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- An Explanation of MX-Receivers and Their Role in Handling Fido Mail
- ===================================================================
-
- Machines which are physically connected to the Internet each have a
- unique Internet Protocol address (often called an "IP address"),
- 4 decimal numbers between 0 and 254 separated by dots (ie: my workstation,
- zeus.ieee.org is 140.98.2.1). These numbers are used in the headers of
- the encapsulated packets (all data is broken up into chunks and eack has
- a header showing origination and destination) transmitted over the Internet.
-
- The "Domain Name Service" is a distributed system of having the data at
- different locations and is effectively a "database" of mappings between
- the "names" that machines are known as and their "IP addresses".
- In order to communicate with a system one's machine must get the
- IP-address of the machine it wants to talk to from the DNS first.
- These are stored in the DNS in what are known as "A" records.
- Machines which have IP-addresses exchange "mail" using a protocol
- called SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol), communicating on port 25
- of the set of IP sockets.
-
- However, there are many machines which have "names" but are NOT connected
- physically to the Internet, those doing UUCP and other reasons. In order
- to get mail to such a system, the DNS contains an "MX" record.
- The "MX" record, instead of giving a dotted-quad IP-address, holds the
- "name" of the system which *does* have an IP-address and knows how to get
- mail to the real destination system. An "MX" record *must* point to
- the *real name* of the machine which is accepting mail for the destination
- system. A machine may have several names, but the "MX" records *must*
- point to it's TRUE name (that which is returned by the `hostname` command
- on a UNIX system). The machine which is pointed to by the "MX" record
- is known as the "MX-receiver" for the destination system.
-
- The reason that the "MX" record *must* point to the TRUE name of the
- MX-receiver is that *it* will in turn query the DNS and will compare
- its `hostname` with any MX-records found. The MX-records also have a
- number which is a "Precedence" number. They are tried in order, but
- always skipping any MX-records which point to itself. If the MX-record
- with the *lowest* precedence number points to itself, then it *must*
- have the proper rules in its mailer configuration to deliver the mail
- via means OTHER than SMTP, otherwise an error will result.
- This means that an "MX-receiver" system *must* install the proper handling
- in its configuration for the destination system *BEFORE* the "MX" record
- is installed in the DNS. Otherwise, errors can result, mail loops
- develop, and the mail cannot be delivered.
-
- Here's a couple of examples of the DNS records from .fidonet.org ...
- These are a *PARTIAL LISTING* as EXAMPLES only.
- The information shown here is *NOT* current. For up-to-date DNS
- information for the .fidonet.org domain, obtain the file FIDONET.DNS
- either via Anonymous-FTP from ftp.fidonet.org in the /pub/fidonet/info
- directory or via File-Request from 1:1/31.
-
- ; ====================== begin example DNS ======================
- ; Nameserver info for FIDONET.ORG domain
- ; the original of this file resides in:
- ; zeus.ieee.org:/usr/local/ns/fidonet.org
- ;
- $ORIGIN fidonet.org.
- @ IN SOA ZEUS.IEEE.ORG. HOSTMASTER.FIDONET.FIDONET.ORG. (
- 10303 ; serial (version of this file)
- 86400 ; refresh once a day
- 600 ; retry refresh every 10 minutes
- 36000000; expire after 1000 hours (over week)
- 86400 ; 259200 ; minimun TTL of 3 day
- )
- IN NS ZEUS.IEEE.ORG.
- IN NS POLARIS.LLNL.GOV.
- ;
- ; Special Entries and Services
- ; ----------------------------
- ;
- ns IN CNAME zeus.ieee.org.
- fidonet IN CNAME zeus.ieee.org.
- ; an example where an "A" record exists but Mail is handled
- ; by a different machine
- ftp IN A 140.98.1.1
- IN MX 10 zeus.ieee.org.
- IN MX 20 rab.ieee.org.
- ;
- ; The gateway sites themselves
- ; ----------------------------
- ;
- ; if m2xenix is down, rain will queue mail for storage
- busker IN MX 10 m2xenix.psg.com. ; 1:105/14
- IN MX 20 rain.psg.com.
- cmhgate IN MX 10 cis.OHIO-STATE.EDU. ; 1:226/20
- compsol IN MX 10 sserve.cc.adfa.oz.au. ; 3:622/407
- ehsnet IN MX 10 uxc.cso.uiuc.edu. ; 1:233/13
- f-454 IN MX 10 uucp-gw.cc.uh.edu. ; 1:106/1024
- ; mail for 'fidonews' is queued thru 1:1/31 for delivery to 1:1/23
- ; special handling is need in the mailer config on zeus
- fidonews IN MX 10 zeus.ieee.org. ; re-directed to 1:1/23
- ; these sites are handled specially by zeus which remaps the
- ; mail to a bang!path format and sends it back out via SMTP
- ; these will be phased out over time
- fquest IN MX 10 zeus.ieee.org. ; 1:19/23
- gisatl IN MX 10 zeus.ieee.org. ; 1:133/411
- gstore IN MX 10 zeus.ieee.org. ; 1:103/234
- ; my home needs an Address record for SLIP to function when I use it
- ; mail is specially handled by re-naming to mcastl.ieee.org and
- ; sending thru my gateway at 1:107/10
- mcastl IN A 140.98.200.3
- IN MX 10 ZEUS.IEEE.ORG. ; 1:107/309
- IN MX 20 RAB.IEEE.ORG.
- IN MX 30 TAB.IEEE.ORG.
- mcws IN MX 10 elroy.jpl.nasa.gov. ; 1:102/851
- mechanic IN MX 10 myrddin.sybus.com. ; 1:3603/330
- ofa123 IN MX 10 ics.uci.edu. ; 1:103/208
- rochgte IN MX 10 valhalla.ee.rochester.edu. ;1:3613/333
- ; David Dodell's Waffle system is actually in between
- ; enuucp and solitud
- solitud IN MX 10 enuucp.eas.asu.edu. ;1:300/23
- ; Nameserver "authority" is delegated to ns.web.apc.org for the
- ; sub-domain of "webfido"
- webfido IN NS ns.web.apc.org. ; 1:250/406
- IN NS ns.uunet.ca.
- IN NS ns.UU.NET.
- zorro9 IN MX 10 talcott.harvard.edu. ;1:16/390
- ;
- ;
- ; Each Net within FidoNet has a wildcard MX-record.
- ; The IP site which the mail is directed to is expected to have
- ; installed the sendmail or smail rules necessary to queue
- ; ALL mail for *.nNET.z#.fidonet.org for pickup by the
- ; appropriate gateway site.
- ;
- ; A wildcard MX-record is maintained for each Zone, so that
- ; there is always a "default" gateway for any new Nets which
- ; are placed in the Nodelist by the *C's.
- ; At present, the Zone-1 "default" MX points to zeus.ieee.org,
- ; which queues mail for gating by 1:1/31.
- ;
- ; Where possible, the gateway sitename is shown as a Comment
- ; behind a semi-colon after the MX-record.
- ;
- ;
- $ORIGIN z1.fidonet.org.
- ;
- ; Zone 1 by Net (examples)
- ; =============
- ;
- *.n260 IN MX 10 valhalla.ee.rochester.edu. ; rochgte
- *.n261 IN MX 10 relay1.UU.NET. ; blkcat
- IN MX 10 relay2.UU.NET. ; blkcat
- ;
- *.n104 IN MX 10 ncar.ucar.edu.
- *.n300 IN MX 10 noao.edu.
- *.n310 IN MX 10 ncar.ucar.edu.
- *.n312 IN MX 10 enuucp.eas.asu.edu.
- ;
- *.n16 IN MX 10 talcott.harvard.edu. ; zorro9
- *.n101 IN MX 10 talcott.harvard.edu. ; zorro9
- *.n141 IN MX 10 bunker.shel.isc-br.com.
- *.n322 IN MX 10 talcott.harvard.edu. ; zorro9
- *.n333 IN MX 10 talcott.harvard.edu. ; zorro9
- *.n325 IN MX 10 sadye.emba.uvm.edu. ; wsyd
- ;
- *.n18 IN MX 10 cybernet.cse.fau.edu. ; branch
- *.n112 IN MX 10 cybernet.cse.fau.edu. ; branch
- *.n116 IN MX 10 cybernet.cse.fau.edu. ; branch
- *.n123 IN MX 10 cybernet.cse.fau.edu. ; branch
- *.n3603 IN MX 10 myrddin.sybus.com. ; mechanic
- *.n3604 IN MX 10 cybernet.cse.fau.edu. ; branch
- *.n3605 IN MX 10 cybernet.cse.fau.edu. ; branch
- ;
- ; default Zone-1 forwarding
- ; -------------------------
- ;
- ; Wildcard record for *.z1.fidonet.org - handled via 1:1/31
- ; All Nets in Zone-1 which do not have its own MX-record
- ; will fall thru to here
- ;
- * IN MX 10 zeus.ieee.org.
- IN MX 20 rab.ieee.org.
- ;
- ; (For Zone-2, Randy gates traffic and sends across the pond to
- ; Henk Wevers for routing. There seem to be problems in FidoNet
- ; routing on the European side of the pond from there.)
- ;
- $ORIGIN z2.fidonet.org.
- * IN MX 10 m2xenix.psg.com.
- IN MX 20 rain.psg.com.
- ;
- $ORIGIN z3.fidonet.org.
- *.n620 IN MX 10 sserve.cc.adfa.oz.au. ; compsol
- *.n622 IN MX 10 sserve.cc.adfa.oz.au. ; compsol
- * IN MX 10 jabaru.cec.edu.au.
- ;
- ;
- ; (Note: the Full DNS file is always available via File-Request from
- ; 1:1/31 or ; 1:107/309 as the filename FIDONET.ORG)
- ;
- ; ========================== end of example DNS ========================
-
- This is extremely important for the .fidonet.org domain to function
- properly, since the "Hostmaster" (me), maintaining the MX-records for
- the domain is very dependent on all the MX-receivers having the proper
- configurations. Many times, a site will hook up with someone who is
- willing to pass mail/news to them via UUCP, but is NOT physically
- connected to the Internet (does NOT have an IP-address and running
- an SMTP mailer). Now what? This machine may also be a hop or two away
- from the nearest "IP" node in the Path. Now we're dependent on *ALL* of
- the systems in that path to have the proper configurations for handling
- mail for the new site. Mostly, these systems depend on the "UUCP Maps"
- for their path configurations. Now we have a Catch-22 situation.
- I cannot submit the Map until the site is "tested" and the MX-record
- installed in the DNS. Even once I do, it can take weeks or months
- before the Map appears in the Newsgroup comp.mail.maps (fully Moderated
- and usually comes thru monthly). In the meantime, the configurations
- on all the systems in the dependent path are "broken" waiting on that
- all-important Map for the new site. Mail goes into a real "loop".
-
- To add insult to the whole process, the system names contained in a
- UUCP Map (which most new sites will construct and send me) do NOT contain
- the "Fully Qualified Domain Name" (the dotted name) of the systems
- they connect to. Now it becomes a matter of guesswork to see if any of
- the site(s) they connect to have an IP-address and can qualify as
- an MX-receiver.
-
- For the reasons outlined in the last two paragraphs, it is essential
- for a new site to hook up with a system that has an IP-address and can
- act as their MX-receiver. It's much easier if the proper Map procedures
- were followed and their UUCP Map submission contained the proper
- "#F mx.receiver.domain" line in their Maps, giving me the
- Fully-Qualified-Domain-Name of their MX-receiver.
- It's bad enough that I have to hand-edit each and every Map submitted,
- because our wonderful FidoNet editors expand TABS to spaces and the
- submission I send to the UUCP Map Coordinators *must* contain the proper
- TAB separators, not spaces!
-
- Burt Juda
- Hostmaster, .fidonet.org
-
-