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- Probably the single greatest mind
- dedicated to the development of
- computers belonged to Alan Turing.
-
- During the World War II he was a
- major participant in the efforts at
- Bletchley Park on cracking Nazi
- cyphers. He contributed several
- mathematical insights to breaking the
- Enigma cypher. Turing's work on
- breaking the Enigma cypher was kept
- secret until the 1970s; not even his
- close friends knew about it.
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- Turing proposed the idea of a
- universal machine. The concept of the
- Turing machine is based on the idea of
- a person executing a well-defined
- procedure by changing the contents of
- an infinite amount of ordered paper
- sheets that can contain one of a
- finite set of symbols. The person
- needs to remember one of a finite set
- of states and the procedure is
- formulated in very basic steps in the
- form of "If your state is 42 and the
- symbol you see is a '0' then replace
- this with a '1', change the state to
- 17, and go to the following sheet."
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- Such a machine could emulate any
- other machine -- hence "universal."
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- Any computer or computer language is
- said to be Turing-Complete if it can
- emulate the Turing Machine. The only
- caveat is that Turing posited infinite
- memory and no machine today has truly
- infinite memory.
-
- The Turing Machine is not to be
- confused with the Turing Test -- a
- logical, result-determined means of
- determining if a machine has achieved
- Artificial Intelligence. In the Turing
- Test a human judge engages in a
- natural language conversation with two
- other parties, one a human and the
- other a machine. If the judge cannot
- reliably tell which is which, then the
- machine is said to pass the test.
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- 1912 - 1954
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