C/C++ Interactive Reference Guide/C-C++ Interactive Reference Guide.iso/c_ref/csource5/357_01/cstar1.exe/READ.ME

Text File | 1991-06-21 | 13.0 KB | 314 lines

The CSTAR READ.ME file

Read this documentation file first.

June 25, 1991


OVERVIEW

The CSTAR language is an outgrowth of a language called PL/68K, which
was described in the January 1986 issue of Dr. Dobb's Journal.  CSTAR is
a cross translator:  it runs on the IBM PC and produces 68000 assembly
code in Digital Research (DRI) format.  The source code for the CSTAR
compiler can be compiled using the Microsoft C compiler v5.1 or later or
with Turbo C v1.5 or later.  There is approximately four programmer years
of work on this disk.

CSTAR produces locally optimal code in almost all circumstances.  By that I
mean that CSTAR produces code for arithmetic operations and flow of
control constructs that is at least as good as would typically be produced by
an expert assembly language programmer. As you will see when you look at
the code generator code, producing this kind of optimal code requires a
*lot* of attention to detail.  CSTAR does no global optimizations or loop
optimizations, nor does it eliminate common subexpressions, but rather
provides the ability to specify those optimizations in source code if desired.


PUBLIC DOMAIN SOFTWARE

The CSTAR program was placed in the public domain on June 15, 1991,
by its principal author and sole owner:

    Edward K. Ream
    1617 Monroe Street
    Madison, WI 53711
    [phone]

CSTAR may be used for any commercial or non-commercial purpose.


DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES

Edward K. Ream (Ream) specifically disclaims all warranties,
expressed or implied, with respect to this computer software,
including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability
and fitness for a particular purpose.  In no event shall Ream be
liable for any loss of profit or any commercial damage, including
but not limited to special, incidental consequential or other damages.

CALL ME

The CSTAR compiler is large and complicated.  Please feel free to call with
any questions or comments you may have.  If you plan to do any real work
with CSTAR I probably can save you a lot of time.  I am also available to do
commercial consulting and programming on this product.

DOCUMENTATION

The file ARITH.DOC contains a detailed discussion of the rules for
generating code for arithmetic expressions.  As you will see, this is a
complex area, and one in which many compilers generate poor code.
CSTAR does an outstanding job in this area.

The file CHANGES.DOC discusses how the coding and performance of the
CSTAR translator could be improved, perhaps by as much as a factor of 3.
The changes described are extensive so this file will be of theoretical interest
only for most people.

The file CSTAR.DOC discusses the evolution of the original language,
PL/68Kto the CSTAR language.  As you will see, this change was not
entirely satisfactory, which was one reason why neither PL/68K nor
CSTAR were ever offered as commercial products.  Nontheless, CSTAR
would make a good basis for making a full C compiler.

The file DESIGN.DOC discusses various aspects of design of the CSTAR
translator.  (See CSTAR.DOC for a discussion of the CSTAR language.)

The file PL68K.DOC contains a slightly revised version of the original Dr.
Dobb's Journal article about PL/68K.  Alas, it does not contain the original
figures.


FEATURES AND LIMITATIONS OF THE CSTAR COMPILER

Insofar as CSTAR is simply C, the CSTAR compiler can not produce better
code than the best C compilers.  In fact, however, the design of the CSTAR
compiler was heavily influenced by the same philosophy behind the design
of the PL/68K language .  This philosophy produced several important
benefits in the compiler:

o  You get  as much control over the code generated by arithmetic
expressions as you desire.  Most of the time, the code generators in the
CSTAR compiler produce locally optimal code.  If they do not, or if global
considerations require local code changes, you can usually improve the code
simply by using different C operators.  For example, you could replace
array operators [] with dereference operators *.  These tricks will work with
most C compilers, but CSTAR also allows you to use PL/68K-style
pseudo-functions for absolute control over the output generated.

Changing arithmetic expressions produces only local changes to the output.
The CSTAR compiler does no global optimization, so you can always
pinpoint what source code statements produced what output statements.
Output is flagged with the line number of the statements that produced the
output.

The quality of code generated by expressions largely determines the overall
quality of a compiler.  The CSTAR compiler typically produces good-to-
excellent code for all C-language constructs but the CSTAR language also
allows you to specify exact code to be produced when you need to.  Except
for constructs involving common sub-expressions and global optimizations
(which you may improve by changing the source code), the quality of the
code produced by the CSTAR compiler is as good or better than the code
produced by the Green Hills compiler.

o  The CSTAR compiler always produces best possible code for boolean
expressions and flow-of-control constructs such as if-then-else, do-while,
etc. No unnecessary jumps to jumps are ever generated.  Compare
instructions are rearranged in required to eliminate non-essential jumps. The
code produced by this part of the compiler is indistinguishable from the
code that would produced by a good assembly language programmer.

The CSTAR compiler compiler is fast, and could be made much faster.   On
a 10 Mhz CP/M 68000 system with a ram disk the CSTAR compiler
compiles more than 2000 lines per minute.  This is comparable to the speed
at which the non-optimizing Unix cc compiler compiles code on a 68000
system and about three times faster than the Green Hills compiler.

The CSTAR compiler reads source files only once--no intermediate files are
used and all data structures are kept in main memory for maximum speed.
Thus, the size of the largest function that can be compiled is limited by the
amount of main memory available.  About 500K of main memory is
required to compile the file containing the largest function in the CSTAR
compiler itself.

The CSTAR compiler contains the following extensions to standard C:

o C language variables which have the same name as 68000 registers are
treated as if they were register variables assigned to the corresponding
register.

o Functions which have the same name as 68000 instructions are treated as
if the corresponding 68000 instruction were inserted in line.

o The #enum preprocessor directive is an abbreviation for a sequence of
#define's.

The following features of the ANSI C are not supported by the CSTAR
compiler:

o Blocks.  All variables of a function must be declared as formal parameters
or as local variables whose scope is the entire function.

o Bit fields.

o Complex initializers involving arrays of structs or unions.

o Enum data type.

o Functions may not return structs,unions or arrays, but only pointers to
those objects.

o Function prototyping.

The data structures used by the CSTAR were designed for maximum
flexibility and speed.  The CSTAR compiler builds in main memory a full
parse tree and a complete representation of the code to be output, called the
intermediate code list or ICL.  The CSTAR compiler generates code (i.e.,
adds nodes to the ICL), by making several passes over the parse tree,
sometimes rearranging the tree in the process.  The nodes of the parse tree
mostly contains links to other nodes so that traversing the parse tree is very
easy.  After the ICL is built, a peephole optimization pass deletes or reorders
nodes in the ICL.  The ICL is doubly linked so that deleting or rearranging
nodes of the ICL is also easy.

With these data structures in place, adding a global optimizer or an internal
assembler (so that the compiler would produce object code) would be
straightforward.  A global optimizer would simply rearrange the parse tree
before the code generators were applied to it.  Again, the format of the parse
tree already lends itself to these operations.  As with a stand alone
assembler, the internal assembler would simply make two passes over the
ICL, one pass to calculate location counter values and the other pass to
output object code.  The internal assembler, however, would be much easier
to write than a stand-alone assembler since the ICL is a much simpler format
to process than standard assembly language.


STATUS OF THE COMPILER

At one time the CSTAR compiler could compile itself.  However, that is no
longer true--the code now contains both function prototypes and ANSI function
definitions which the CSTAR compiler does not support.  If you are thinking
of adding these new language features, you should consider getting the Sherlock
debugging package.  The SPP tool, which is part of the Sherlock package, does
parse full ANSI C.

Compiles with both Turbo and Microsoft without errors and without
significant  warnings.  Microsoft gives no warnings and Turbo C gives the
following warnings, all of which can be ignored:

o  Possibly invalid assignments.

o  Unreachable code:  These are the result of code that tests the compiler
environment.  These are ok.

o  Parameter xxx is not used.  These are the result of unfinished code,
mostly unfinished optimizations.

The ipt field of struct iblock is really a union, which is why casts are
so often required.  This code could be buggy.

No bugs are known, but not a lot of serious testing has been done lately.


FILES ON THE DISK

The header file cstar.h contains extensive discussion about compile-time
options to choose before compiling CSTAR.

Main line and preprocessor:  cstar.c, tok.c, dir.c, def.c.

Parser: par.c, dcl.c, exp.c.

Symbol tables:  mst.c and st.c.

Code generation: g1.c, g2.c, g3.c, reg.c, x2.c, t2.c.

Output Routines: io.c, pr.c.

Utilities: sys.c, mem.c, utl.c, str.c.

Executable files:  csdb.exe  is the debugging version of cs.exe.

Test files:  *.tst

Batch files: The file fr.sub searches all the source files of CSTAR for a
pattern using a FIND program.

Make and link files for Microsoft C:  *.mmk and *.ml

Make and link files for Turboc: *.mak and *.lnk.

Dummy version of Sherlock macros: sl.h (see next section)


DEBUGGING NOTES

csdb.exe is instrumented with the Sherlock tracing system, available from
the C Users' Group.  If you are going to modify CSTAR I *strongly*
recommend you get a copy of Sherlock.  The file sl.h contains a dummy
version of sl.h which will allow you to recompiler CSTAR without having
Sherlock.

Almost any routine may be traced by simply enabling the Sherlock argument
with the corresponding name.  For instance, to trace is_reserved(), just do
the following on the command line:

    csdb ++is_reserved

However, the most useful tracing arguments do not correspond to the
names of routines.  These "extra" tracing arguments are as follows:

++v         Enable tracing of numerous dumps.

++out_list    Send output of compiler to both console and the output file.

++g_put        Intersperse debugging output with compiler output.

++code        Output intermediate data structures.

++dump        Output debugging statistics at the end of the run.

You should enable all of these switches any time you are faced with a
serious bug.  As you peruse the code, you may also find some other
Sherlock trace points which would be helpful, but you should definitely be
aware of the ones above.

It is also possible to set internal compiler variables and switches using
Sherlock arguments.

++no_out    Disable out_list() function.

++nopeep    Disable peephole optimization

++init_1    Use 1 temp A-register, 1 temp D register for expressions

...

+init_6        Use 6 temp A-regs, 6 temp D regs for expressions.


Note:  Because CSTAR does not support local variables defined in inner
blocks, you must use the MARK I version of the Sherlock macros when
compiling the CSTAR source using CSTAR compiler itself.  The normal
MARK II version of the Sherlock macros can be used when compiling
CSTAR with either Turboc C or Microsoft C or any other ANSI compiler.


DIAGNOSTIC MESSAGES

There are three levels of diagnostic messages.  In order of severity, they are:

Errors:  an error  is present which precludes creation of usable code.  For
example, outright syntax errors.

Warnings:  usable code will be produced, but there is something going on
that probably needs fixing.  For example, dubious pointer subtraction,
constant in conditional context, etc.  Many, if not most, C warnings have
probably already become PL/68K errors.

Helps:  valid code (as far as the compiler is concerned) has been produced,
but a question is raised as to something which the programmer may well
choose to ignore, e.g. an operator which generates especially abstruse code
on the target processor.  Helps may be turned off as a command line option.