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- Memory Chip Tutor
- The Facts
-
-
-
-
- If you encounter the message "parity error" while operating your PC, a
- malfunction has occurred somewhere in the PC's memory (RAM). In many
- instances, a parity error can be traced to a defective RAM chip or one
- that is seated poorly in its socket.
-
- To find the cause of the parity error, turn off the PC, wait about five
- seconds, and turn it on again. After flipping the power switch on, the
- PC automatically runs a series of diagnostics which tests different
- parts of the system. If a memory problem exists, a PARITY CHECK 1 or
- PARITY CHECK 2 error message will appear. This article will help you
- interpret these error messages, isolate defective memory chips, and
- correct the situation.
-
-
- System Board Memory
-
- Early PCs have system boards which hold only 64K of RAM. These system
- boards have four parallel rows (or banks) of nine 16K 4116 RAM chips.
- Newer PCs and XTs with 256K system boards have four parallel rows of
- nine 64K 4164 RAM chips. In both cases, each row has eight chips for
- memory (data bits) and one for parity checking (parity bit).
-
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- When facing the PC chassis from the front, the row of chips closest to
- the front is designated row 3, with the next row being row 2, then row
- 1, and row 0 next to the expansion slots. In each row or bank, the
- chip on the extreme left, slightly separated from the data bits, is the
- parity bit chip.
-
-
- Expansion Board Memory
-
- The amount of memory contained on expansion boards varies widely from
- manufacturer to manufacturer. While the early expansion memory boards
- only contained 64K memory, the current standard seems to be memory
- boards in one of three configurations: 256K, 384K, or 512K. Most
- memory boards still use the 64K 4164 RAM chip, although use of the
- newer 256K 41256 RAM chip has become more prevalent as its
- availability has increased and unit cost has dropped substantially
- (from $60/chip to $7/chip during the past six months). The
- introduction of 80286-based computers like the AT has also impacted the
- popularity of mega-memory expansion cards because the 80286 can address
- up to 16 megabytes of RAM, as compared to the 1 megabyte limitation of
- 8088-based PCs.
-
- To simplify matters, we will limit our discussion here to those
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- expansion memory boards that use the 64K RAM chips. In general, these
- expansion boards comprise from four (256K) to eight (512K) parallel
- rows of nine 64K memory chips. The rows are usually arranged
- horizontally, numbered from 1 to 8, and are populated sequentially from
- right to left (row 1 is on the extreme right; row 8 on the extreme
- left).
-
-
- Memory Error Messages
-
- Now that you know which row is where and its "numeric" position
- indicator, you can begin to isolate which chip may be causing the
- parity error.
-
- If your computer has a memory problem, a memory error message will
- appear on the monitor during the start-up diagnostic (Power-On Self
- Test) or when performing system diagnostics. This memory error message
- consists of two parts: a four-digit error code followed by the numbers
- 201, e.g. 3040 201; and either a PARITY CHECK 1 or PARITY CHECK 2
- message.
-
- A PARITY CHECK 1 message indicates that the memory error was detected
- on the system board memory; a PARITY CHECK 2 message identifies a
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- memory error on a memory expansion board.
-
-
- PARITY CHECK 1 -- System Board Memory Errors
-
- The first number of the memory error code indicates which 64K bank of
- memory is involved. On PCs with 256K system boards, this can be rows
- 0, 1, 2, or 3. On 64K system board PCs, the number 0 represents the
- entire 64K bank of 36 16K chips.
-
- For PCs with 64K system boards, the second digit can be 0, 4, 8, or C,
- and points to the 16K bank within the 64K which is failing; 0 is row
- 0, 4 is row 1, 8 is row 2, and C is row 3. In contrast, for PCs with
- 256K system boards, the second digit of the error message identifies
- the 4K page in the memory chip that is failing; this number is not
- needed to identify the problem chip and should be ignored.
-
- The third and fourth digits represent which bit position (or RAM chip)
- in the 64K row is causing the error condition. This number represents
- the hexadecimal address of the chip within the row.
-
- Table 1 provides the address for each of the chips on a 64K or 256K
- system board:
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-
- Bank 64K 256K Parity Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit Bit
- Number System System Bit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-
- 0 00 0x 00 01 02 04 08 10 20 40 80
- 1 04 1x 00 01 02 04 08 10 20 40 80
- 2 08 2x 00 01 02 04 08 10 20 40 80
- 3 0C 3x 00 01 02 04 08 10 20 40 80
-
- M E M O R Y C H I P S
-
- F R O N T O F C O M P U T E R
-
- Table 1. System Board Memory Addresses.
-
- Using the error message example given earlier, 3040 201, we can
- quickly identify the faulty chip as the eighth chip (Bit 6) in the
- first row from the front (Bank 3) of a 256K system board.
-
-
- PARITY CHECK 2 -- Expansion Board Memory Errors
-
- The procedures for diagnosing errors in memory contained on expansion
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- boards is similar to that used for system board memory diagnosis.
-
- The first number of the memory error code indicates which 64K bank of
- memory is involved. On PCs with 256K system boards, this can be row 4
- or greater; on 64K system board PCs, row 1 or greater.
-
- For both 64K and 256K system board PCs, the second digit is not used
- and should be ignored. The third and fourth digits contain the
- hexadecimal address (within the row) of the problem memory chip.
-
- Because there are numerous third-party manufacturers of expansion
- memory boards and because each manufacturer may use a different
- configuration and/or bank numbering scheme, the rules for
- identifying errant memory chip addresses for your expansion board might
- be different. You should check the documentation provided with your
- expansion board as reference for proper diagnosis of expansion board
- memory problems.
-
- For demonstration purposes, however, the following example uses a 384K
- memory expansion board (AST Six Pak Plus), configured with six banks of
- chips, numbered 1 to 6, from right to left.
-
- Table 2 provides the address for each of the chips on the expansion
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- memory card. Notice that the starting address for the rows of memory
- chips is different for the 64K and 256K system boards. This is due to
- the fact that the expansion board rows begin addressing where the
- system board stops: for the 64K board, starting address is 1x; the
- starting address for the 256K system board is 4x (x can be any number).
-
-
- Bank No. 6 5 4 3 2 1
-
- 64K System 6x 5x 4x 3x 2x 1x
-
- 256K System 9x 8x 7x 6x 5x 4x
- ____________________________________________
-
- Parity Bit 00 00 00 00 00 00 M
-
- Bit 7 80 80 80 80 80 80 E
-
- Bit 6 40 40 40 40 40 40 M
-
- Bit 5 20 20 20 20 20 20 O
-
- Bit 4 10 10 10 10 10 10 R
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-
- Bit 3 08 08 08 08 08 08 Y
-
- Bit 2 04 04 04 04 04 04 C
- H
- Bit 1 02 02 02 02 02 02 I
- P
- Bit 0 01 01 01 01 01 01 S
-
- BOTTOM OF EXPANSION BOARD
-
- Table 2. Expansion Board Memory Addresses.
-
-
- Using the above table, we can see that a 7120 201 error code identifies
- the errant memory chip as the sixth chip from the bottom (Bit 5) in the
- fourth bank from the right (Bank 4) in a 256K system board machine.
-
-
- Correcting Memory Errors
-
- Now that we have identified the problem chip, we should verify it by
- replacing it with a spare chip and run the diagnostics again and see
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- whether the error is corrected. If no spare chip is available,
- exchange the suspect chip with another one in an adjacent bank. If we
- have correctly identified the problem chip, the diagnostics will
- display a different memory code -- that of the location where we put
- the suspected chip.
-
- If, however, the error code continues to identify the original
- location, a problem may exist with the socket and you should contact
- your dealer for assistance.
-
- If the system board or expansion board switches are not set properly or
- a chip is missing, the bit position in the error code may be AA, FF,
- 55, or 01. If you are experiencing problems with more than one memory
- chip, the bit position code displayed will be the sum (in Hexadecimal)
- of the problem chip locations and consequently, will not match any of
- the values in Table 1 or 2. When this happens, the resultant error
- code could be any number from FF to 00. Diagnosis of the errant chips
- will involve a trial and error process of switching several chips from
- the identified row to an adjacent row.
-
-
- Reseat Chips Before Switching
-
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- Before switching chips in the "suspect" row, however, remove all chips
- and reseat them in their sockets. Run the diagnostics again. Because
- many parity problems are due to poor contacts between chips and
- sockets, this trick may eliminate the parity error. RAM chip failures
- are rather rare.
-
- The most difficult parity error or memory error to locate is one which
- occurs "intermittently". For example, heat generated by expansion
- boards, disk drives or other add-ons may cause a memory chip or some
- other memory-related component to shift sufficiently to break the
- electrical contact. You may never find this particular problem since
- the same set of conditions may not be duplicated exactly during
- diagnostics.
-
-
- A Simple, Do-It-Yourself Remedy
-
- What has been discussed here is a simple method to troubleshoot your
- PC. If in doubt, professional service technicians have the tools to
- diagnose memory problems instantly. But performing these simple checks
- yourself can save you money, especially if the cause is a poorly
- socketed chip.
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-
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- You have been on for 36 minutes, with 24 remaining.
-
- Enter Bulletin #, <L>ist, or <Q>uit to Main Menu?