A Beginner's Guide to the Internet

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------------------------------- INTERNET / UNIX USER COMMANDS ------------------------------- ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) NAME ftp - file transfer program SYNOPSIS ftp [ -dgintv ] [ hostname ] AVAILABILITY SUNWcsu DESCRIPTION The ftp command is the user interface to the Internet stan- dard File Transfer Protocol (FTP). ftp transfers files to and from a remote network site. The client host with which ftp is to communicate may be specified on the command line. If this is done, ftp immedi- ately attempts to establish a connection to an FTP server on that host; otherwise, ftp enters its command interpreter and awaits instructions from the user. When ftp is awaiting commands from the user, it displays the prompt ftp>. OPTIONS The following options may be specified at the command line, or to the command interpreter: -d Enable debugging. -g Disable filename globbing. -i Turn off interactive prompting during multiple file transfers. -n Do not attempt auto-login upon initial connection. If auto-login is not disabled, ftp checks the .netrc file in the user's home directory for an entry describing an account on the remote machine. If no entry exists, ftp will prompt for the login name of the account on the remote machine (the default is the login name on the local machine), and, if necessary, prompts for a pass- word and an account with which to login. -t Enable packet tracing (unimplemented). -v Show all responses from the remote server, as well as report on data transfer statistics. This is turned on by default if ftp is running interactively with its input coming from the user's terminal. The following commands can be specified to the command interpreter: Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 1 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) ! [ command ] Run command as a shell command on the local machine. If no command is given, invoke an interactive shell. $ macro-name [ args ] Execute the macro macro-name that was defined with the macdef command. Arguments are passed to the macro unglobbed. account [ passwd ] Supply a supplemental password required by a remote system for access to resources once a login has been successfully completed. If no argument is included, the user will be prompted for an account password in a non-echoing input mode. append local-file [ remote-file ] Append a local file to a file on the remote machine. If remote-file is not specified, the local file name is used, subject to alteration by any ntrans or nmap set- tings. File transfer uses the current settings for representation type, file structure, and transfer mode. ascii Set the representation type to network ASCII. This is the default type. bell Sound a bell after each file transfer command is com- pleted. binary Set the representation type to image. bye Terminate the FTP session with the remote server and exit ftp. An EOF will also terminate the session and exit. case Toggle remote computer file name case mapping during mget commands. When case is on (default is off), remote computer file names with all letters in upper case are written in the local directory with the letters mapped to lower case. cd remote-directory Change the working directory on the remote machine to remote-directory. cdup Change the remote machine working directory to the parent of the current remote machine working directory. close Terminate the FTP session with the remote server, and Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 2 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) return to the command interpreter. Any defined macros are erased. cr Toggle RETURN stripping during network ASCII type file retrieval. Records are denoted by a RETURN/LINEFEED sequence during network ASCII type file transfer. When cr is on (the default), RETURN characters are stripped from this sequence to conform with the UNIX system sin- gle LINEFEED record delimiter. Records on non-UNIX- system remote hosts may contain single LINEFEED charac- ters; when an network ASCII type transfer is made, these LINEFEED characters may be distinguished from a record delimiter only when cr is off. delete remote-file Delete the file remote-file on the remote machine. debug Toggle debugging mode. When debugging is on, ftp prints each command sent to the remote machine, preceded by the string -->. dir [ remote-directory ] [ local-file ] Print a listing of the directory contents in the direc- tory, remote-directory, and, optionally, placing the output in local-file. If no directory is specified, the current working directory on the remote machine is used. If no local file is specified, or local-file is -, output is sent to the terminal. disconnect A synonym for close. form [ format-name ] Set the carriage control format subtype of the representation type to format-name. The only valid format-name is non-print, which corresponds to the default non-print subtype. get remote-file [ local-file ] Retrieve the remote-file and store it on the local machine. If the local file name is not specified, it is given the same name it has on the remote machine, subject to alteration by the current case, ntrans, and nmap settings. The current settings for representation type, file structure, and transfer mode are used while transferring the file. glob Toggle filename expansion, or globbing, for mdelete, mget and mput. If globbing is turned off, filenames are taken literally. Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 3 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) Globbing for mput is done as in sh(1). For mdelete and mget, each remote file name is expanded separately on the remote machine, and the lists are not merged. Expansion of a directory name is likely to be radically different from expansion of the name of an ordinary file: the exact result depends on the remote operating system and FTP server, and can be previewed by doing mls remote-files -. mget and mput are not meant to transfer entire direc- tory subtrees of files. You can do this by transfer- ring a tar(1) archive of the subtree (using a represen- tation type of image as set by the binary command). hash Toggle hash-sign (#) printing for each data block transferred. The size of a data block is 8192 bytes. help [ command ] Print an informative message about the meaning of com- mand. If no argument is given, ftp prints a list of the known commands. lcd [ directory ] Change the working directory on the local machine. If no directory is specified, the user's home directory is used. ls [ remote-directory ] [ local-file ] Print an abbreviated listing of the contents of a directory on the remote machine. If remote-directory is left unspecified, the current working directory is used. If no local file is specified, or if local-file is -, the output is sent to the terminal. macdef macro-name Define a macro. Subsequent lines are stored as the macro macro-name; a null line (consecutive NEWLINE characters in a file or RETURN characters from the ter- minal) terminates macro input mode. There is a limit of 16 macros and 4096 total characters in all defined macros. Macros remain defined until a close command is executed. The macro processor interprets $ and \ as special char- acters. A $ followed by a number (or numbers) is replaced by the corresponding argument on the macro invocation command line. A $ followed by an i signals that macro processor that the executing macro is to be looped. On the first pass $i is replaced by the first argument on the macro invocation command line, on the second pass it is replaced by the second argument, and Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 4 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) so on. A \ followed by any character is replaced by that character. Use the \ to prevent special treatment of the $. mdelete remote-files Delete the remote-files on the remote machine. mdir remote-files local-file Like dir, except multiple remote files may be speci- fied. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mdir output. mget remote-files Expand the remote-files on the remote machine and do a get for each file name thus produced. See glob for details on the filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to case, ntrans, and nmap settings. Files are transferred into the local working directory, which can be changed with lcd directory; new local directories can be created with ! mkdir directory. mkdir directory-name Make a directory on the remote machine. mls remote-files local-file Like ls(1), except multiple remote files may be speci- fied. If interactive prompting is on, ftp will prompt the user to verify that the last argument is indeed the target local file for receiving mls output. mode [ mode-name ] Set the transfer mode to mode-name. The only valid mode-name is stream, which corresponds to the default stream mode. This implementation only supports stream, and requires that it be specified. mput local-files Expand wild cards in the list of local files given as arguments and do a put for each file in the resulting list. See glob for details of filename expansion. Resulting file names will then be processed according to ntrans and nmap settings. nmap [ inpattern outpattern ] Set or unset the filename mapping mechanism. If no arguments are specified, the filename mapping mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, remote filenames are mapped during mput commands and put commands issued without a specified remote target filename. If argu- ments are specified, local filenames are mapped during Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 5 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) mget commands and get commands issued without a speci- fied local target filename. This command is useful when connecting to a non-UNIX- system remote host with different file naming conven- tions or practices. The mapping follows the pattern set by inpattern and outpattern. inpattern is a tem- plate for incoming filenames (which may have already been processed according to the ntrans and case set- tings). Variable templating is accomplished by includ- ing the sequences $1, $2, ..., $9 in inpattern. Use \ to prevent this special treatment of the $ character. All other characters are treated literally, and are used to determine the nmap inpattern variable values. For example, given inpattern $1.$2 and the remote file name mydata.data, $1 would have the value mydata, and $2 would have the value data. The outpattern determines the resulting mapped filename. The sequences $1, $2, ..., $9 are replaced by any value resulting from the inpattern template. The sequence $0 is replaced by the original filename. Additionally, the sequence [seq1,seq2] is replaced by seq1 if seq1 is not a null string; otherwise it is replaced by seq2. For example, the command nmap $1.$2.$3 [$1,$2].[$2,file] would yield the output filename myfile.data for input filenames myfile.data and myfile.data.old, myfile.file for the input filename myfile, and myfile.myfile for the input filename .myfile. SPACE characters may be included in outpat- tern, as in the example nmap $1 | sed "s/ *$//" > $1. Use the \ character to prevent special treatment of the $, [, ], and ,, characters. ntrans [ inchars [ outchars ] ] Set or unset the filename character translation mechan- ism. If no arguments are specified, the filename char- acter translation mechanism is unset. If arguments are specified, characters in remote filenames are translated during mput commands and put commands issued without a specified remote target filename, and charac- ters in local filenames are translated during mget com- mands and get commands issued without a specified local target filename. This command is useful when connecting to a non-UNIX- system remote host with different file naming conven- tions or practices. Characters in a filename matching a character in inchars are replaced with the Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 6 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) corresponding character in outchars. If the character's position in inchars is longer than the length of outchars, the character is deleted from the file name. open host [ port ] Establish a connection to the specified host FTP server. An optional port number may be supplied, in which case, ftp will attempt to contact an FTP server at that port. If the auto-login option is on (default setting), ftp will also attempt to automatically log the user in to the FTP server. prompt Toggle interactive prompting. Interactive prompting occurs during multiple file transfers to allow the user to selectively retrieve or store files. By default, prompting is turned on. If prompting is turned off, any mget or mput will transfer all files, and any mdelete will delete all files. proxy ftp-command Execute an FTP command on a secondary control connec- tion. This command allows simultaneous connection to two remote FTP servers for transferring files between the two servers. The first proxy command should be an open, to establish the secondary control connection. Enter the command proxy ? to see other FTP commands executable on the secondary connection. The following commands behave differently when prefaced by proxy: open will not define new macros during the auto-login process, close will not erase existing macro definitions, get and mget transfer files from the host on the primary control connection to the host on the secondary control connection, and put, mputd, and append transfer files from the host on the secondary control connection to the host on the primary control connection. Third party file transfers depend upon support of the PASV command by the server on the secondary control connection. put local-file [ remote-file ] Store a local file on the remote machine. If remote- file is left unspecified, the local file name is used after processing according to any ntrans or nmap set- tings in naming the remote file. File transfer uses the current settings for representation type, file structure, and transfer mode. Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 7 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) pwd Print the name of the current working directory on the remote machine. quit A synonym for bye. quote arg1 arg2 ... Send the arguments specified, verbatim, to the remote FTP server. A single FTP reply code is expected in return. (The remotehelp command displays a list of valid arguments.) quote should be used only by experienced users who are familiar with the FTP protocol. recv remote-file [ local-file] A synonym for get. remotehelp [ command-name ] Request help from the remote FTP server. If a command-name is specified it is supplied to the server as well. rename from to Rename the file from on the remote machine to have the name to. reset Clear reply queue. This command re-synchronizes command/reply sequencing with the remote FTP server. Resynchronization may be necessary following a viola- tion of the FTP protocol by the remote server. rmdir directory-name Delete a directory on the remote machine. runique Toggle storing of files on the local system with unique filenames. If a file already exists with a name equal to the target local filename for a get or mget command, a .1 is appended to the name. If the resulting name matches another existing file, a .2 is appended to the original name. If this process continues up to .99, an error message is printed, and the transfer does not take place. The generated unique filename will be reported. runique will not affect local files gen- erated from a shell command. The default value is off. send local-file [ remote-file ] A synonym for put. sendport Toggle the use of PORT commands. By default, ftp will Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 8 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) attempt to use a PORT command when establishing a con- nection for each data transfer. The use of PORT com- mands can prevent delays when performing multiple file transfers. If the PORT command fails, ftp will use the default data port. When the use of PORT commands is disabled, no attempt will be made to use PORT commands for each data transfer. This is useful when connected to certain FTP implementations that ignore PORT com- mands but incorrectly indicate they have been accepted. status Show the current status of ftp. struct [ struct-name ] Set the file structure to struct-name. The only valid struct-name is file, which corresponds to the default file structure. The implementation only supports file, and requires that it be specified. sunique Toggle storing of files on remote machine under unique file names. The remote FTP server must support the STOU command for successful completion. The remote server will report the unique name. Default value is off. tenex Set the representation type to that needed to talk to TENEX machines. trace Toggle packet tracing (unimplemented). type [ type-name ] Set the representation type to type-name. The valid type-names are ascii for network ASCII, binary or image for image, and tenex for local byte size with a byte size of 8 (used to talk to TENEX machines). If no type is specified, the current type is printed. The default type is network ASCII. user user-name [ password ] [ account ] Identify yourself to the remote FTP server. If the password is not specified and the server requires it, ftp will prompt the user for it (after disabling local echo). If an account field is not specified, and the FTP server requires it, the user will be prompted for it. If an account field is specified, an account com- mand will be relayed to the remote server after the login sequence is completed if the remote server did not require it for logging in. Unless ftp is invoked with auto-login disabled, this process is done Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 9 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) automatically on initial connection to the FTP server. verbose Toggle verbose mode. In verbose mode, all responses from the FTP server are displayed to the user. In addition, if verbose mode is on, when a file transfer completes, statistics regarding the efficiency of the transfer are reported. By default, verbose mode is on if ftp's commands are coming from a terminal, and off otherwise. ? [ command ] A synonym for help. Command arguments which have embedded spaces may be quoted with quote (") marks. If any command argument which is not indicated as being optional is not specified, ftp will prompt for that argu- ment. ABORTING A FILE TRANSFER To abort a file transfer, use the terminal interrupt key. Sending transfers will be immediately halted. Receiving transfers will be halted by sending an FTP protocol ABOR command to the remote server, and discarding any further data received. The speed at which this is accomplished depends upon the remote server's support for ABOR process- ing. If the remote server does not support the ABOR com- mand, an ftp> prompt will not appear until the remote server has completed sending the requested file. The terminal interrupt key sequence will be ignored when ftp has completed any local processing and is awaiting a reply from the remote server. A long delay in this mode may result from the ABOR processing described above, or from unexpected behavior by the remote server, including viola- tions of the ftp protocol. If the delay results from unex- pected remote server behavior, the local ftp program must be killed by hand. FILE NAMING CONVENTIONS Local files specified as arguments to ftp commands are pro- cessed according to the following rules. 1) If the file name - is specified, the standard input (for reading) or standard output (for writing) is used. 2) If the first character of the file name is |, the remainder of the argument is interpreted as a shell command. ftp then forks a shell, using popen(3S) with the argument supplied, and reads (writes) from the Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 10 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) standard output (standard input) of that shell. If the shell command includes SPACE characters, the argument must be quoted; for example "| ls -lt". A particularly useful example of this mechanism is: "dir | more". 3) Failing the above checks, if globbing is enabled, local file names are expanded according to the rules used in the sh(1); see the glob command. If the ftp command expects a single local file (for example, put), only the first filename generated by the globbing operation is used. 4) For mget commands and get commands with unspecified local file names, the local filename is the remote filename, which may be altered by a case, ntrans, or nmap setting. The resulting filename may then be altered if runique is on. 5) For mput commands and put commands with unspecified remote file names, the remote filename is the local filename, which may be altered by a ntrans or nmap set- ting. The resulting filename may then be altered by the remote server if sunique is on. FILE TRANSFER PARAMETERS The FTP specification specifies many parameters which may affect a file transfer. The representation type may be one of network ASCII, EBCDIC, image, or local byte size with a specified byte size (for PDP-10's and PDP-20's mostly). The network ASCII and EBCDIC types have a further subtype which specifies whether verti- cal format control (NEWLINE characters, form feeds, etc.) are to be passed through (non-print), provided in TELNET format (TELNET format controls), or provided in ASA (FOR- TRAN) (carriage control (ASA)) format. ftp supports the network ASCII (subtype non-print only) and image types, plus local byte size with a byte size of 8 for communicating with TENEX machines. The file structure may be one of file (no record structure), record, or page. ftp supports only the default value, which is file. The transfer mode may be one of stream, block, or compressed. ftp supports only the default value, which is stream. SEE ALSO ls(1), rcp(1), sh(1), tar(1), ftpd(1M), popen(3S), netrc(4) Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 11 ftp(1) User Commands ftp(1) NOTES Correct execution of many commands depends upon proper behavior by the remote server. An error in the treatment of carriage returns in the 4.2 BSD code handling transfers with a representation type of net- work ASCII has been corrected. This correction may result in incorrect transfers of binary files to and from 4.2 BSD servers using a representation type of network ASCII. Avoid this problem by using the image type. Sun Microsystems Last change: 26 Sep 1992 12