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- From: cuuf@ols.net
- Newsgroups: comp.unix.user-friendly,comp.answers,news.answers
- Subject: comp.unix.user-friendly Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Supersedes: <cuuf-faq-1-844513210@ols.net>
- Followup-To: comp.unix.user-friendly
- Date: 20 Oct 1996 07:00:18 -0400
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- Approved: news-answers-request@MIT.Edu
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- Reply-To: cuuf@ols.net (CUUF FAQ Coordinators)
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- Keywords: FAQ CUUF UNIX
- X-Posting-Frequency: posted on the 5th and 20th of each month
- X-Content-Currency: This FAQ changes regularly.
- Xref: informatik.tu-muenchen.de comp.unix.user-friendly:4559 comp.answers:21815 news.answers:84701
-
- Posted-By: auto-faq 3.1.1.2
- Archive-name: unix-faq/user-friendly
-
- FAQ (Frequently-asked Questions) for comp.unix.user-friendly
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: Recent changes
- TCSH sites updates (Jan 23, 1996)
- Moved access (Jan 3, 1996)
- Gopher access to FAQ no longer available (Sep 7, 1995)
- Added automatic posting with Supersedes header (Feb. 6, 1995)
- Added user-friendly file manager (Jan. 9, 1995)
- Changed location ot tkman (Nov. 8, 1994)
- Changed pathname of archives at ftp.wfu.edu (July 6, 1994)
- Corrected path name for tkman (Subject 3.1) (July 5, 1994)
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: Acknowledgements
-
- This FAQ is automatically posted on the 5th and 20th of each month. The
- latest version of the FAQ is available in the following ways:
-
- http://www.ols.net/~noel/usenet/cuuf-FAQ
-
- THE PURPOSE OF THIS FAQ is to archive "Frequently Asked Questions", and by
- so doing, to improve the quality of the newsgroup discussion by reducing
- redundant questions. The FAQ also serves as a reference to new readers,
- providing one resource which will answer many of their questions. It does
- not matter if a FAQ is necessarily appropriate to the group's charter-- if
- it appears frequently, its inclusion in the FAQ will reduce the frequency.
-
- Since this is a new newsgroup, there currently are very few FAQ's. If
- users consider a topic worth incorporating into this FAQ, they are
- encouraged to compile and email any FAQs to cuuf@wfu.edu FAQs should try
- to roughly incorporate which category(ies) of users the FAQ applies to (if
- applicable) i.e., novice, casual, expert, etc. If you do NOT want your
- name credited with the FAQ, please say so.
-
- The FAQ is maintained by Noel Hunter <noel@wfu.edu> and
- Lachlan Cranswick <lachlan@dmp.csiro.au>
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: Contents
-
- 1. Novice (General questions about Unix and this newsgroup)
- 1.1 Why did the people who wrote Unix use different commands from
- MS-DOS; why does Unix use funny abbreviations for commands, etc?
- 1.2 What books are available for learning Unix?
- 1.3 What are some basic commands and concepts for new users?
- 1.4 What Internet resources are available for learning Unix?
-
- 2. Casual (Now we're getting into "User Friendly")
- 2.1 What shells are friendliest, and how can one make shells
- friendlier?
-
- 3. Expert
- 3.1 What on-line documentation / help systems are available free
- on the Internet
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 1. NOVICE QUESTIONS
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 1.1 Why did the people who wrote Unix use different commands from
- MS-DOS; why does Unix use funny abbreviations for commands, etc?
-
- This question, and questions of a general Unix nature are not appropriate
- for this newsgroup. Direct them to comp.unix.questions or other
- comp.unix groups. However, since these questions do occur frequently,
- here is a brief summary of responses:
-
- Submitted by Randolph J. Herber, paraphrased here:
-
- Unix came first...
-
- Unix was written before MS-DOS, which is a distant relative, tracing some
- of its roots to Unix, but also incorporating other influences. According
- to _The Bell System Technical Journal_ (Vol. 57, No. 6, July-August, 1978
- ``Forward''), "The UNIX story begins with Ken Thompson's work on a
- cast-off PDP-7 minicomputer in 1969." According to _The MS-DOS
- Encyclopedia_ (Microsoft Press), page 19, MS-DOS "ran on the prototype for
- the first time in 1981."
-
- The abbreviations...
-
- The primary causes of the abbreviations were the 10 characters per
- second terminal speeds and the small system memories (e.g. 128KB).
-
- Although Microsoft based some of MS-DOS on Unix, they also incorporated
- elements of CP/M and other sources. For this reason, some commands are
- identical to Unix, while others are different.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 1.2 What books are available for learning Unix?
-
- This question also is not appropriate to this newsgroup, but is frequently
- asked. See the newsgroup misc.books.technical instead. Here is a summary
- of resources:
-
- A Concise Guide to UNIX Books
- Compiled by: Samuel Ko (kko@sfu.ca, sko@wimsey.bc.ca)
-
- This is a good selection of the "best" books and documentation on
- UNIX and related areas. The selection is based on i) recommendations
- from netnews readers, ii) the US/Canada sales figures, and iii) a bit
- of my own preference.
-
- Among the subject areas covered:
- A. General Unix Texts
- a. for beginning / intermediate users
- b. for intermediate / advanced users
- B. Shells
- C. Unix Editors
- L. Other Lists
- M. Other Books (experimental)
-
- The latest version is also obtainable by anonymous ftp from rtfm.mit.edu
- (in /usenet/news.answers/books). If you do not have ftp or netnews
- access you can get it by email from mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu and the body
- of your request should be send usenet/news.answers/books/unix.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 1.3 What are some basic commands and concepts for new users?
-
- Another novice question which should be directed to the newsgroup
- comp.unix.questions. But novices can't know these things, so we should
- help them at least briefly:
-
- Basic commands and concepts, originally submitted by haley@husc.harvard.edu.
-
- Unix is an operating system, similar to MS-DOS, only much more powerful.
- Some versions have over 300 commands in the basic system, not including
- specialized applications.
-
- Command Primer
- --------------
- These commands are meant for use in a program called a "shell", which is
- the user interface to the underlying programs that make up Unix. There are
- several different shells which are widely used, so the prompts you see on
- your screen, and the responses you see may vary slightly. However, the
- commands here should work in all of the shells. Note that users with
- Graphical User Interfaces (X Windows, Openview, etc) may have to use the
- "shelltool" or "command window" to use these commands.
-
- When you enter Unix commands, you will usually enter two or three words:
- the "command" itself, "modifier(s)" which change the way the command
- works, and "argument(s)" which provide the command with additional
- information. Each word in the command is separated by a space, and
- modifiers are preceded by a hyphen (-). Here is an example of the "ls"
- command with a modified and argument:
-
- Example: command modifier argument
- | | |
- ls -CF newdir
-
- Typing this command will print a directory listing on your screen of the
- directory "newdir". The modifiers "-CF" tell the ls command to list other
- directories listed with a / after them, and to list programs with a * after
- them, and logical links with a @ after them.
-
- The unix system uses a "hierarchical directory structure; to store files
- on its disks. This type of structure is like an upside-down tree, with
- one "root" directory (like the root and trunk of a tree), and many
- sub-directories (like branches) to store files in. Here is a small example
- of what one might look like:
-
- _______________(/)______________________________
- / / \ \ \
- bin lib etc home_____________ usr
- / / \ \
- sys headcheese \ headcheese3
- \
- headcheese2
- /
- student
- /
- yourdir
-
- The directories you must go through to find a particular file in "yourdir"
- are "/" then "home" then "headcheese2" then "student" then "yourdir". In
- Unix you call the directories you must go through to acces a file the
- "path", and you type in the above path like this:
-
- /home/headcheese2/student/yourdir/filename
-
- We call this "filename"'s "full path". The first "/" must be there for it
- to be a full path. If you leave it off then the shell will assume it is a
- "relative path" and look for the path to start in the directory you are
- currently in, called the "current working directory". This is useful, as
- always having to refer to files by their full path would get tedious. If
- you were in "student" and wanted to refer to "filename" in "yourdir" you
- could call it:
-
- yourdir/filename
-
- Or, if you are already in "yourdir", just
-
- filename
-
- O.K. That ought to be enough to get you interested and started...
- Note to MS-DOS users: Unix has a hierarchical directory structure,
- like MS-DOS, but uses a / to separate parts of a file path instead of
- a \ (Back-slash).
-
- Playing around
- --------------
- After you understand these things, the thing to do is *PLAY*. Look around
- in the directories which store commands, and when you see something, do a
- "man" on it. When you think you want to know more, a trip to a math
- library is in order, or maybe a good bookstore. A good publisher is
- O'reilly (Nutshell). Addison Wesley is also good, but I think they are
- better for advanced stuff.
-
- Directories to look in: /bin /usr/bin /usr/local /usr/local/bin and just
- about any other "*bin" directory.
-
- Note that this method is not time efficient at first. It is however MUCH
- better for retention. I went from knowing nothing about Unix to having the
- professor who got me started asking *me* for advice.
-
- There is a small hand-full of commands that you will use many times, and
- here they are...
-
- man Print out a manual page on the screen. If you know the name of a
- command, you can read the manual by typing "man command". For example,
- typing "man ls" will display the manual for the ls command. If you want
- to search all of the man pages for a certain word (on some systems), you
- can type "man -k word". For example, typing "man -k mail" would list
- the names of all of the man pages pertaining to mail.
- man intro
- passwd Change your account password. This should be done the first time
- you log on, especially if you have no password. You must know your old
- password to change it. To change you password, type "passwd". Then enter
- your old (current) password, and the desired new password (twice). Note
- that your passwords will NOT appear on the screen as you type them.
-
- ls List the contents of a directory. Typing "ls" alone will list
- the contents of the current working directory. If you want to see a
- specific directory, you can type "ls directoryname". For example,
- "ls /pub" will list the contents of the /pub directory (if there is
- one one your system). Adding "-CF" options will give you a more
- detailed listing in columns, marking directories with a /, executable
- files with a *, and logical links with a @. For example, typing "ls -CF"
- will give a detailed listing of the current directory.
-
- mkdir Make a new directory as a sub-directory of where you are now.
- For example, "mkdir work" will create a sub-directory named "work" in
- your current directory.
-
- cd Change directory. Used to go up or down in the directory tree.
- For example, to change to a sub-directory named "work" in the current
- directory, type "cd work". Typing "cd .." will change to the parent
- directory, the directory one level above the current directory.
-
- vi Invoke the vi editor. This is a screen editor, that is, a text editor
- that makes use of the full screen. You must know this or another editor to
- make use of "elm". For those who use one of the windowing systems
- exclusively, you can put off learning this as the windowing systems have
- adifferent e-mail system.
-
- rm Remove a file. (note: this is forever! Think before you erase)
- For example, to remove a file named "foo", type "rm foo". Adding the
- "-r" option allows you to delete an entire sub-directory and ALL files
- and directories beneath it. BE CAREFUL! For example, to delete a
- directory named "work", and all files and sub-directories in "work", type
- "rm -rf work".
-
- elm Invoke the elm mail program. Note: must know an editor
- first.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 1.4 What Internet resources are available for learning Unix?
-
- Submitted by: Jean-Marc Bonnaudet
-
- The Unix-faq is posted to the newgroups:
- comp.unix.questions,comp.unix.shell,news.answers, comp.answers.
-
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 2. CASUAL QUESTIONS
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 2.1 What shells are friendliest, and how can one make shells
- friendlier?
-
- bash
- ----
- Bash is an sh-compatible command language interpreter that executes
- commands read from the standard input or from a file. Bash also
- incorporates useful features from the Korn and C shells (ksh and csh).
-
- Bash is ultimately intended to be a faithful implementation of the
- IEEE Posix Shell and Tools specification (IEEE Working Group 1003.2).
-
- Bash is available from GNU sites, such as jaguar.cs.utah.edu:gnustuff
-
- tcsh
- ----
- is an enhanced version of the Berkeley UNIX C shell csh. It behaves
- exactly like the C shell, with added utilities of:
-
- 1) Command line editing using vi or Emacs commands, allowing you to
- correct errors in the current input line, or in previously input lines,
- much more easily than with sh or csh.
- 2) Visual step up/down through the history list, letting you recall
- previously typed lines by simply pressing the up arrow key.
- 3) Terminal mode sanity checking and resetting, which helps reduce
- problems for users who frequently switch between various types of
- terminals.
- 4) Interactive command, file name and user name completion, allowing you
- to type the first few characters of a command, user name, or file name,
- then press the TAB key to automatically complete the word.
- 5) File, directory, and user list display in the middle of a typed
- command.
- 6) Interactive spelling correction of command, file, and user names.
- 7) Lookup of command documentation in the middle of a typed command.
- 8) Enhanced history mechanism for recalling previous commands.
- 9) Automatic locking or logout after long periods of idle time.
-
- You can get the tcsh distribution from
-
- ftp://ftp.deshaw.com/pub/tcsh
- or
- ftp://ftp.primate.wisc.edu/pub/csh-tcsh-book
- http://www.primate.wisc.edu/software/csh-tcsh-book
-
- You can also get extended installation instructions at the primate.wisc.edu
- locations, in the form of a downloadable chapter from the tcsh book.
-
- (Sites submitted by Paul DuBois dubois@primate.wisc.edu)
-
- zsh
- ---
- (paraphrased from the zsh faq, posted to comp.answers monthly)
- zsh is a UNIX command interpreter (shell) which of the standard shells
- most resembles the Korn shell (ksh), although it is not completely
- compatible. It includes enhancements of many types, notably in the
- command-line editor, options for customising its behaviour, filename
- globbing, features to make C-shell (csh) users feel more at home and
- extra features drawn from tcsh (another `custom' shell).
-
- zsh is available for users east of the Atlantic from:
- carlo.phys.uva.nl(145.18.218.21):/pub/bas/zsh/zsh-2.4beta.tar.gz
- The latest full release is in zsh-2.3.1.tar.gz in the same directory.
- and
- ftp.sterling.com:/zsh
-
- The 2.3.1 distribution is also available from ftp.uu.net and mirrors
- in the directory pub/shells/zsh.
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 3. EXPERT QUESTIONS
-
- ------------------------------
-
- Subject: 3.1 What on-line documentation / help systems are available free
- on the Internet
-
- Submitted by Chris Siebenmann <cks@hawkwind.utcs.toronto.edu>, edited.
-
- MC File Manager
- ---------------
- a portable user-friendly file manager for Unix systems licensed under the
- GNU GPL. The program is available in ftp.nuclecu.unam.mx in the directory
- /linux/local and it's name is mc-1.2.tar.gz.
-
- TkMan
- -----
- an X-based manual page viewer and browser. Far superior to
- xman; I think it's the current best approach to man page presentation.
- Available via anonymous ftp from:
-
- ftp://ftp.cs.berkeley.edu/ucb/people/phelps/tcltk/tkman.tar.Z
-
- TkInfo
- ------
- an X-based hypertext interface to the GNU texinfo .info file format.
-
- World Wide Web (WWW), Mosaic and Lynx
- -------------------------------------
- HTML looks like the leading candidate for formatted and annotated text at
- the moment, so even if WWW dies, an investment in HTML-based tools will
- probably continue to be useful. Word Perfect, BBEdit, and other vendors
- are beginning to support HTML editing.
-
- Gopher
- ------
- seems to be the low-rent ASCII-based information delivery system of
- choice, but I'm not sure it's the right choice. For one thing, one has to
- fight menus to find things, which makes it reliant on the skill of the
- person who set them up. Combining gopher with WAIS for searching can
- create a more effective documentation system.
-
- End of cuuf-FAQ
- ***************
- --
- * Noel Hunter noel@camelcity.com *
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