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- /**************************************************************
- LZARI.C -- A Data Compression Program
- (tab = 4 spaces)
- ***************************************************************
- 4/7/1989 Haruhiko Okumura
- Use, distribute, and modify this program freely.
- Please send me your improved versions.
- PC-VAN SCIENCE
- NIFTY-Serve PAF01022
- CompuServe 74050,1022
- **************************************************************/
- #include <stdio.h>
- #include <stdlib.h>
- #include <string.h>
- #include <ctype.h>
-
- /********** Bit I/O **********/
-
- FILE *infile, *outfile;
- unsigned long int textsize = 0, codesize = 0, printcount = 0;
-
- void Error(char *message)
- {
- printf("\n%s\n", message);
- exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
- }
-
- void PutBit(int bit) /* Output one bit (bit = 0,1) */
- {
- static unsigned int buffer = 0, mask = 128;
-
- if (bit) buffer |= mask;
- if ((mask >>= 1) == 0) {
- if (putc(buffer, outfile) == EOF) Error("Write Error");
- buffer = 0; mask = 128; codesize++;
- }
- }
-
- void FlushBitBuffer(void) /* Send remaining bits */
- {
- int i;
-
- for (i = 0; i < 7; i++) PutBit(0);
- }
-
- int GetBit(void) /* Get one bit (0 or 1) */
- {
- static unsigned int buffer, mask = 0;
-
- if ((mask >>= 1) == 0) {
- buffer = getc(infile); mask = 128;
- }
- return ((buffer & mask) != 0);
- }
-
- /********** LZSS with multiple binary trees **********/
-
- #define N 4096 /* size of ring buffer */
- #define F 60 /* upper limit for match_length */
- #define THRESHOLD 2 /* encode string into position and length
- if match_length is greater than this */
- #define NIL N /* index for root of binary search trees */
-
- unsigned char text_buf[N + F - 1]; /* ring buffer of size N,
- with extra F-1 bytes to facilitate string comparison */
- int match_position, match_length, /* of longest match. These are
- set by the InsertNode() procedure. */
- lson[N + 1], rson[N + 257], dad[N + 1]; /* left & right children &
- parents -- These constitute binary search trees. */
-
- void InitTree(void) /* Initialize trees */
- {
- int i;
-
- /* For i = 0 to N - 1, rson[i] and lson[i] will be the right and
- left children of node i. These nodes need not be initialized.
- Also, dad[i] is the parent of node i. These are initialized to
- NIL (= N), which stands for 'not used.'
- For i = 0 to 255, rson[N + i + 1] is the root of the tree
- for strings that begin with character i. These are initialized
- to NIL. Note there are 256 trees. */
-
- for (i = N + 1; i <= N + 256; i++) rson[i] = NIL; /* root */
- for (i = 0; i < N; i++) dad[i] = NIL; /* node */
- }
-
- void InsertNode(int r)
- /* Inserts string of length F, text_buf[r..r+F-1], into one of the
- trees (text_buf[r]'th tree) and returns the longest-match position
- and length via the global variables match_position and match_length.
- If match_length = F, then removes the old node in favor of the new
- one, because the old one will be deleted sooner.
- Note r plays double role, as tree node and position in buffer. */
- {
- int i, p, cmp, temp;
- unsigned char *key;
-
- cmp = 1; key = &text_buf[r]; p = N + 1 + key[0];
- rson[r] = lson[r] = NIL; match_length = 0;
- for ( ; ; ) {
- if (cmp >= 0) {
- if (rson[p] != NIL) p = rson[p];
- else { rson[p] = r; dad[r] = p; return; }
- } else {
- if (lson[p] != NIL) p = lson[p];
- else { lson[p] = r; dad[r] = p; return; }
- }
- for (i = 1; i < F; i++)
- if ((cmp = key[i] - text_buf[p + i]) != 0) break;
- if (i > THRESHOLD) {
- if (i > match_length) {
- match_position = (r - p) & (N - 1);
- if ((match_length = i) >= F) break;
- } else if (i == match_length) {
- if ((temp = (r - p) & (N - 1)) < match_position)
- match_position = temp;
- }
- }
- }
- dad[r] = dad[p]; lson[r] = lson[p]; rson[r] = rson[p];
- dad[lson[p]] = r; dad[rson[p]] = r;
- if (rson[dad[p]] == p) rson[dad[p]] = r;
- else lson[dad[p]] = r;
- dad[p] = NIL; /* remove p */
- }
-
- void DeleteNode(int p) /* Delete node p from tree */
- {
- int q;
-
- if (dad[p] == NIL) return; /* not in tree */
- if (rson[p] == NIL) q = lson[p];
- else if (lson[p] == NIL) q = rson[p];
- else {
- q = lson[p];
- if (rson[q] != NIL) {
- do { q = rson[q]; } while (rson[q] != NIL);
- rson[dad[q]] = lson[q]; dad[lson[q]] = dad[q];
- lson[q] = lson[p]; dad[lson[p]] = q;
- }
- rson[q] = rson[p]; dad[rson[p]] = q;
- }
- dad[q] = dad[p];
- if (rson[dad[p]] == p) rson[dad[p]] = q;
- else lson[dad[p]] = q;
- dad[p] = NIL;
- }
-
- /********** Arithmetic Compression **********/
-
- /* If you are not familiar with arithmetic compression, you should read
- I. E. Witten, R. M. Neal, and J. G. Cleary,
- Communications of the ACM, Vol. 30, pp. 520-540 (1987),
- from which much have been borrowed. */
-
- #define M 15
-
- /* Q1 (= 2 to the M) must be sufficiently large, but not so
- large as the unsigned long 4 * Q1 * (Q1 - 1) overflows. */
-
- #define Q1 (1UL << M)
- #define Q2 (2 * Q1)
- #define Q3 (3 * Q1)
- #define Q4 (4 * Q1)
- #define MAX_CUM (Q1 - 1)
-
- #define N_CHAR (256 - THRESHOLD + F)
- /* character code = 0, 1, ..., N_CHAR - 1 */
-
- unsigned long int low = 0, high = Q4, value = 0;
- int shifts = 0; /* counts for magnifying low and high around Q2 */
- int char_to_sym[N_CHAR], sym_to_char[N_CHAR + 1];
- unsigned int
- sym_freq[N_CHAR + 1], /* frequency for symbols */
- sym_cum[N_CHAR + 1], /* cumulative freq for symbols */
- position_cum[N + 1]; /* cumulative freq for positions */
-
- void StartModel(void) /* Initialize model */
- {
- int ch, sym, i;
-
- sym_cum[N_CHAR] = 0;
- for (sym = N_CHAR; sym >= 1; sym--) {
- ch = sym - 1;
- char_to_sym[ch] = sym; sym_to_char[sym] = ch;
- sym_freq[sym] = 1;
- sym_cum[sym - 1] = sym_cum[sym] + sym_freq[sym];
- }
- sym_freq[0] = 0; /* sentinel (!= sym_freq[1]) */
- position_cum[N] = 0;
- for (i = N; i >= 1; i--)
- position_cum[i - 1] = position_cum[i] + 10000 / (i + 200);
- /* empirical distribution function (quite tentative) */
- /* Please devise a better mechanism! */
- }
-
- void UpdateModel(int sym)
- {
- int i, c, ch_i, ch_sym;
-
- if (sym_cum[0] >= MAX_CUM) {
- c = 0;
- for (i = N_CHAR; i > 0; i--) {
- sym_cum[i] = c;
- c += (sym_freq[i] = (sym_freq[i] + 1) >> 1);
- }
- sym_cum[0] = c;
- }
- for (i = sym; sym_freq[i] == sym_freq[i - 1]; i--) ;
- if (i < sym) {
- ch_i = sym_to_char[i]; ch_sym = sym_to_char[sym];
- sym_to_char[i] = ch_sym; sym_to_char[sym] = ch_i;
- char_to_sym[ch_i] = sym; char_to_sym[ch_sym] = i;
- }
- sym_freq[i]++;
- while (--i >= 0) sym_cum[i]++;
- }
-
- static void Output(int bit) /* Output 1 bit, followed by its complements */
- {
- PutBit(bit);
- for ( ; shifts > 0; shifts--) PutBit(! bit);
- }
-
- void EncodeChar(int ch)
- {
- int sym;
- unsigned long int range;
-
- sym = char_to_sym[ch];
- range = high - low;
- high = low + (range * sym_cum[sym - 1]) / sym_cum[0];
- low += (range * sym_cum[sym ]) / sym_cum[0];
- for ( ; ; ) {
- if (high <= Q2) Output(0);
- else if (low >= Q2) {
- Output(1); low -= Q2; high -= Q2;
- } else if (low >= Q1 && high <= Q3) {
- shifts++; low -= Q1; high -= Q1;
- } else break;
- low += low; high += high;
- }
- UpdateModel(sym);
- }
-
- void EncodePosition(int position)
- {
- unsigned long int range;
-
- range = high - low;
- high = low + (range * position_cum[position ]) / position_cum[0];
- low += (range * position_cum[position + 1]) / position_cum[0];
- for ( ; ; ) {
- if (high <= Q2) Output(0);
- else if (low >= Q2) {
- Output(1); low -= Q2; high -= Q2;
- } else if (low >= Q1 && high <= Q3) {
- shifts++; low -= Q1; high -= Q1;
- } else break;
- low += low; high += high;
- }
- }
-
- void EncodeEnd(void)
- {
- shifts++;
- if (low < Q1) Output(0); else Output(1);
- FlushBitBuffer(); /* flush bits remaining in buffer */
- }
-
- int BinarySearchSym(unsigned int x)
- /* 1 if x >= sym_cum[1],
- N_CHAR if sym_cum[N_CHAR] > x,
- i such that sym_cum[i - 1] > x >= sym_cum[i] otherwise */
- {
- int i, j, k;
-
- i = 1; j = N_CHAR;
- while (i < j) {
- k = (i + j) / 2;
- if (sym_cum[k] > x) i = k + 1; else j = k;
- }
- return i;
- }
-
- int BinarySearchPos(unsigned int x)
- /* 0 if x >= position_cum[1],
- N - 1 if position_cum[N] > x,
- i such that position_cum[i] > x >= position_cum[i + 1] otherwise */
- {
- int i, j, k;
-
- i = 1; j = N;
- while (i < j) {
- k = (i + j) / 2;
- if (position_cum[k] > x) i = k + 1; else j = k;
- }
- return i - 1;
- }
-
- void StartDecode(void)
- {
- int i;
-
- for (i = 0; i < M + 2; i++)
- value = 2 * value + GetBit();
- }
-
- int DecodeChar(void)
- {
- int sym, ch;
- unsigned long int range;
-
- range = high - low;
- sym = BinarySearchSym((unsigned int)
- (((value - low + 1) * sym_cum[0] - 1) / range));
- high = low + (range * sym_cum[sym - 1]) / sym_cum[0];
- low += (range * sym_cum[sym ]) / sym_cum[0];
- for ( ; ; ) {
- if (low >= Q2) {
- value -= Q2; low -= Q2; high -= Q2;
- } else if (low >= Q1 && high <= Q3) {
- value -= Q1; low -= Q1; high -= Q1;
- } else if (high > Q2) break;
- low += low; high += high;
- value = 2 * value + GetBit();
- }
- ch = sym_to_char[sym];
- UpdateModel(sym);
- return ch;
- }
-
- int DecodePosition(void)
- {
- int position;
- unsigned long int range;
-
- range = high - low;
- position = BinarySearchPos((unsigned int)
- (((value - low + 1) * position_cum[0] - 1) / range));
- high = low + (range * position_cum[position ]) / position_cum[0];
- low += (range * position_cum[position + 1]) / position_cum[0];
- for ( ; ; ) {
- if (low >= Q2) {
- value -= Q2; low -= Q2; high -= Q2;
- } else if (low >= Q1 && high <= Q3) {
- value -= Q1; low -= Q1; high -= Q1;
- } else if (high > Q2) break;
- low += low; high += high;
- value = 2 * value + GetBit();
- }
- return position;
- }
-
- /********** Encode and Decode **********/
-
- void Encode(void)
- {
- int i, c, len, r, s, last_match_length;
-
- fseek(infile, 0L, SEEK_END);
- textsize = ftell(infile);
- if (fwrite(&textsize, sizeof textsize, 1, outfile) < 1)
- Error("Write Error"); /* output size of text */
- codesize += sizeof textsize;
- if (textsize == 0) return;
- rewind(infile); textsize = 0;
- StartModel(); InitTree();
- s = 0; r = N - F;
- for (i = s; i < r; i++) text_buf[i] = ' ';
- for (len = 0; len < F && (c = getc(infile)) != EOF; len++)
- text_buf[r + len] = c;
- textsize = len;
- for (i = 1; i <= F; i++) InsertNode(r - i);
- InsertNode(r);
- do {
- if (match_length > len) match_length = len;
- if (match_length <= THRESHOLD) {
- match_length = 1; EncodeChar(text_buf[r]);
- } else {
- EncodeChar(255 - THRESHOLD + match_length);
- EncodePosition(match_position - 1);
- }
- last_match_length = match_length;
- for (i = 0; i < last_match_length &&
- (c = getc(infile)) != EOF; i++) {
- DeleteNode(s); text_buf[s] = c;
- if (s < F - 1) text_buf[s + N] = c;
- s = (s + 1) & (N - 1);
- r = (r + 1) & (N - 1);
- InsertNode(r);
- }
- if ((textsize += i) > printcount) {
- printf("%12ld\r", textsize); printcount += 1024;
- }
- while (i++ < last_match_length) {
- DeleteNode(s);
- s = (s + 1) & (N - 1);
- r = (r + 1) & (N - 1);
- if (--len) InsertNode(r);
- }
- } while (len > 0);
- EncodeEnd();
- printf("In : %lu bytes\n", textsize);
- printf("Out: %lu bytes\n", codesize);
- printf("Out/In: %.3f\n", (double)codesize / textsize);
- }
-
- void Decode(void)
- {
- int i, j, k, r, c;
- unsigned long int count;
-
- if (fread(&textsize, sizeof textsize, 1, infile) < 1)
- Error("Read Error"); /* read size of text */
- if (textsize == 0) return;
- StartDecode(); StartModel();
- for (i = 0; i < N - F; i++) text_buf[i] = ' ';
- r = N - F;
- for (count = 0; count < textsize; ) {
- c = DecodeChar();
- if (c < 256) {
- putc(c, outfile); text_buf[r++] = c;
- r &= (N - 1); count++;
- } else {
- i = (r - DecodePosition() - 1) & (N - 1);
- j = c - 255 + THRESHOLD;
- for (k = 0; k < j; k++) {
- c = text_buf[(i + k) & (N - 1)];
- putc(c, outfile); text_buf[r++] = c;
- r &= (N - 1); count++;
- }
- }
- if (count > printcount) {
- printf("%12lu\r", count); printcount += 1024;
- }
- }
- printf("%12lu\n", count);
- }
-
- int main(int argc, char *argv[])
- {
- char *s;
-
- if (argc != 4) {
- printf("'lzari e file1 file2' encodes file1 into file2.\n"
- "'lzari d file2 file1' decodes file2 into file1.\n");
- return EXIT_FAILURE;
- }
- if ((s = argv[1], s[1] || strpbrk(s, "DEde") == NULL)
- || (s = argv[2], (infile = fopen(s, "rb")) == NULL)
- || (s = argv[3], (outfile = fopen(s, "wb")) == NULL)) {
- printf("??? %s\n", s); return EXIT_FAILURE;
- }
- if (toupper(*argv[1]) == 'E') Encode(); else Decode();
- fclose(infile); fclose(outfile);
- return EXIT_SUCCESS;
- }