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- Z O E T R O P E
- by Dave Moorman
- Information from Wikipedia
-
-
- Return with us now to those
- thrilling days of yesteryear. In fact,
- we take you back 150 years to the
- parlors of the blooming middle-class
- -- which would not be complete without
- a zoetrope.
-
- The zoetrope was invented in 1834
- by William Horner, who originally
- called it a Daedalum ("wheel of the
- Devil"). It was based on Plateau's
- phenakistoscope, but was more
- convenient since it did not require a
- viewing mirror and allowed more than
- one person to use it at the same time.
-
- Horner's invention strangely
- became forgotten for nearly thirty
- years until 1867, when it became
- patented in England by M. Bradley, and
- in America by William F. Lincoln.
- Lincoln renamed the Daedalum, giving
- it the name of "zoetrope," or "wheel
- of life."
-
- The zoetrope is the third major
- optical toy, after the thaumatrope and
- phenakistoscope, that uses the
- persistence of motion principle to
- create an illusion of motion. It
- consists of a simple drum with an open
- top, supported on a central axis. A
- sequence of hand-drawn pictures on
- strips of paper are placed around the
- inner bottom of the drum. Slots are
- cut at equal distances around the
- outer surface of the drum, just above
- where the picture strips were to be
- positioned.
-
- To create an illusion of motion,
- the drum is spun; the faster the rate
- of spin, the smoother the progression
- of images. A viewer can look through
- the wall of the zoetrope from any
- point around it, and see a rapid
- progression of images. Because of its
- design, more than one person could use
- the zoetrope at the same time.
-
- When the praxinoscope was invented
- by Emile Reynaud in 1877, interest in
- the zoetrope declined. The
- praxinoscope offered a clearer,
- brighter image to viewers than the
- zoetrope could. In 1889, George
- Eastman invented flexible photographic
- film, which allowed a lot of film to
- be held on one reel. Whereas zoetrope
- picture strips were limited to about
- 15 pictures per strip, devices using
- reels of the new flexible film could
- present longer animations to viewers.
- Finally, in 1895, modern cinema was
- born. Once moving pictures could be
- projected on a large screen, optical
- toys such as the zoetrope became used
- less and less frequently.
-
- Thomas Edison claims the invention
- of the motion picture camera, using
- Eastman's flexible film. It was Edison
- who established the 3 x 4 aspect ratio
- still prevalent for television screens
- and computer monitors. The standard
- film speed for sound became 24 frames
- per second in the US and 25 fps in
- Britian.
-
- This led to a bit of a problem,
- since US televisions display 30 fps --
- interlaced twice, since US alternating
- current hums along at 60 Hz. A
- "film-chain" projector re-projects one
- frame in 4 to match up the difference.
- If you step-frame through a video
- tape, you will see the repeated frame.
- In England and Europe, alternating
- current runs at 50 Hz, so 25 fps film
- is a perfect match.
-
- Of course, today, a byte is a
- byte. TV aspect ratios can now be
- whatever the film-/video-maker wants,
- and HDTV sports a 9 x 16 aspect ratio.
-
- Now -- with all this terribly
- important information under your belt,
- here is LOADSTAR's own Zoetrope. My
- goal is to build an animation system.
- But the first step was to get a tiny
- movie working on the screen. It is
- tiny in its size and lenth -- because
- we have some limitations here in
- Commodorea.
-
- The Zoetrope screen is 16 x 12
- text characters in size -- 128 x 96
- pixels, or 64 x 96 double-wide
- multi-color pixels. This means 1568
- bytes for each frame, or 6 pages of
- memory. On VICE, the frames can be
- loaded one at a time and produce
- something like 10 frames per second.
- Of course, a real C-64 with a 1541
- cannot be so fortunate. So after
- creating each frame as a file, I
- combine them into one big data file
- and use copymem to put the image in
- the text font areas. Oddly, on VICE
- the copy of each frame from memory
- takes just about as long as the disk
- load.
-
- I got a toy video camera the other
- day -- 320 x 240 pixels, 10 fps --
- which is designed for kids. I can
- transfer the video files directly to
- the computer, and use ULEAD Studio to
- assemble the frames, do some
- "toasting", and create a 128 x 96
- bitmap movie file. Basic reads the
- movie file and plots the pixels on a
- font, which is then bsaved as a frame
- file.
-
- A lot of fiddling around for a few
- seconds of rough-res video. But that
- is not the point! The point is that we
- can have movies too!
-
- The Zoetrope program uses an
- actual zoetrope paper strip for its
- image. Magic Picture was videoed with
- my toy camera and manipulated to be
- like the photographs in the Harry
- Potter movies, where the subjects move
- in a repetitive way.
-
- DMM
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