home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT PATHALIAS
- AND WHAT PATHALIAS NEEDS TO KNOW ABOUT YOU
- or
- HOW PATHALIAS MAKES DOMAINS
-
- Christopher Seiwald
-
- This note describes the host connectivity data and domain data
- needed to effect UUCP domain-style address routing. This
- describes mostly the domain data, but also discusses how to
- distribute connectivity data. Look elsewhere for a discussion of
- domains.
-
- Briefly, the connectivity data (what's in mod.map) connects
- all hosts in the UUCP network into one big directed graph, and
- the domain data superimposes a domain tree onto that graph.
- Pathalias converts these two sets of data into a routing database
- which smail/rmail, a UUCP mail routing program, uses.
-
- 1. Domains and Gateways for UUCP
-
- For domains in the UUCP zone, the top of a subdomain is all
- gateway hosts for that domain; the top of the UUCP zone will
- probably be nearly a hundred hosts. As a transition aid, we
- also consider an individual host at the bottom of the domain tree a
- subdomain "host.UUCP", with one gateway and no further subdomains.
- (We expect to phase this out eventually.)
-
- A gateway host for a domain must do four things:
- I) Pass mail bound for that domain to the
- appropriate host.
- II) Pass mail bound for outside that domain to a
- gateway in the parent domain.
- III) Pass mail bound for a subdomain to a gateway of
- that subdomain.
- IV) Recognise the domain!user address syntax.
-
- smail/rmail already provides (IV). With the data described here,
- pushed through pathalias, smail/rmail can then provide (I)-(III).
-
- 2. The Zone Registry
-
- For any sizeable zone, one gateway host supports the zone registry.
- For other zones, such as BITNET, CSNET, DDN, etc., registries are
- supported, using conventions appropriate to those zones. Contact
- electronic mail addresses are supported for queries, and updates to
- configuration information may also be handled via mail. In the UUCP
- zone, the id's "uucpmap@cbosgd.ATT.COM" and "domains@cbosgd.ATT.COM"
- serve to collect the connectivity and domain data, respectively, for
- that zone.
-
- The registry for a zone speaks for that zone, communicating
- chiefly with its peers, the registry of the parent domain, and
- the registries of the subdomains.
-
- 3. Functions of Domain Data
-
- Each gateway for a domain must map the domain-style names into
- the UUCP host names for all hosts of the domain. This host name
- mapping provides (I) above.
-
- Each gateway for a domain knows a) at least one gateway for each
- immediate subdomain, and b) at least one gateway host of the
- parent domain. This provides (II) and (III) above.
-
- For consistency across the gateways of a domain, each gateway for
- the domain should know a) ALL gateways for each immediate
- subdomain; and b) ALL gateways for the parent domain. Pathalias
- will pick the closest. In this way, one single database can
- describe the domain structure for all gateways on a domain,
- without variations for each gateway.
-
- In order to aid routing and avoid overloading the parent gateway,
- gateways should also know most gateways for peer level domains.
- This information is also provided by the map and used by pathalias.
- When a new peer domain is created, traffic can be routed through the
- parent (which must be updated immediately) until information about
- the peer can be propagated.
-
- Additionally, a gateway could know about domains more than one
- level above or below it so that mail doesn't stop for address
- resolution at every gateway along its path.
-
- 4. Format of Domain Data
-
- 4.1 Host Name List
-
- The host name list aliases the domain style address of a host to
- the UUCP host name. The pathalias input format is:
-
- uucp-name .domain-name[, ...]
-
- The .UUCP suffix is implicit in the uucp-name (smail/rmail does
- this), and is not needed.
- Upper/lower case doesn't matter in a dotted domain name.
- Examples:
-
- ihnp4 = .ATT.COM
- ucbvax = .Berkeley.EDU
- cbosgd = .osgd.cb.att.com, .cbosgd.att.com
-
- Might produce from pathalias:
-
- ihnp4 mtxinu!ihnp4!%s
- .ihnp4.ATT.COM mtxinu!ihnp4!%s
- ucbvax ucbvax!%s
- .Berkeley.EDU ucbvax!%s
- cbosgd cbosgd!%s
- .osgd.cb.att.com cbosgd!%s
- .cbosgd.att.com cbosgd!%s
-
- A single host may have more than one domain style address; in
- fact, a host may be in several domains at once. However, each
- host must have a single primary location in the domain tree,
- and other addresses should be viewed as transition aids. For
- example, cbosgd might be known as cbosgd, cbosgd.UUCP,
- cbosgd.ATT.UUCP, cbosgd.btl.csnet, and cbosgd.ATT.COM, but
- the primary name is the one in the organizational domain (COM)
- which applies to all networks, and the others are temporary
- names for upward compatibility only.
-
- 4.2 Domain Gateway List
-
- The domain gateway list aliases the domain style address of a
- domain to the UUCP host name of the closest gateway of that
- domain. This involves a trick in pathalias, and employs a
- extra network name domain-gw. The pathalias input format is:
-
- domain-gw .domain-name
-
- Again, the .UUCP suffix is implicit in the uucp-name, and is
- not needed.
- Examples:
-
- decwrl .DEC.COM
- decuac .DEC.COM
-
- cbosgd .ATT.COM
- clyde .ATT.COM
-
- Might generate from pathalias:
-
- .DEC.COM seismo!decuac!%s
- .ATT.COM cbosgd!%s
-
- Note that pathalias chooses the closest host from inside the {}'s.
- The (DEAD)'s prevent pathalias from following along the mock network
- called "domain-gw".
-
- 5. Distribution of Domain Data
-
- A zone registry maintains a Host Name List (in the format of 4.1
- above) of all hosts within its domain and a Domain Gateway List
- (in the format of 4.2 above) of all gateways of the domain.
-
- Up: A registry collects the Domain Gateway List from the registry
- of each of its subdomains, and transmits to the registry of its
- parent domain its own Domain Gateway List and, if it chooses, the
- Domain Gateway Lists of some or all of its subdomains. Whether
- it includes lists from its subdomains depends on how important it
- considers them to the parent domain.
-
- Down: Similarly, a registry collects the Domain Gateway List from
- the registry of its parent domain, and transmits to the registry
- of each of its subdomains its Domain Gateway List and the Domain
- Gateway List of its parent domain. Note that the Domain Gateway
- List of the parent domain may include lists from the parent's
- other subdomains.
-
- A registry may decide not to use the parent domain's Domain
- Gateway List or not to transmit it to its subdomains' registries.
- (This should be done only with the consent of the subdomains.) In
- this case, the registry must introduce a domain gateway alias for
- all top level domains, to ensure that all the mail gets delivered.
-
- Across: a registry transmits to each of the gateways of its
- domain its Host Name List, its Domain Gateway List, and collected
- Domain Gateway Lists. The registry also transmits to each normal
- host (one gateway, no subdomains) of its domain its Domain
- Gateway List.
-
- Together, "up," "down," and "across" insure that each gateway has
- the Host Name List for its domain, and the Domain Gateway List of
- its own domain and at least its parent domain and subdomains.
- "Up" and "across" will probably take place on demand by mail.
- "Down" will probably be broadcast via netnews on a regular
- schedule. In particular, the second level information for the UUCP
- zone (one entry per organization) and the complete top level domain
- information make up the postings to mod.map.
-
- 6. Distribution of Connectivity Data
-
- The distribution of connectivity data will probably follow the
- path of domain data: registries passing connectivity data up,
- down, and across the domain tree, with the exception that the
- connectivity within a third (or lower) level domain will be
- discouraged from leaving the domain, so the data the UUCP zone
- registry distributes will include only the first and second
- level gateways. Local information about internal subdomains and
- machines of organizations should not be included in globally
- published information, but rather distributed locally as needed.
-
- 7. Various Notes
-
- The following are examples of data that should be joined together
- as input to pathalias.
-
- Parent Domain Gateway List
- Parent Connectivity Data
- This Level Domain Gateway List
- This Level Host Name List
- This Level Connectivity Data
- Collected Subdomains' Domain Gateway Lists
- Collected Subdomains' Connectivity Data
- Private Additions
- Alias for "this host"
-
- This note does not describe the inclusion of private additions to
- the domain or connectivity data.
-
- Because domain names intermix with host names (and the .UUCP
- suffix is implicit), you can address hosts known at your gateway
- as "uucp-host.UUCP". We discourage this, because the address is
- then particular to the sender's location.
-
-
- /+\
- 5/1/85 +\ chris@cbosgd.att.com
- \+/
-
- [Updated 5/9/86 by Mark Horton.]
- #
- #@(#)Domains 2.5 (smail) 9/15/87
- #