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- Modeling the Operational Amplifier
- for Micro-Cap III
- (c) copyright Spectrum Software 1988-89
- January 1989
-
- Input parameters for the opamp model:
-
- RIN Input resistance (ohms).
- AO Open loop gain (V/V).
- RO Output resistance (ohms).
- VOS Input offset voltage (volts).
- VOS TC Average temperature coefficient for input offset
- voltage (V/deg. C).
- F1 First pole (Hertz).
- F2 Second pole (Hertz).
- SR Slew rate (V/s).
- IOS Input offset current (Amperes).
- IB Input bias current (Amperes).
- INT Input current doubling interval (deg. C).
- VMAX Power supply voltage (volts).
-
- * Input resistance (RIN): The input resistance of the opamp is
- usually given in most databooks. Bipolar and JFET inputs can be
- distinguished from one another by this parameter since the opamp
- model used in Micro-Cap III is generic. If RIN is not given in
- databooks, use a default value of 2E6 ohms for Bipolar inputs and
- 1E12 for JFET inputs.
-
- * Open Loop gain (AO): The open loop gain of the opamp is
- usually given in databooks as the large signal voltage gain
- (AVOL). This is the same as AO used in Micro-Cap III. Note that
- AVOL is usually given in V/mV. Therefore, the number given in
- the table should be multiplied by 1000. If you cannot obtain
- this parameter, use a typical value of 200000.
-
- * First pole (F1): This parameter is usually not given directly
- in the tables. There are two ways to obtain it. You can use the
- "Open loop frequency response" graph or you can use the gain-
- bandwidth product (GBW) and AVOL. The first breakpoint in the
- open loop frequency graph is the first pole of the opamp (F1).
- F1 can be calculated from GBW and AVOL by the following equation:
-
- F1 = GBW / AVOL
-
- * Second pole (F2): The second pole is usually not the dominant
- pole for the opamp. Most opamp data sheets do not list this
- parameter. If the second pole (F2) cannot be obtained from the
- Open loop frequency response graph, then set F2 to GBW or larger.
-
-
- * Output resistance (RO): The output resistance used by Micro-
- Cap III does not vary with frequency. In most databooks, a graph
- of output impedance vs frequency is usually given. If RO is not
- given in the table, use the resistance value that is pretty
- constant over a range of frequency. This value may also be
- obtained directly from the schematic of the opamp, if given.
- If you cannot obtain this parameter, use a default value of 25
- to 75 ohms.
-
- * Input offset voltage (VOS): The input offset voltage is
- usually given in most databooks. Sometimes VOS is given as the
- average input offset voltage. If you cannot obtain this
- parameter, enter 0 volts for VOS. This parameter can be
- important if you are operating the opamp as an amplifier. The
- output will not be zero even your input signal is set at 0 volts.
-
- * Average Temperature coefficient for VOS (VOS TC): This
- parameter is given in databooks. It is usually given in
- V/deg.C. This parameter affects the offset voltage at different
- temperatures. If VOS was set to 0 volts, then VOS TC has no
- effect on the opamp model.
-
- * Slew rate (SR): The slew rate is usually given in databooks
- as V/us. Therefore, you must multiply the number given in the
- table by 1E6. If the slew rate is not given in the tables, you
- can calculate SR from the Voltage Follower Pulse response graph.
- Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate at which the output can
- change, or, equivalently, the rate of output change for a large-
- signal input step. SR is calculated from the slope:
-
- SR = dVo/dt.
-
- * Input offset current (IOS): Input offset current is usually
- given in databooks.
-
- * Input bias current (IB): Input bias current is usually given
- in databooks.
-
- * Current doubling interval (INT): This parameter determines
- the rate at which the input currents will double at the given
- temperature interval. For example, if you enter 10 for INT.
- Micro-Cap III will double the input currents for every 10 degrees
- increase in temperature. You can estimate this interval from the
- graph of input bias current vs temperature. Use the linear
- portion of the curve only. If you cannot find this parameter,
- use the default value of 10 degrees.
-
- * Power supply voltage (VMAX): This parameter can be obtained
- directly from databooks. This voltage is a symmetrical value.
- That is, if you enter 15, then Micro-Cap III will interpret this
- value as +/- 15 volts.
-
- Notes:
- ------
- - When entering parameters into the library, use the numbers
- given in the typical values column. The following parameters are
- obtained from the DC electrical characteristics table: VOS, VOS
- TC, IOS, IB, RIN. The parameters taken from the AC elctrical
- characteristics are: GBW, and SR.
-
- - Do not attempt to model Norton amplifiers. Micro-Cap III's
- model uses difference in voltage for input and Norton amplifier
- uses current at the input stage.
-
- - Comparators are alright to model. Be sure you set the
- saturation voltage equal to the supply voltage. The comparator
- will saturate at the power supply voltage in Micro-Cap III.
-
- - Opamps labeled with Dual or Quad prefix are alright to model.
-
- - Be careful when modeling voltage followers. They usually have
- a large signal voltage gain of one. Try avoiding this if
- possible.
-
- - Although RO can be obtained from the output impedance vs
- frequency graph, the output resistance used in Micro-Cap III does
- not vary with frequency.
-
-
- Suggestions:
- ------------
- - Obtain RIN from the tables (use typical value). If RIN is not
- given, use a default value of 2E6 ohms for Bipolar inputs and
- 1E12 ohms for JFET inputs.
-
- - Obtain AO from the tables (use typical value). This parameter
- is labeled as AVOL. If AVOL is not given, calculate AVOL from
- the open loop gain response graph. Formula used is AVOL * F1 =
- GBW * 1.0. This equation requires GBW and F1 (First pole). If
- unable to obtain these data, use a default value of 200000 for
- AO.
-
- - Obtain RO from the tables (use typical value). If this
- parameter is not available, use the output impedance vs frequency
- graph. Choose RO at the flat portion of the curve. Micro-Cap
- III's output resistance does not vary with frequency. If this
- graph is not available, use the default value or 25 to 75 ohms.
-
- - Obtain VOS from the tables (use typical value). If VOS is not
- available, set VOS to zero volts.
-
- - Obtain VOS TC from the tables (use typical value). This
- parameter is usually labeled as Average temperature coefficient for
- input offset voltage (V/deg. C). At times it may be called
- "offset voltage temperature drift (uV/deg. C)." If VOS TC is not
- given, assign it to 0 V/deg. C.
-
- - Obtain F1 from the open loop frequency response curve. If this
- graph is not available, use GBW and AVOL to compute F1. If these
- data are not available, then assign F1 to 5 or 10 Hz.
-
- - Obtain F2 from the open loop frequency response curve. If this
- graph is not available, use the frequency unity gain bandwidth or
- a value larger than GBW. Usually, F2 is not the dominant pole
- and should not affect your simulation.
-
- - Obtain SR from the tables (use a typical value). If SR is not
- given, compute SR using the slope from the Voltage Follower Pulse
- respsonse graph. Sometimes this graph is labeled as the large
- signal pulse response. If this graph is not available, use a
- large value as the default. For example, set SR to 5E7. If SR
- is set too small, it will limit the output response of the opamp.
-
- - Obtain IOS from the tables (use typical value). If this is not
- available, set IOS to zero as the default value.
-
- - Obtain IB from the tables (use typical value). If this is not
- available, set IB to zero as the default value.
-
-
- - Obtain INT from the graph of input current vs temperature. If
- this is not available, use 10 as the default value.
-
- - Obtain VMAX from the absolute maximum ratings table. This is
- labeled as supply voltage. If this is not available, use 15 as
- the default value. When modeling a comparator, VMAX must be set
- to the saturation voltage.
-
-
- Opamp Model parameters flow diagram
-
- Enter VOS
- |
- Enter IOS
- |
- Enter IB
- |
- Enter RIN
- |
- Enter VOS TC
- |
- Enter or compute AO
- |
- Obtain F1 from graph or
- compute F1 from GBW and AVOL
- |
- Obtain F2 from graph
- |
- Enter SR or
- compute SR from graph
- |
- Enter RO or
- obtain from graph
- |
- Enter VMAX
- |
- Enter INT
-
-