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- package Carp;
-
- =head1 NAME
-
- carp - warn of errors (from perspective of caller)
-
- cluck - warn of errors with stack backtrace
- (not exported by default)
-
- croak - die of errors (from perspective of caller)
-
- confess - die of errors with stack backtrace
-
- =head1 SYNOPSIS
-
- use Carp;
- croak "We're outta here!";
-
- use Carp qw(cluck);
- cluck "This is how we got here!";
-
- =head1 DESCRIPTION
-
- The Carp routines are useful in your own modules because
- they act like die() or warn(), but report where the error
- was in the code they were called from. Thus if you have a
- routine Foo() that has a carp() in it, then the carp()
- will report the error as occurring where Foo() was called,
- not where carp() was called.
-
- =head2 Forcing a Stack Trace
-
- As a debugging aid, you can force Carp to treat a croak as a confess
- and a carp as a cluck across I<all> modules. In other words, force a
- detailed stack trace to be given. This can be very helpful when trying
- to understand why, or from where, a warning or error is being generated.
-
- This feature is enabled by 'importing' the non-existant symbol
- 'verbose'. You would typically enable it by saying
-
- perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl
-
- or by including the string C<MCarp=verbose> in the L<PERL5OPT>
- environment variable.
-
- =cut
-
- # This package is heavily used. Be small. Be fast. Be good.
-
- # Comments added by Andy Wardley <abw@kfs.org> 09-Apr-98, based on an
- # _almost_ complete understanding of the package. Corrections and
- # comments are welcome.
-
- # The $CarpLevel variable can be set to "strip off" extra caller levels for
- # those times when Carp calls are buried inside other functions. The
- # $Max(EvalLen|(Arg(Len|Nums)) variables are used to specify how the eval
- # text and function arguments should be formatted when printed.
-
- $CarpLevel = 0; # How many extra package levels to skip on carp.
- $MaxEvalLen = 0; # How much eval '...text...' to show. 0 = all.
- $MaxArgLen = 64; # How much of each argument to print. 0 = all.
- $MaxArgNums = 8; # How many arguments to print. 0 = all.
- $Verbose = 0; # If true then make shortmess call longmess instead
-
- require Exporter;
- @ISA = ('Exporter');
- @EXPORT = qw(confess croak carp);
- @EXPORT_OK = qw(cluck verbose);
- @EXPORT_FAIL = qw(verbose); # hook to enable verbose mode
-
-
- # if the caller specifies verbose usage ("perl -MCarp=verbose script.pl")
- # then the following method will be called by the Exporter which knows
- # to do this thanks to @EXPORT_FAIL, above. $_[1] will contain the word
- # 'verbose'.
-
- sub export_fail {
- shift;
- $Verbose = shift if $_[0] eq 'verbose';
- return @_;
- }
-
-
- # longmess() crawls all the way up the stack reporting on all the function
- # calls made. The error string, $error, is originally constructed from the
- # arguments passed into longmess() via confess(), cluck() or shortmess().
- # This gets appended with the stack trace messages which are generated for
- # each function call on the stack.
-
- sub longmess {
- my $error = join '', @_;
- my $mess = "";
- my $i = 1 + $CarpLevel;
- my ($pack,$file,$line,$sub,$hargs,$eval,$require);
- my (@a);
- #
- # crawl up the stack....
- #
- while (do { { package DB; @a = caller($i++) } } ) {
- # get copies of the variables returned from caller()
- ($pack,$file,$line,$sub,$hargs,undef,$eval,$require) = @a;
- #
- # if the $error error string is newline terminated then it
- # is copied into $mess. Otherwise, $mess gets set (at the end of
- # the 'else {' section below) to one of two things. The first time
- # through, it is set to the "$error at $file line $line" message.
- # $error is then set to 'called' which triggers subsequent loop
- # iterations to append $sub to $mess before appending the "$error
- # at $file line $line" which now actually reads "called at $file line
- # $line". Thus, the stack trace message is constructed:
- #
- # first time: $mess = $error at $file line $line
- # subsequent times: $mess .= $sub $error at $file line $line
- # ^^^^^^
- # "called"
- if ($error =~ m/\n$/) {
- $mess .= $error;
- } else {
- # Build a string, $sub, which names the sub-routine called.
- # This may also be "require ...", "eval '...' or "eval {...}"
- if (defined $eval) {
- if ($require) {
- $sub = "require $eval";
- } else {
- $eval =~ s/([\\\'])/\\$1/g;
- if ($MaxEvalLen && length($eval) > $MaxEvalLen) {
- substr($eval,$MaxEvalLen) = '...';
- }
- $sub = "eval '$eval'";
- }
- } elsif ($sub eq '(eval)') {
- $sub = 'eval {...}';
- }
- # if there are any arguments in the sub-routine call, format
- # them according to the format variables defined earlier in
- # this file and join them onto the $sub sub-routine string
- if ($hargs) {
- # we may trash some of the args so we take a copy
- @a = @DB::args; # must get local copy of args
- # don't print any more than $MaxArgNums
- if ($MaxArgNums and @a > $MaxArgNums) {
- # cap the length of $#a and set the last element to '...'
- $#a = $MaxArgNums;
- $a[$#a] = "...";
- }
- for (@a) {
- # set args to the string "undef" if undefined
- $_ = "undef", next unless defined $_;
- if (ref $_) {
- # dunno what this is for...
- $_ .= '';
- s/'/\\'/g;
- }
- else {
- s/'/\\'/g;
- # terminate the string early with '...' if too long
- substr($_,$MaxArgLen) = '...'
- if $MaxArgLen and $MaxArgLen < length;
- }
- # 'quote' arg unless it looks like a number
- $_ = "'$_'" unless /^-?[\d.]+$/;
- # print high-end chars as 'M-<char>' or '^<char>'
- s/([\200-\377])/sprintf("M-%c",ord($1)&0177)/eg;
- s/([\0-\37\177])/sprintf("^%c",ord($1)^64)/eg;
- }
- # append ('all', 'the', 'arguments') to the $sub string
- $sub .= '(' . join(', ', @a) . ')';
- }
- # here's where the error message, $mess, gets constructed
- $mess .= "\t$sub " if $error eq "called";
- $mess .= "$error at $file line $line\n";
- }
- # we don't need to print the actual error message again so we can
- # change this to "called" so that the string "$error at $file line
- # $line" makes sense as "called at $file line $line".
- $error = "called";
- }
- # this kludge circumvents die's incorrect handling of NUL
- my $msg = \($mess || $error);
- $$msg =~ tr/\0//d;
- $$msg;
- }
-
-
- # shortmess() is called by carp() and croak() to skip all the way up to
- # the top-level caller's package and report the error from there. confess()
- # and cluck() generate a full stack trace so they call longmess() to
- # generate that. In verbose mode shortmess() calls longmess() so
- # you always get a stack trace
-
- sub shortmess { # Short-circuit &longmess if called via multiple packages
- goto &longmess if $Verbose;
- my $error = join '', @_;
- my ($prevpack) = caller(1);
- my $extra = $CarpLevel;
- my $i = 2;
- my ($pack,$file,$line);
- # when reporting an error, we want to report it from the context of the
- # calling package. So what is the calling package? Within a module,
- # there may be many calls between methods and perhaps between sub-classes
- # and super-classes, but the user isn't interested in what happens
- # inside the package. We start by building a hash array which keeps
- # track of all the packages to which the calling package belongs. We
- # do this by examining its @ISA variable. Any call from a base class
- # method (one of our caller's @ISA packages) can be ignored
- my %isa = ($prevpack,1);
-
- # merge all the caller's @ISA packages into %isa.
- @isa{@{"${prevpack}::ISA"}} = ()
- if(defined @{"${prevpack}::ISA"});
-
- # now we crawl up the calling stack and look at all the packages in
- # there. For each package, we look to see if it has an @ISA and then
- # we see if our caller features in that list. That would imply that
- # our caller is a derived class of that package and its calls can also
- # be ignored
- while (($pack,$file,$line) = caller($i++)) {
- if(defined @{$pack . "::ISA"}) {
- my @i = @{$pack . "::ISA"};
- my %i;
- @i{@i} = ();
- # merge any relevant packages into %isa
- @isa{@i,$pack} = ()
- if(exists $i{$prevpack} || exists $isa{$pack});
- }
-
- # and here's where we do the ignoring... if the package in
- # question is one of our caller's base or derived packages then
- # we can ignore it (skip it) and go onto the next (but note that
- # the continue { } block below gets called every time)
- next
- if(exists $isa{$pack});
-
- # Hey! We've found a package that isn't one of our caller's
- # clan....but wait, $extra refers to the number of 'extra' levels
- # we should skip up. If $extra > 0 then this is a false alarm.
- # We must merge the package into the %isa hash (so we can ignore it
- # if it pops up again), decrement $extra, and continue.
- if ($extra-- > 0) {
- %isa = ($pack,1);
- @isa{@{$pack . "::ISA"}} = ()
- if(defined @{$pack . "::ISA"});
- }
- else {
- # OK! We've got a candidate package. Time to construct the
- # relevant error message and return it. die() doesn't like
- # to be given NUL characters (which $msg may contain) so we
- # remove them first.
- (my $msg = "$error at $file line $line\n") =~ tr/\0//d;
- return $msg;
- }
- }
- continue {
- $prevpack = $pack;
- }
-
- # uh-oh! It looks like we crawled all the way up the stack and
- # never found a candidate package. Oh well, let's call longmess
- # to generate a full stack trace. We use the magical form of 'goto'
- # so that this shortmess() function doesn't appear on the stack
- # to further confuse longmess() about it's calling package.
- goto &longmess;
- }
-
-
- # the following four functions call longmess() or shortmess() depending on
- # whether they should generate a full stack trace (confess() and cluck())
- # or simply report the caller's package (croak() and carp()), respectively.
- # confess() and croak() die, carp() and cluck() warn.
-
- sub croak { die shortmess @_ }
- sub confess { die longmess @_ }
- sub carp { warn shortmess @_ }
- sub cluck { warn longmess @_ }
-
- 1;
-