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- █ ███ ██ ███ ██ ███ █ AMPLIFICATION
- ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀▀
- │ ┌──┐ ┌───┐
- ├──┐ │ │ ├──┐ ├───┘
- │ │ └──┘ │ │ └───┘
- └──┘ └
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-
- Amplification is one of the most important concepts that
- you can understand about electronic gadgets. Almost
- everything you can name that has to do with electronics
- involves amplification in one way or the other.
-
- Everyone has heard about public address type amplifiers.
- Rock musicians use amplifiers like cars use gasoline and
- trucks use diesel. You can whisper into a microphone and
- people 4 miles away, with earmuffs on, can hear you over
- the blaring loud speakers.
-
- ROCKETH ON...
-
- This is amplification. So are things like OPERATIONAL
- AMPLIFIERS, RF amplifiers and others of various kinds with
- various duties. But, it is important to understand how
- amplifiers work or, at least, something about the
- relationship of the INPUT signal to that of the OUTPUT.
-
- For a moment, think of an ordinary light dimmer. As you
- rotate the knob the lights dim or brighten IMMEDIATELY and
- in DIRECT PORPORTION to the turn of the knob. Think of this
- as a...
-
- LINEAR RELATIONSHIP
-
- ...the light dims in a precisely controlled way that is
- determined by precisely how far the control is turned and
- in what direction.
-
- Now, we know that our voices don't change when they are
- amplified. If you heard me talk in a normal way and then
- heard me talk through an amplification system (microphone
- and speakers) you would know that it was me talking. It
- makes my voice louder but doesn't change the way my voice
- sounds. (Forget any factor of distortion, etc.)
-
- Voice processing amplifiers work a lot like the dimmer. The
- knob (volume control) raises the level of my voice or
- lowers it. Since it doesn't alter the frequency and pitch
- of my voice you can instantly tell that the person talking
- hasn't changed. Only, the relative loudness of their
- voices. So, the loudness of a sound is determined NOT by
- it's frequency or it's pitch but rather by its AMPLITUDE or
- LOUDNESS.
-
- So, amplifiers control AMPLITUDE and not frequency or
- pitch? You tell HAM BONE...
-
- But, since you are learning about electronics it is not
- enough to just know that Rock music isn't any good unless
- it's LOUD (with a capital YEOW!). We also need to know what
- happens to the nifty electrons that you learned all about
- in HAM BONE'S chapter one. We need to know how electrons
- can make our voices louder.
-
- For years and years, ELECTRON TUBES (Flemming) were the
- staple of the amplifier do-dads. Tubes were found in
- everything from radios and tvs to computers. In fact, many
- tube-type devices are still working perfectly. But, in 1947
- the electronics world was to change like never before. The
- TRANSISTOR, invented by Schockley, Bardeen and Brattain at
- Bell Labs opened up the world of solid state electronics
- that we enjoy today.
-
- Briefly, electron tubes would amplify like the drawing
- shows.
-
-
- ELECTRON TUBE AMPLIFICATION
- ┌─────────────┐ ┌──┐
- █ plate │ │
- ▌ ▀▀▀▀▀▀▀ ┼║║║┼ │ ▐
- ▌█▐────────────═ ═ ═ ═ grid ┼║║║┼ █▐▐
- Mike ▌█▐─┐ █▀▀▀▀▀█ ┼║║║┼ █▐▐ Loud Speaker
- ▌ │ █ cathode ┼║║║┼ █▐▐
- │ │ ┼║║║┼ │ ▐
- │ │ │ │
- │ ║ │ ║ ║ ║ └──┘
- └─█║─────────────┴─║█║█║█─────┘
- (+) ║ (-) (-) ║ ║ ║ (+)
- (.05 V) (45 V)
- Bias Battery Plate Battery
-
- AMPLIFICATION actually involves controlling a LARGE (plate)
- voltage source with a very small BIAS voltage. As you speak
- into a microphone, minute voltage changes take place in
- precisely the same way that your voice moves the microphone
- diaphram. The tiny electrical signals (on the order of a
- few millovolts) has the ability to cause the GRID of the
- tube to let ELECTRONS flow from the CATHODE to the PLATE.
- That's right! FLOW from the cathode to the plate. As you
- remember from the HAM BONE chapter one, electrons flow from
- the negative electrode to the positive electrode.
-
- But, look at the size of the power source pushing the
- electrons in the PLATE/CATHODE circuit part of the tube
- schematic. Then, compare that source to the teeny little
- BIAS voltage. Quite a difference, huh? But, you murmur, "So
- what. How does that explain amplification?" Well, you
- murmur too soon.
-
- Think of the GRID as the handle on your outside water
- faucet. As you open it up the water comes out. Open it a
- lot and the water shoots out in a spray. Open it too little
- and the water just trickles. As you adjust your garden
- sprinkler to just the right distances you are, in effect,
- doing the same thing that the tube amplifier is doing. In
- fact, TUBES are called VALVES in many countries. That's
- because they act exactly like valves.
-
- The relationship between the smaller BIAS voltage and the
- PLATE voltage is analogous to a small human hand being able
- to turn the valve on a huge oil pipeline valve - with ease.
- If you tried to open and close the actual valve, without
- the assistance of the gears in the valve, you couldn't do
- it even if the pressure were less than 60 PSI. Not with any
- accuracy. In the case of the OIL valve, the gears on the
- plunger AMPLIFY your own physical strength and you can
- easily open and shut, even monstrous, valves with ease.
- Similarly, the GRID acts as the gears for opening and
- closing a path for electrons to flow through.
-
- At rest, the electrons are bunching up on the CATHODE just
- itching to JUMP to the PLATE. Until you chatter in the
- microphone, the BIAS voltage doesn't change and the GRID
- stays shut preventing the electrons to flow from the
- electrodes in the tube. But, the minute you move the
- microphone diaphram, the BIAS voltage changes, ever so
- slightly, and a few of the electrons in the high-pressure
- PLATE line hoppity-hop to the PLATE and rattle the
- loudspeaker - which, incidently, requires a lot of power to
- operate. The very small BIAS current is entirely TOO small
- to drive a big loud speaker. So, instead of trying to and
- ending up with egg on our face, we can use tubes or solid
- state devices to make this process painless and amplify
- electrons until the cows come home.
-
- Solid state devices, like BI-POLAR transistors, perform
- amplifying feats just like valves and tubes. However, they
- move electrons quite differently - into and out of HOLES
- that would make a pinball manufacturer blush at the
- precision. It is not within the scope of the HAM BONE
- Introductory Electronics to delve into silicon sub-strates
- and high-tech mumbo jumbo. The important differencies to
- remember are...
-
- TUBES require more power to operate and require
- filiment heaters that help excite the electrons to JUMP to
- the PLATE. I would too if someone were scorching my behind.
-
- Batteries have to be quite large to provide enough
- power for tube operated devices. If the transistor had
- never been invented our ELECTRONIC wristwatches would take
- truck batteries to operate and sure wouldn't fit in a
- shoebox.
-
- On the other hand, solid state devices do not have to move
- electrons through the vacuum of dead space in the tube
- enclosure and require very little power to make things
- happen.
-
- In the diagram below, you can see that while the BIAS on
- the BASE of the transistor (1/2 V) is still the same as
- with the tube schematic, the COLLECTOR voltage has dropped
- from 45 volts to only 5 volts. And, with the proper
- currents supplying these voltages, you can achieve the same
- results with solid state devices as with tubes.
-
- TRANSISTOR AMPLIFICATION
- ┌───────────┐ ┌──┐
- █ █ collector │ │
- ▌ █▀▀▀ ┼║║║┼ │ ▐
- ▌█▐───────────────█ base ┼║║║┼ █▐▐
- Mike ▌█▐─┐ █▀▀█ ┼║║║┼ █▐▐ Loud Speaker
- ▌ │ │ emitter ┼║║║┼ █▐▐
- │ │ ┼║║║┼ │ ▐
- │ │ │ │
- │ ║ │ ║ ║ ║ └──┘
- └─█║─────────────┴─║█║█║█─────┘
- (+) ║ (-) (-) ║ ║ ║ (+)
- (.05 V) (5 V)
- Bias Battery Collector Battery
-
-
-
- Press ESCape to return to the menu...
-
-