr. Bob Day
          Joint Network Team
          c/o Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
          Chilton Didcot
          Oxon OX11 0QX
          United Kingdom
          [e-mail]
          [phone]
          or
          The JANET Liaison Desk
          [phone]
          [e-mail]
          O=GB; ADMD= ; PRMD=uk.ac; O=jnt; G=JANET-LIAISON-DESK;



6.39. U.S. Providers with International Connections

This section lists those providers based in the U.S. who provide access  to
the  Internet  internationally.    When  known,  countries  to  which  they
currently have connections are listed.  Some NSFNET mid-level networks  are
listed  here  because there is a node on the NSFNET backbone at their sites
to which an international site is  connected.    For  complete  information
regarding  NSFNET's international connections, contact the InterNIC; send a
message to [e-mail].

Advanced Network and Services, Inc. (ANS) and ANS CO+RE
     [e-mail]
     [phone]
     [phone]
     Area Served: U.S. and International
     Current international connections: Germany, Mexico


CERFnet
     California Education and Research Federation Network
     [e-mail]
     800 876 2373
     [phone]
     FAX: [phone]
     Area Served: California and International
     Current international connections: Korea, Mexico, Brazil


Compuserve Information System
     [e-mail]
     [phone]
     800 848 8990
     Area Served: U.S. and International
     Current   international   connections:  Switzerland,  United  Kingdom,
     Venezuela, Germany


Institute for Global Communications (IGC)
     [phone]
     FAX: [phone]
     TELEX: 154205417
     [e-mail]
     Area served: Worldwide
     Services:   Dialup  e-mail;  affiliated  with  PeaceNet,  EcoNet,  and
     ConflictNet; member of the Association for Progressive  Communications
     (APC).
     Current  international  connections: shares resources with APC members
     in Australia, Brazil, Canada,  England,  Germany,  Nicaragua,  Russia,
     Sweden, and Uruguay.


JvNCnet
     John von Neumann Center Network
     Sergio F. Heker
     Allison Pihl
     800 358 4437
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     Area Served: U.S. and International
     Current   international   connections:   Singapore,   Taiwan,   Tokyo,
     Venezuela.


NorthWestNet
     Northwestern States Network
     Eric Hood
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     Area Served: U.S. and International
     Current international connections: Canada


NYSERnet
     New York State Education and Research Network
     Jim Luckett
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     Area Served: New York State and International
     Current international connections: Germany, Israel


Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSI)
     [phone]
     800 827 7482
     FAX: [phone]
     [e-mail]
     Area Served: U.S. and International
     Current international connections:  PSI  provides  connections  to  an
     extensive list of countries depending upon the service requested.


Portal Communications, Inc.
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     Services: Dialup e-mail.  Area Served: San  Francisco,  CA  area,  and
     International
     Current  international  connections: Portal is connected to the Public
     Data Networks (PDNs) of over 70 foreign countries.


SESQUINET
     Texas Sesquicentennial Network
     Farrell Gerbode
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     Area Served: Texas and International
     Current international connections: Mexico


SURAnet
     Southeastern Universities Research Association Network
     Deborah J. Nunn
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     Area Served: Southeastern U.S. (Alabama, Florida,  Georgia,  Kentucky,
     Louisiana,  Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South Carolina, Tennessee,
     Virginia, and West Virginia)
     Current international connections: Puerto Rico

UUNET Technologies, Inc.
     800 488 6383
     [phone]
     [e-mail]
     Area Served: US and International
     Services: Network connections, dialup e-mail.




In addition to the above providers, the following two providers concentrate
on offering international connections to the Internet.

Infolan          George Abe
                [e-mail]
                [phone]
                FAX: [phone]
                Current international  connections:  Europe,  Canada,  Hong
                Kong, Japan, Singapore, and Australia.


Sprint NSFNET ICM
                Sprint NSFNET International Connections Manager
                Area Served: International
                Robert Collet
                [phone]
                [e-mail]
                Current international connections: EBONE  (Europe),  Japan,
                France, UK.