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- Modeling the Bipolar transistor
- for Micro-Cap III
- (c) copyright Spectrum Software 1988-1989
- January 1989
-
- Bipolar transistor model parameters:
-
- BF Maximum forward beta.
- BR Reverse beta.
- XTB Temperature coefficient for Beta.
- IS Saturation current (Amperes).
- EG Energy gap (eV).
- CJC B-C zero-bias depletion capacitance (Farads).
- CJE B-E zero-bias depletion capacitance (Farads).
- RB Zero-bias base resistance (ohms).
- RC Zero-bias collector resistance (ohms).
- VAF Forward early voltage.
- TF Forward transit time (seconds).
- TR Reverse transit time (seconds).
- MJC B-C grading coeffcient.
- VJC B-C built-in potential (volts).
- MJE B-E grading coefficient.
- VJE B-E built-in potential (volts).
- CJS Collector-substrate zero-bias capacitance (Farads).
- VAR Reverse early voltage.
- NF Forward emission coefficient.
- NR Reverse emission coefficient.
- ISE B-E saturation current (Amperes).
- ISC B-C saturation current (Amperes).
- IKF Corner for Forward Beta high-current roll-off.
- IKR Corner for Reverse Beta high-current roll-off.
- NE B-E leakage emission coefficient.
- NC B-C leakage emission coefficient.
- RE Emitter resistance (ohms).
- IRB Current where RB falls halfway to its minimum value.
- RBM Minimum base resistance at high currents.
- VTF VBC dependence of TF (volts).
- ITF IC dependence of TF (Amperes).
- XTF Coefficient dependence of TF.
- PTF Excess phase at f=1/(2*pi*TF).
- XCJC Fraction of B-C depletion capacitance connected
- to internal base node.
- VJS Substrate-junction built-in potential (volts).
- MJS Substrate-junction grading coefficient.
- XTI Saturation current temperature exponent.
- KF Flicker-noise coefficient.
- AF Flicker-noise exponent.
- FC Coefficient for forward-bias depletion capacitance.
-
-
- Only some of the above parameters are used in the Ebers-moll
- model. All of them are used in the Gummel-Poon model.
-
- Micro-Cap III supports both models. Prior to a simulation, the
- user can select between models using the Options menu.
-
- The EM model is ideal for simulation of most circuits. If second
- order effects are needed, then the Gummel-Poon model should be
- used. Below are the parameters used by EM model:
-
- BF, BR, IS, EG, CJC, MJC, VJC, CJE, MJE, VJE, CJS, MJS, CJS,
- RC, RE, RB, TF, TR, NF, NR, KF, AF, FC, XTB, XTI
-
- * Saturation current (IS): The saturation can be estimated from
- a one-point measurement from the Collector current vs on voltage
- graph. The parameters needed are Ic(IS), Vbe(IS) in PEP. NF is
- assumed to be 1 and this parameter can be changed by the user.
-
- * B-C grading coefficient (MJC): The same method used for
- computing M in the diode can be used to estimate MJC. If MJC
- is not readily available, then use 0.33 for a linearly graded
- junction and 0.5 for an abrupt junction. Refer to the reference
- manual for further information.
-
- * B-C built-in potential (VJC): VJC can be obtained from the
- same method used in computing VJ in the diode model. If VJC is
- not available, use a default value of 0.75 volts.
-
- * B-E grading coefficient (MJE): The method used for computing
- M in the diode can be used in estimating MJE. If MJE is not
- readily available, then use 0.33 for a linearly graded junction
- and 0.5 for an abrupt junction. Refer to the reference manual
- for further information.
-
- * B-E built-in potential (VJE): VJE can be obtained from the
- same method used in computing VJ in the diode model. If VJC is
- not available, use a value of 0.80 volts.
-
- * Zero-bias B-C capacitance (CJC): Using MJC and VJC, you can
- compute CJC. In addition to these parameters, you need Cobo and
- Vcb from databooks. Refer to your manual for more information on
- the estimation of this parameter.
-
- * Zero-bias B-E capacitance (CJE): CJE is computed from the
- following parameters Cibo and Veb given in most databooks. In
- addition, MJE and VJE must be computed prior to estimating CJE.
-
- * Forward transit time (TF): This parameter can be estimated
- from the unity-gain bandwidth. The parameters needed are Ft(TF),
- Ic(Tf) and Vce(TF).
-
-
-
- * Reverse Beta (BR): The parameters needed are: Vcesat, IC(BR),
- IB(BR), BF, and VT(thermal voltage). PEP will compute BR from
- the above set of input parameters. The default value is set to
- one.
-
- * Forward Beta (BF): You can enter the maximum DC forward beta
- for this parameter. This parameter is usually given in most
- databooks. In the EM model, BF is assumed to be fixed. However,
- in the Gummel-Poon model BF varies with collector current. The
- default value is set to 100.
-
- There are a set of parameters used to compute NE, ISE, IKF and
- BF. These parameters are obtained from the Beta forward vs
- Collector curve. A similar set of parameters NR, ISC, IKR and BR
- can be computed by reversing the collector and emitter leads.
-
- hfe1 and Ic1 should be obtained from the low end of the BF vs IC
- curve.
-
- hfe2 and Ic2 should be obtained from the mid region in the low
- collector region.
-
- hfe3 and Ic3 should be obtained from the peak value of BF.
-
- hfe4 and Ic4 should be obtained from the halfway point for hfe3.
- That is, hfe4 = 0.5*hfe3.
-
- * Reverse transit time (TR): TR can be computed from the
- following parameters: Ic(Tr), Ib1(Tr), Ib2(Tr) and ts(Tr).
- Usually, Ic/Ib is 10. PEP will compute TR from the above set of
- parameters.
-
- * Forward Early voltage (VAF): This parameter can be estimated
- from the output admittance curve given in most databooks. The
- parameters used by PEP are: hoe(VAF), Ic(VAF) and Vce(VAF).
-
- Notes:
- ------
- Some of the parameters used by the Gummel-Poon model require
- difficult measurements and they are not covered in this doc file.
-
- Interested users should refer to the book, "Modelling the Bipolar
- transistor" by Ian Getreu, for more information.
-
- Many of these parameters are assigned to their default values in
- both PEP and Micro-Cap III library.
-
- Bipolar model parameters flow diagram
-
-
- Enter Forward emission coefficient NF
- |
- Compute IS
- Ic(IS), Vbe(IS)
- |
- Enter B-C grading coefficient MJC
- |
- Enter B-C built-in potential VJC
- |
- Compute CJC
- Cobo(CJC), Vcb(CJC)
- |
- Enter B-E grading coefficient MJE
- |
- Enter B-E built-in potential VJE
- |
- Compute CJE
- Cibo(CJE), Veb(CJE)
- |
- Compute TF
- Ft(TF), Ic(TF), Vce(TF)
- |
- Compute VAF
- hoe(VAF), Ic(VAF), Vce(VAF)
- |
- Compute BF
- hfe3(BF), Ic3(BF)
- |
- Compute NE
- hfe1(NE), Ic1(NE), hfe2(NE), Ic2(NE)
- |
- Compute ISE
- hfe1, Ic1, hfe2, Ic2, hfe3, Ic3
- |
- Compute IKF
- hfe3, Ic3, hfe4, Ic4
- |
- Compute BR
- Vcesat, Ic(BR), Ib(BR)
- |
- Compute TR
- Ib1(TR), Ib2(TR), Ic1(TR), Ts(TR)
- |
-
-
- |
- Compute RC
- Vce1(RC), Vce2(RC), Ic(RC)
- |
- Compute RB
- Vbe1(RB), Vbe2(RB), Ib(RB)
- |
- Enter C-S grading coefficient MJS
- |
- Enter C-S built-in potential VJS
- |
- Enter C-S zero-bias capacitance CJS
- |
- Enter depletion capacitance coefficient FC
- |
- Enter flicker noise coefficient KF
- |
- Enter flicker noise exponent AF
- |
- Enter energy gap EG
- |
- Enter temperature coefficient for Beta XTB
- |
- Enter saturation current temperature exponent XTI
-
-
-