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NAME zip, zipcloak, zipnote, zipsplit - package and compress (archive) files SYNOPSIS zip [-cdDeEfFghjklLmoqrSTuvVwyz@$] [-b path] [-n suffixes] [-t mmddyy] [ zipfile [ file1 file2 ...]] [-xi list] zipcloak [-dhL] [-b path] zipfile zipnote [-hwL] [-b path] zipfile zipsplit [-hitL] [-b path] zipfile DESCRIPTION zip is a compression and file packaging utility for Unix, VMS, MSDOS, OS/2, Windows NT, Minix, Atari and Macintosh. It is analogous to a combination of the UNIX commands tar(1) and compress(1) and is compatible with PKZIP (Phil Katz's ZIP for MSDOS systems). A companion program (unzip(1L)), unpacks zip archives. The zip and unzip(1L) programs can work with archives produced by PKZIP, and PKZIP and PKUNZIP can work with archives pro- duced by zip. zip version 2.0 is compatible with PKZIP 2.04 Note that PKUNZIP 1.10 cannot extract files produced by PKZIP 2.04 or zip 2.0. You must use PKUNZIP 2.04g or unzip 5.0p1 (or later versions) to extract them. For a brief help on zip and unzip, run each without specify- ing any parameters on the command line. The program is useful for packaging a set of files for dis- tribution; for archiving files; and for saving disk space by temporarily compressing unused files or directories. The zip program puts one or more compressed files into a single zip archive, along with information about the files (name, path, date, time of last modification, protection, and check information to verify file integrity). An entire directory structure can be packed into a zip archive with a single command. Compression ratios of 2:1 to 3:1 are common for text files. zip has one compression method (deflation) and can also store files without compression. zip automati- cally chooses the better of the two for each file to be compressed. When given the name of an existing zip archive, zip will replace identically named entries in the zip archive or add entries for new names. For example, if foo.zip exists and contains foo/file1 and foo/file2, and the directory foo con- tains the files foo/file1 and foo/file3, then: zip -r foo foo will replace foo/file1 in foo.zip and add foo/file3 to foo.zip. After this, foo.zip contains foo/file1, foo/file2, and foo/file3, with foo/file2 unchanged from before. If the file list is specified as -@, zip takes the list of input files from standard input. Under UNIX, this option can be used to powerful effect in conjunction with the find(1) command. For example, to archive all the C source files in the current directory and its subdirectories: find . -name "*.[ch]" -print | zip source -@ (note that the pattern must be quoted to keep the shell from expanding it). zip will also accept a single dash ("-") as the zip file name, in which case it will write the zip file to standard output, allowing the output to be piped to another program. For example: zip -r - . | dd of=/dev/nrst0 obs=16k would write the zip output directly to a tape with the specified block size for the purpose of backing up the current directory. zip also accepts a single dash ("-") as the name of a file to be compressed, in which case it will read the file from standard input, allowing zip to take input from another pro- gram. For example: tar cf - . | zip backup - would compress the output of the tar command for the purpose of backing up the current directory. This generally produces better compression than the previous example using the -r option, because zip can take advantage of redundancy between files. The backup can be restored using the command unzip -p backup | tar xf - When no zip file name is given and stdout is not a terminal, zip acts as a filter, compressing standard input to standard output. For example, tar cf - . | zip | dd of=/dev/nrst0 obs=16k is equivalent to tar cf - . | zip - - | dd of=/dev/nrst0 obs=16k zip archives created in this manner can be extracted with the program funzip which is provided in the unzip package, or by gunzip which is provided in the gzip package. For example: dd if=/dev/nrst0 ibs=16k | funzip | tar xvf - When changing an existing zip archive, zip will write a tem- porary file with the new contents, and only replace the old one when the process of creating the new version has been completed without error. If the name of the zip archive does not contain an exten- sion, the extension .zip is added. If the name already con- tains an extension other than .zip the existing extension is kept unchanged. OPTIONS -b path Use the specified path for the temporary zip archive. For example: zip -b /tmp stuff * will put the temporary zip archive in the directory /tmp, copying over stuff.zip to the current directory when done. This option is only useful when updating an existing archive, and the file system containing this old archive does not have enough space to hold both old and new archive at the same time. -c Add one-line comments for each file. File operations (adding, updating) are done first, and the user is then prompted for a one-line comment for each file. Enter the comment followed by return, or just return for no comment. -d Remove (delete) entries from a zip archive. For exam- ple: zip -d foo foo/tom/junk foo/harry/\* \*.o will remove the entry foo/tom/junk, all of the files that start with foo/harry/, and all of the files that end with .o (in any path). Note that shell pathname expansion has been inhibited with backslashes, so that zip can see the asterisks, enabling zip to match on the contents of the zip archive instead of the contents of the current directory. Under MSDOS, -d is case sensitive when it matches names in the zip archive. This requires that file names be entered in upper case if they were zipped by PKZIP on an MSDOS system. -D Do not create entries in the zip archive for direc- tories. Directory entries are created by default so that their attributes can be saved in the zip archive. The environment variable ZIPOPT can be used to change the default options. For example under Unix with sh: ZIPOPT="-D"; export ZIPOPT (The variable ZIPOPT can be used for any option except -i and -x and can include several options.) The option -D is a shorthand for -x "*/" but the latter cannot be set as default in the ZIPOPT environment variable. -e Encrypt the contents of the zip archive using a pass- word which is entered on the terminal in response to a prompt (this will not be echoed; if standard error is not a tty, zip will exit with an error). -ee Encrypt contents, prompting for the password twice, checking that the two entries are identical before using the password. -f Replace (freshen) an existing entry in the zip archive only if it has been modified more recently than the version already in the zip archive; unlike the update option (-u) this will not add files that are not already in the zip archive. For example: zip -f foo This command should be run from the same directory from which the original zip command was run, since paths stored in zip archives are always relative. -F Fix the zip archive. This option can be used if some portions of the archive are missing. It is not guaranteed to work, so you MUST make a backup of the original archive first. When doubled as in -FF the compressed sizes given inside the damaged archive are not trusted and zip scans for special signatures to identify the limits between the archive members. The single -F is more reliable if the archive is not too much damaged, for example if it has only been truncated, so try this option first. Neither option will recover archives that have been incorrectly transferred in ascii mode instead of binary. After the repair, the -t option of unzip may show that some files have a bad CRC. Such files cannot be recovered; you can remove them from the archive using the -d option of zip. -g Grow (append to) the specified zip archive, instead of creating a new one. If this operation fails, zip attempts to restore the archive to its original state. If the restoration fails, the archive might become cor- rupted. -h Display the zip help information (this also appears if zip is run with no arguments). -i files Include only the specified files, as in: zip -r foo . -i \*.c which will include only the files that end in .c in the current directory and its subdirectories. (Note for PKZIP users: the equivalent command is pkzip -r foo *.c PKZIP does not allow recursion in directories other than the current one.) The backslash avoids the shell filename substitution, so that the name matching is performed by zip at all directory levels. -j Store just the name of a saved file (junk the path), and do not store directory names. By default, zip will store the full path (relative to the current path). -k Attempt to convert the names and paths to conform to MSDOS, store only the MSDOS attribute (just the user write attribute from UNIX), and mark the entry as made under MSDOS (even though it was not); for compatibility with PKUNZIP under MSDOS which cannot handle certain names such as those with two dots. -l Translate the Unix end-of-line character LF into the MSDOS convention CR LF. This option should not be used on binary files. This option can be used on Unix if the zip file is intended for PKUNZIP under MSDOS. If the input files already contain CR LF, this option adds an extra CR. This ensure that unzip -a on Unix will get back an exact copy of the original file, to undo the effect of zip -l. -ll Translate the MSDOS end-of-line CR LF into Unix LF. This option should not be used on binary files. This option can be used on MSDOS if the zip file is intended for unzip under Unix. -L Display the zip license. -m Move the specified files into the zip archive; actu- ally, this deletes the target directories/files after making the specified zip archive. If a directory becomes empty after removal of the files, the directory is also removed. No deletions are done until zip has created the archive without error. This is useful for conserving disk space, but is potentially dangerous so it is recommended to use it in combination with -T to test the archive before removing all input files. -n suffixes Do not attempt to compress files named with the given suffixes. Such files are simply stored (0% compression) in the output zip file, so that zip doesn't waste its time trying to compress them. The suffixes are separated by either colons or semicolons. For example: zip -rn .Z:.zip:.tiff:.gif:.snd foo foo will copy everything from foo into foo.zip, but will store any files that end in .Z, .zip, .tiff, .gif, or .snd without trying to compress them (image and sound files often have their own specialized compression methods). By default, zip does not compress files with extensions in the list .Z:.zip:.zoo:.arc:.lzh:.arj. Such files are stored directly in the output archive. The environment variable ZIPOPT can be used to change the default options. For example under Unix with csh: setenv ZIPOPT "-n .gif:.zip" To attempt compression on all files, use: zip -n : foo The maximum compression option -9 also attempts compression on all files regardless of extension. -o Set the "last modified" time of the zip archive to the latest (oldest) "last modified" time found among the entries in the zip archive. This can be used without any other operations, if desired. For example: zip -o foo will change the last modified time of foo.zip to the latest time of the entries in foo.zip. -q Quiet mode; eliminate informational messages and com- ment prompts. (Useful, for example, in shell scripts and background tasks). -r Travel the directory structure recursively; for exam- ple: zip -r foo foo In this case, all the files and directories in foo are saved in a zip archive named foo.zip, including files with names starting with ".", since the recursion does not use the shell's file-name substitution mechanism. If you wish to include only a specific subset of the files in directory foo and its subdirectories, use the -i option to the specify the pattern of files to be included. You should not use -r with the name ".*", since that matches ".." which will attempt to zip up the parent directory (probably not what was intended). -S Include system and hidden files. This option is effec- tive on some systems only; it is ignored on Unix. -t mmddyy Do not operate on files modified prior to the specified date, where mm is the month (0-12), dd is the day of the month (1-31), and yy are the last two digits of the year. For example: zip -rt 120791 infamy foo will add all the files in foo and its subdirectories that were last modified on or after 7 December 1991, to the zip archive infamy.zip. -T Test the integrity of the new zip file. If the check fails, the old zip file is unchanged and (with the -m option) not input files are removed. -u Replace (update) an existing entry in the zip archive only if it has been modified more recently than the version already in the zip archive. For example: zip -u stuff * will add any new files in the current directory, and update any files which have been modified since the zip archive stuff.zip was last created/modified (note that zip will not try to pack stuff.zip into itself when you do this). Note that the -u option with no arguments acts like the -f (freshen) option. -v Verbose mode. Display a progress indicator during compression. -V Save VMS file attributes. This option is available on VMS only; zip archives created with this option will generally not be usable on other systems. -w Append the version number of the files to the name, including multiple versions of files. (VMS only; default: use only the most recent version of a speci- fied file). -x files Explicitly exclude the specified files, as in: zip -r foo foo -x \*.o which will include the contents of foo in foo.zip while excluding all the files that end in .o. The backslash avoids the shell filename substitution, so that the name matching is performed by zip at all directory lev- els. -y Store symbolic links as such in the zip archive, instead of compressing and storing the file referred to by the link (UNIX only). -z Prompt for a multi-line comment for the entire zip archive. The comment is ended by a line containing just a period, or an end of file condition (^D on UNIX, ^Z on MSDOS, OS/2, and VAX/VMS). The comment can be taken from a file: zip -z foo < foowhat -# Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit #, where -0 indicates no compression (store all files), -1 indicates the fastest compression method (less compression) and -9 indicates the slowest compression method (optimal compression, ignores the suffix list). The default compression level is -6. -@ Take the list of input files from standard input. -$ Include the volume label for the the drive holding the first file to be compressed. If you want to include only the volume label or to force a specific drive, use the drive name as first file name, as in: zip -$ foo a: c:bar This option is effective on some systems only (MSDOS and OS/2); it is ignored on Unix. EXAMPLES The simplest example: zip stuff * creates the archive stuff.zip (assuming it does not exist) and puts all the files in the current directory in it, in compressed form (the .zip suffix is added automatically, unless that archive name given contains a dot already; this allows the explicit specification of other suffixes). Because of the way the shell does filename substitution, files starting with "." are not included; to include these as well: zip stuff .* * Even this will not include any subdirectories from the current directory. To zip up an entire directory, the command: zip -r foo foo creates the archive foo.zip, containing all the files and directories in the directory foo that is contained within the current directory. You may want to make a zip archive that contains the files in foo, without recording the directory name, foo. You can use the -j option to leave off the paths, as in: zip -j foo foo/* If you are short on disk space, you might not have enough room to hold both the original directory and the correspond- ing compressed zip archive. In this case, you can create the archive in steps using the -m option. If foo contains the subdirectories tom, dick, and harry, you can: zip -rm foo foo/tom zip -rm foo foo/dick zip -rm foo foo/harry where the first command creates foo.zip, and the next two add to it. At the completion of each zip command, the last created archive is deleted, making room for the next zip command to function. PATTERN MATCHING This section applies only to UNIX. Watch this space for details on MSDOS and VMS operation. The UNIX shells (sh(1) and csh(1)) do filename substitution on command arguments. The special characters are: ? match any single character * match any number of characters (including none) [] match any character in the range indicated within the brackets (example: [a-f], [0-9]). When these characters are encountered (without being escaped with a backslash or quotes), the shell will look for files relative to the current path that match the pattern, and replace the argument with a list of the names that matched. The zip program can do the same matching on names that are in the zip archive being modified or, in the case of the -x (exclude) or -i (include) options, on the list of files to be operated on, by using backslashes or quotes to tell the shell not to do the name expansion. In general, when zip encounters a name in the list of files to do, it first looks for the name in the file system. If it finds it, it then adds it to the list of files to do. If it does not find it, it looks for the name in the zip archive being modified (if it exists), using the pattern matching characters described above, if present. For each match, it will add that name to the list of files to be processed, unless this name matches one given with the -x option, or does not match any name given with the -i option. The pattern matching includes the path, and so patterns like \*.o match names that end in ".o", no matter what the path prefix is. Note that the backslash must precede every spe- cial character (i.e. ?*[]), or the entire argument must be enclosed in double quotes (""). In general, use backslash to make zip do the pattern match- ing with the -f (freshen) and -d (delete) options, and some- times after the -x (exclude) option when used with an appropriate operation (add, -u, -f, or -d). SEE ALSO compress(1), shar(1L), tar(1), unzip(1L), gzip(1L) BUGS zip 2.0 is not compatible with PKUNZIP 1.10. Use zip 1.1 to produce zip files which can be extracted by PKUNZIP 1.10. zip files produced by zip 2.0 must not be updated by zip 1.1 or PKZIP 1.10, if they contain encrypted members, or if they have been produced in a pipe or on a non seekable device. The old versions of zip or PKZIP would create an archive with an incorrect format. The old versions can list the contents of the zip file but cannot extract it anyway (because of the new compression algorithm). If you do not use encryption and use regular disk files, you do not have to care about this problem. Under VMS, not all of the odd file formats are treated prop- erly. Only stream-LF format zip files are expected to work with zip. Others can be converted using Rahul Dhesi's BILF program. This version of zip handles some of the conversion internally. When using Kermit to transfer zip files from Vax to MSDOS, type "set file type block" on the Vax. When transfering from MSDOS to Vax, type "set file type fixed" on the Vax. In both cases, type "set file type binary" on MSDOS. Under VMS, zip hangs for file specification that uses DECnet syntax foo::*.*. On OS/2, zip cannot match some names, such as those includ- ing an exclamation mark or a hash sign. This is a bug in OS/2 itself: the 32-bit DosFindFirst/Next don't find such names. Other programs such as GNU tar are also affected by this bug. Under OS/2, the amount of External Attributes displayed by DIR is (for compatibility) the amount returned by the 16-bit version of DosQueryPathInfo(). Otherwise OS/2 1.3 and 2.0 would report different EA sizes when DIRing a file. How- ever, the structure layout returned by the 32-bit DosQueryPathInfo() is a bit different, it uses extra padding bytes and link pointers (it's a linked list) to have all fields on 4-byte boundaries for portability to future RISC OS/2 versions. Therefore the value reported by zip (which uses this 32-bit-mode size) differs from that reported by DIR. zip stores the 32-bit format for portability, even the 16-bit MS-C-compiled version running on OS/2 1.3, so even this one shows the 32-bit-mode size. AUTHORS Copyright (C) 1990-1993 Mark Adler, Richard B. Wales, Jean- loup Gailly, Kai Uwe Rommel, Igor Mandrichenko and John Bush. Permission is granted to any individual or institu- tion to use, copy, or redistribute this software so long as all of the original files are included, that it is not sold for profit, and that this copyright notice is retained. LIKE ANYTHING ELSE THAT'S FREE, ZIP AND ITS ASSOCIATED UTIL- ITIES ARE PROVIDED AS IS AND COME WITH NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. IN NO EVENT WILL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE. Please send bug reports and comments by email to: zip-bugs@wkuvx1.bitnet. For bug reports, please include the version of zip, the make options used to compile it, the machine and operating system in use, and as much additional information as possible. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Thanks to R. P. Byrne for his Shrink.Pas program, which inspired this project, and from which the shrink algorithm was stolen; to Phil Katz for placing in the public domain the zip file format, compression format, and .ZIP filename extension, and for accepting minor changes to the file for- mat; to Steve Burg for clarifications on the deflate format; to Haruhiko Okumura and Leonid Broukhis for providing some useful ideas for the compression algorithm; to Keith Peter- sen, Rich Wales, Hunter Goatley and Mark Adler for providing a mailing list and ftp site for the INFO-ZIP group to use; and most importantly, to the INFO-ZIP group itself (listed in the file infozip.who) without whose tireless testing and bug-fixing efforts a portable zip would not have been possi- ble. Finally we should thank (blame) the first INFO-ZIP moderator, David Kirschbaum, for getting us into this mess in the first place. The manual page was rewritten for UNIX by R. P. C. Rodgers.