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- # Open an arbitrary URL
- #
- # See the following document for a tentative description of URLs:
- # Uniform Resource Locators Tim Berners-Lee
- # INTERNET DRAFT CERN
- # IETF URL Working Group 14 July 1993
- # draft-ietf-uri-url-01.txt
- #
- # The object returned by URLopener().open(file) will differ per
- # protocol. All you know is that is has methods read(), readline(),
- # readlines(), fileno(), close() and info(). The read*(), fileno()
- # and close() methods work like those of open files.
- # The info() method returns an mimetools.Message object which can be
- # used to query various info about the object, if available.
- # (mimetools.Message objects are queried with the getheader() method.)
-
- import string
- import socket
- import regex
- import os
-
-
- __version__ = '1.5'
-
- # Helper for non-unix systems
- if os.name == 'mac':
- from macurl2path import url2pathname, pathname2url
- elif os.name == 'nt':
- from nturl2path import url2pathname, pathname2url
- else:
- def url2pathname(pathname):
- return pathname
- def pathname2url(pathname):
- return pathname
-
- # This really consists of two pieces:
- # (1) a class which handles opening of all sorts of URLs
- # (plus assorted utilities etc.)
- # (2) a set of functions for parsing URLs
- # XXX Should these be separated out into different modules?
-
-
- # Shortcut for basic usage
- _urlopener = None
- def urlopen(url):
- global _urlopener
- if not _urlopener:
- _urlopener = FancyURLopener()
- return _urlopener.open(url)
- def urlretrieve(url, filename=None):
- global _urlopener
- if not _urlopener:
- _urlopener = FancyURLopener()
- if filename:
- return _urlopener.retrieve(url, filename)
- else:
- return _urlopener.retrieve(url)
- def urlcleanup():
- if _urlopener:
- _urlopener.cleanup()
-
-
- # Class to open URLs.
- # This is a class rather than just a subroutine because we may need
- # more than one set of global protocol-specific options.
- # Note -- this is a base class for those who don't want the
- # automatic handling of errors type 302 (relocated) and 401
- # (authorization needed).
- ftpcache = {}
- class URLopener:
-
- # Constructor
- def __init__(self, proxies=None):
- if proxies is None:
- proxies = getproxies()
- self.proxies = proxies
- server_version = "Python-urllib/%s" % __version__
- self.addheaders = [('User-agent', server_version)]
- self.tempcache = None
- # Undocumented feature: if you assign {} to tempcache,
- # it is used to cache files retrieved with
- # self.retrieve(). This is not enabled by default
- # since it does not work for changing documents (and I
- # haven't got the logic to check expiration headers
- # yet).
- self.ftpcache = ftpcache
- # Undocumented feature: you can use a different
- # ftp cache by assigning to the .ftpcache member;
- # in case you want logically independent URL openers
-
- def __del__(self):
- self.close()
-
- def close(self):
- self.cleanup()
-
- def cleanup(self):
- import os
- if self.tempcache:
- for url in self.tempcache.keys():
- try:
- os.unlink(self.tempcache[url][0])
- except os.error:
- pass
- del self.tempcache[url]
-
- # Add a header to be used by the HTTP interface only
- # e.g. u.addheader('Accept', 'sound/basic')
- def addheader(self, *args):
- self.addheaders.append(args)
-
- # External interface
- # Use URLopener().open(file) instead of open(file, 'r')
- def open(self, fullurl):
- fullurl = unwrap(fullurl)
- type, url = splittype(fullurl)
- if not type: type = 'file'
- self.openedurl = '%s:%s' % (type, url)
- if self.proxies.has_key(type):
- proxy = self.proxies[type]
- type, proxy = splittype(proxy)
- host, selector = splithost(proxy)
- url = (host, fullurl) # Signal special case to open_*()
- name = 'open_' + type
- if '-' in name:
- import regsub
- name = regsub.gsub('-', '_', name)
- if not hasattr(self, name):
- return self.open_unknown(fullurl)
- try:
- return getattr(self, name)(url)
- except socket.error, msg:
- raise IOError, ('socket error', msg)
-
- # Overridable interface to open unknown URL type
- def open_unknown(self, fullurl):
- type, url = splittype(fullurl)
- raise IOError, ('url error', 'unknown url type', type)
-
- # External interface
- # retrieve(url) returns (filename, None) for a local object
- # or (tempfilename, headers) for a remote object
- def retrieve(self, url, filename=None):
- if self.tempcache and self.tempcache.has_key(url):
- return self.tempcache[url]
- url1 = unwrap(url)
- self.openedurl = url1
- if self.tempcache and self.tempcache.has_key(url1):
- self.tempcache[url] = self.tempcache[url1]
- return self.tempcache[url1]
- type, url1 = splittype(url1)
- if not filename and (not type or type == 'file'):
- try:
- fp = self.open_local_file(url1)
- del fp
- return url2pathname(splithost(url1)[1]), None
- except IOError, msg:
- pass
- fp = self.open(url)
- headers = fp.info()
- if not filename:
- import tempfile
- filename = tempfile.mktemp()
- result = filename, headers
- if self.tempcache is not None:
- self.tempcache[url] = result
- tfp = open(filename, 'w')
- bs = 1024*8
- block = fp.read(bs)
- while block:
- tfp.write(block)
- block = fp.read(bs)
- del fp
- del tfp
- return result
-
- # Each method named open_<type> knows how to open that type of URL
-
- # Use HTTP protocol
- def open_http(self, url):
- import httplib
- if type(url) is type(""):
- host, selector = splithost(url)
- user_passwd, host = splituser(host)
- else:
- host, selector = url
- urltype, rest = splittype(selector)
- if string.lower(urltype) == 'http':
- realhost, rest = splithost(rest)
- user_passwd, realhost = splituser(realhost)
- if user_passwd:
- selector = "%s://%s%s" % (urltype,
- realhost, rest)
- print "proxy via http:", host, selector
- if not host: raise IOError, ('http error', 'no host given')
- if user_passwd:
- import base64
- auth = string.strip(base64.encodestring(user_passwd))
- else:
- auth = None
- h = httplib.HTTP(host)
- h.putrequest('GET', selector)
- if auth: h.putheader('Authorization: Basic %s' % auth)
- for args in self.addheaders: apply(h.putheader, args)
- h.endheaders()
- errcode, errmsg, headers = h.getreply()
- fp = h.getfile()
- if errcode == 200:
- return addinfourl(fp, headers, self.openedurl)
- else:
- return self.http_error(url,
- fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)
-
- # Handle http errors.
- # Derived class can override this, or provide specific handlers
- # named http_error_DDD where DDD is the 3-digit error code
- def http_error(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
- # First check if there's a specific handler for this error
- name = 'http_error_%d' % errcode
- if hasattr(self, name):
- method = getattr(self, name)
- result = method(url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)
- if result: return result
- return self.http_error_default(
- url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers)
-
- # Default http error handler: close the connection and raises IOError
- def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
- void = fp.read()
- fp.close()
- raise IOError, ('http error', errcode, errmsg, headers)
-
- # Use Gopher protocol
- def open_gopher(self, url):
- import gopherlib
- host, selector = splithost(url)
- if not host: raise IOError, ('gopher error', 'no host given')
- type, selector = splitgophertype(selector)
- selector, query = splitquery(selector)
- selector = unquote(selector)
- if query:
- query = unquote(query)
- fp = gopherlib.send_query(selector, query, host)
- else:
- fp = gopherlib.send_selector(selector, host)
- return addinfourl(fp, noheaders(), self.openedurl)
-
- # Use local file or FTP depending on form of URL
- def open_file(self, url):
- if url[:2] == '//':
- return self.open_ftp(url)
- else:
- return self.open_local_file(url)
-
- # Use local file
- def open_local_file(self, url):
- host, file = splithost(url)
- if not host:
- return addinfourl(open(url2pathname(file), 'r'), noheaders(), 'file:'+file)
- host, port = splitport(host)
- if not port and socket.gethostbyname(host) in (
- localhost(), thishost()):
- file = unquote(file)
- return addinfourl(open(url2pathname(file), 'r'), noheaders(), 'file:'+file)
- raise IOError, ('local file error', 'not on local host')
-
- # Use FTP protocol
- def open_ftp(self, url):
- host, path = splithost(url)
- if not host: raise IOError, ('ftp error', 'no host given')
- host, port = splitport(host)
- user, host = splituser(host)
- if user: user, passwd = splitpasswd(user)
- else: passwd = None
- host = socket.gethostbyname(host)
- if not port:
- import ftplib
- port = ftplib.FTP_PORT
- path, attrs = splitattr(path)
- dirs = string.splitfields(path, '/')
- dirs, file = dirs[:-1], dirs[-1]
- if dirs and not dirs[0]: dirs = dirs[1:]
- key = (user, host, port, string.joinfields(dirs, '/'))
- try:
- if not self.ftpcache.has_key(key):
- self.ftpcache[key] = \
- ftpwrapper(user, passwd,
- host, port, dirs)
- if not file: type = 'D'
- else: type = 'I'
- for attr in attrs:
- attr, value = splitvalue(attr)
- if string.lower(attr) == 'type' and \
- value in ('a', 'A', 'i', 'I', 'd', 'D'):
- type = string.upper(value)
- return addinfourl(self.ftpcache[key].retrfile(file, type),
- noheaders(), self.openedurl)
- except ftperrors(), msg:
- raise IOError, ('ftp error', msg)
-
-
- # Derived class with handlers for errors we can handle (perhaps)
- class FancyURLopener(URLopener):
-
- def __init__(self, *args):
- apply(URLopener.__init__, (self,) + args)
- self.auth_cache = {}
-
- # Default error handling -- don't raise an exception
- def http_error_default(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
- return addinfourl(fp, headers, self.openedurl)
-
- # Error 302 -- relocated (temporarily)
- def http_error_302(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
- # XXX The server can force infinite recursion here!
- if headers.has_key('location'):
- newurl = headers['location']
- elif headers.has_key('uri'):
- newurl = headers['uri']
- else:
- return
- void = fp.read()
- fp.close()
- return self.open(newurl)
-
- # Error 301 -- also relocated (permanently)
- http_error_301 = http_error_302
-
- # Error 401 -- authentication required
- # See this URL for a description of the basic authentication scheme:
- # http://www.ics.uci.edu/pub/ietf/http/draft-ietf-http-v10-spec-00.txt
- def http_error_401(self, url, fp, errcode, errmsg, headers):
- if headers.has_key('www-authenticate'):
- stuff = headers['www-authenticate']
- p = regex.compile(
- '[ \t]*\([^ \t]+\)[ \t]+realm="\([^"]*\)"')
- if p.match(stuff) >= 0:
- scheme, realm = p.group(1, 2)
- if string.lower(scheme) == 'basic':
- return self.retry_http_basic_auth(
- url, realm)
-
- def retry_http_basic_auth(self, url, realm):
- host, selector = splithost(url)
- i = string.find(host, '@') + 1
- host = host[i:]
- user, passwd = self.get_user_passwd(host, realm, i)
- if not (user or passwd): return None
- host = user + ':' + passwd + '@' + host
- newurl = '//' + host + selector
- return self.open_http(newurl)
-
- def get_user_passwd(self, host, realm, clear_cache = 0):
- key = realm + '@' + string.lower(host)
- if self.auth_cache.has_key(key):
- if clear_cache:
- del self.auth_cache[key]
- else:
- return self.auth_cache[key]
- user, passwd = self.prompt_user_passwd(host, realm)
- if user or passwd: self.auth_cache[key] = (user, passwd)
- return user, passwd
-
- def prompt_user_passwd(self, host, realm):
- # Override this in a GUI environment!
- try:
- user = raw_input("Enter username for %s at %s: " %
- (realm, host))
- self.echo_off()
- try:
- passwd = raw_input(
- "Enter password for %s in %s at %s: " %
- (user, realm, host))
- finally:
- self.echo_on()
- return user, passwd
- except KeyboardInterrupt:
- return None, None
-
- def echo_off(self):
- import os
- os.system("stty -echo")
-
- def echo_on(self):
- import os
- print
- os.system("stty echo")
-
-
- # Utility functions
-
- # Return the IP address of the magic hostname 'localhost'
- _localhost = None
- def localhost():
- global _localhost
- if not _localhost:
- _localhost = socket.gethostbyname('localhost')
- return _localhost
-
- # Return the IP address of the current host
- _thishost = None
- def thishost():
- global _thishost
- if not _thishost:
- _thishost = socket.gethostbyname(socket.gethostname())
- return _thishost
-
- # Return the set of errors raised by the FTP class
- _ftperrors = None
- def ftperrors():
- global _ftperrors
- if not _ftperrors:
- import ftplib
- _ftperrors = (ftplib.error_reply,
- ftplib.error_temp,
- ftplib.error_perm,
- ftplib.error_proto)
- return _ftperrors
-
- # Return an empty mimetools.Message object
- _noheaders = None
- def noheaders():
- global _noheaders
- if not _noheaders:
- import mimetools
- import StringIO
- _noheaders = mimetools.Message(StringIO.StringIO(), 0)
- _noheaders.fp.close() # Recycle file descriptor
- return _noheaders
-
-
- # Utility classes
-
- # Class used by open_ftp() for cache of open FTP connections
- class ftpwrapper:
- def __init__(self, user, passwd, host, port, dirs):
- self.user = unquote(user or '')
- self.passwd = unquote(passwd or '')
- self.host = host
- self.port = port
- self.dirs = []
- for dir in dirs:
- self.dirs.append(unquote(dir))
- self.init()
- def init(self):
- import ftplib
- self.ftp = ftplib.FTP()
- self.ftp.connect(self.host, self.port)
- self.ftp.login(self.user, self.passwd)
- for dir in self.dirs:
- self.ftp.cwd(dir)
- def retrfile(self, file, type):
- import ftplib
- if type in ('d', 'D'): cmd = 'TYPE A'; isdir = 1
- else: cmd = 'TYPE ' + type; isdir = 0
- try:
- self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd)
- except ftplib.all_errors:
- self.init()
- self.ftp.voidcmd(cmd)
- conn = None
- if file and not isdir:
- try:
- cmd = 'RETR ' + file
- conn = self.ftp.transfercmd(cmd)
- except ftplib.error_perm, reason:
- if reason[:3] != '550':
- raise IOError, ('ftp error', reason)
- if not conn:
- # Try a directory listing
- if file: cmd = 'LIST ' + file
- else: cmd = 'LIST'
- conn = self.ftp.transfercmd(cmd)
- return addclosehook(conn.makefile('rb'), self.ftp.voidresp)
-
- # Base class for addinfo and addclosehook
- class addbase:
- def __init__(self, fp):
- self.fp = fp
- self.read = self.fp.read
- self.readline = self.fp.readline
- self.readlines = self.fp.readlines
- self.fileno = self.fp.fileno
- def __repr__(self):
- return '<%s at %s whose fp = %s>' % (
- self.__class__.__name__, `id(self)`, `self.fp`)
- def close(self):
- self.read = None
- self.readline = None
- self.readlines = None
- self.fileno = None
- if self.fp: self.fp.close()
- self.fp = None
-
- # Class to add a close hook to an open file
- class addclosehook(addbase):
- def __init__(self, fp, closehook, *hookargs):
- addbase.__init__(self, fp)
- self.closehook = closehook
- self.hookargs = hookargs
- def close(self):
- if self.closehook:
- apply(self.closehook, self.hookargs)
- self.closehook = None
- self.hookargs = None
- addbase.close(self)
-
- # class to add an info() method to an open file
- class addinfo(addbase):
- def __init__(self, fp, headers):
- addbase.__init__(self, fp)
- self.headers = headers
- def info(self):
- return self.headers
-
- # class to add info() and geturl() methods to an open file
- class addinfourl(addbase):
- def __init__(self, fp, headers, url):
- addbase.__init__(self, fp)
- self.headers = headers
- self.url = url
- def info(self):
- return self.headers
- def geturl(self):
- return self.url
-
-
- # Utility to combine a URL with a base URL to form a new URL
-
- def basejoin(base, url):
- type, path = splittype(url)
- if type:
- # if url is complete (i.e., it contains a type), return it
- return url
- host, path = splithost(path)
- type, basepath = splittype(base) # inherit type from base
- if host:
- # if url contains host, just inherit type
- if type: return type + '://' + host + path
- else:
- # no type inherited, so url must have started with //
- # just return it
- return url
- host, basepath = splithost(basepath) # inherit host
- basepath, basetag = splittag(basepath) # remove extraneuous cruft
- basepath, basequery = splitquery(basepath) # idem
- if path[:1] != '/':
- # non-absolute path name
- if path[:1] in ('#', '?'):
- # path is just a tag or query, attach to basepath
- i = len(basepath)
- else:
- # else replace last component
- i = string.rfind(basepath, '/')
- if i < 0:
- # basepath not absolute
- if host:
- # host present, make absolute
- basepath = '/'
- else:
- # else keep non-absolute
- basepath = ''
- else:
- # remove last file component
- basepath = basepath[:i+1]
- path = basepath + path
- if type and host: return type + '://' + host + path
- elif type: return type + ':' + path
- elif host: return '//' + host + path # don't know what this means
- else: return path
-
-
- # Utilities to parse URLs (most of these return None for missing parts):
- # unwrap('<URL:type://host/path>') --> 'type://host/path'
- # splittype('type:opaquestring') --> 'type', 'opaquestring'
- # splithost('//host[:port]/path') --> 'host[:port]', '/path'
- # splituser('user[:passwd]@host[:port]') --> 'user[:passwd]', 'host[:port]'
- # splitpasswd('user:passwd') -> 'user', 'passwd'
- # splitport('host:port') --> 'host', 'port'
- # splitquery('/path?query') --> '/path', 'query'
- # splittag('/path#tag') --> '/path', 'tag'
- # splitattr('/path;attr1=value1;attr2=value2;...') ->
- # '/path', ['attr1=value1', 'attr2=value2', ...]
- # splitvalue('attr=value') --> 'attr', 'value'
- # splitgophertype('/Xselector') --> 'X', 'selector'
- # unquote('abc%20def') -> 'abc def'
- # quote('abc def') -> 'abc%20def')
-
- def unwrap(url):
- url = string.strip(url)
- if url[:1] == '<' and url[-1:] == '>':
- url = string.strip(url[1:-1])
- if url[:4] == 'URL:': url = string.strip(url[4:])
- return url
-
- _typeprog = regex.compile('^\([^/:]+\):\(.*\)$')
- def splittype(url):
- if _typeprog.match(url) >= 0: return _typeprog.group(1, 2)
- return None, url
-
- _hostprog = regex.compile('^//\([^/]+\)\(.*\)$')
- def splithost(url):
- if _hostprog.match(url) >= 0: return _hostprog.group(1, 2)
- return None, url
-
- _userprog = regex.compile('^\([^@]*\)@\(.*\)$')
- def splituser(host):
- if _userprog.match(host) >= 0: return _userprog.group(1, 2)
- return None, host
-
- _passwdprog = regex.compile('^\([^:]*\):\(.*\)$')
- def splitpasswd(user):
- if _passwdprog.match(user) >= 0: return _passwdprog.group(1, 2)
- return user, None
-
- _portprog = regex.compile('^\(.*\):\([0-9]+\)$')
- def splitport(host):
- if _portprog.match(host) >= 0: return _portprog.group(1, 2)
- return host, None
-
- # Split host and port, returning numeric port.
- # Return given default port if no ':' found; defaults to -1.
- # Return numerical port if a valid number are found after ':'.
- # Return None if ':' but not a valid number.
- _nportprog = regex.compile('^\(.*\):\(.*\)$')
- def splitnport(host, defport=-1):
- if _nportprog.match(host) >= 0:
- host, port = _nportprog.group(1, 2)
- try:
- if not port: raise string.atoi_error, "no digits"
- nport = string.atoi(port)
- except string.atoi_error:
- nport = None
- return host, nport
- return host, defport
-
- _queryprog = regex.compile('^\(.*\)\?\([^?]*\)$')
- def splitquery(url):
- if _queryprog.match(url) >= 0: return _queryprog.group(1, 2)
- return url, None
-
- _tagprog = regex.compile('^\(.*\)#\([^#]*\)$')
- def splittag(url):
- if _tagprog.match(url) >= 0: return _tagprog.group(1, 2)
- return url, None
-
- def splitattr(url):
- words = string.splitfields(url, ';')
- return words[0], words[1:]
-
- _valueprog = regex.compile('^\([^=]*\)=\(.*\)$')
- def splitvalue(attr):
- if _valueprog.match(attr) >= 0: return _valueprog.group(1, 2)
- return attr, None
-
- def splitgophertype(selector):
- if selector[:1] == '/' and selector[1:2]:
- return selector[1], selector[2:]
- return None, selector
-
- try:
- from urlop import *
- except ImportError:
- _quoteprog = regex.compile('%[0-9a-fA-F][0-9a-fA-F]')
- def unquote(s):
- i = 0
- n = len(s)
- res = []
- while 0 <= i < n:
- j = _quoteprog.search(s, i)
- if j < 0:
- res.append(s[i:])
- break
- res.append(s[i:j] + chr(string.atoi(s[j+1:j+3], 16)))
- i = j+3
- return string.joinfields(res, '')
-
- always_safe = string.letters + string.digits + '_,.-'
- def quote(s, safe = '/'):
- safe = always_safe + safe
- res = []
- for c in s:
- if c in safe:
- res.append(c)
- else:
- res.append('%%%02x' % ord(c))
- return string.joinfields(res, '')
-
-
- # Proxy handling
- def getproxies():
- """Return a dictionary of protocol scheme -> proxy server URL mappings.
-
- Scan the environment for variables named <scheme>_proxy;
- this seems to be the standard convention. If you need a
- different way, you can pass a proxies dictionary to the
- [Fancy]URLopener constructor.
-
- """
- proxies = {}
- for name, value in os.environ.items():
- if value and name[-6:] == '_proxy':
- proxies[name[:-6]] = value
- return proxies
-
-
- # Test and time quote() and unquote()
- def test1():
- import time
- s = ''
- for i in range(256): s = s + chr(i)
- s = s*4
- t0 = time.time()
- qs = quote(s)
- uqs = unquote(qs)
- t1 = time.time()
- if uqs != s:
- print 'Wrong!'
- print `s`
- print `qs`
- print `uqs`
- print round(t1 - t0, 3), 'sec'
-
-
- # Test program
- def test():
- import sys
- import regsub
- args = sys.argv[1:]
- if not args:
- args = [
- '/etc/passwd',
- 'file:/etc/passwd',
- 'file://localhost/etc/passwd',
- 'ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/etc/passwd',
- 'gopher://gopher.cwi.nl/11/',
- 'http://www.cwi.nl/index.html',
- ]
- try:
- for url in args:
- print '-'*10, url, '-'*10
- fn, h = urlretrieve(url)
- print fn, h
- if h:
- print '======'
- for k in h.keys(): print k + ':', h[k]
- print '======'
- fp = open(fn, 'r')
- data = fp.read()
- del fp
- print regsub.gsub('\r', '', data)
- fn, h = None, None
- print '-'*40
- finally:
- urlcleanup()
-
- # Run test program when run as a script
- if __name__ == '__main__':
- ## test1()
- test()
-