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- Tutorial on En Passant
-
-
- The chess move known as "en passant" (which is a French phrase meaning "in
- passing") is very specialized and rarely comes up, but it is a legal and valid
- move, and is a part of chess just as much as castling is.
-
- First, let us explore a brief history of chess relevant to why the en passant
- capture even exists, which will help in remembering how it works.
-
- Back in the bad old days, chess was not played by modern rules, and was a
- relatively dull game. Prior to the modern rule changes (which went into
- effect during the Renaissance period in Europe), the Queen was one of the
- weakest pieces on the board, as it could only move one square at a time, much
- like the king. Pawns only moved one square at a time, even on the first move.
- There was no castling - this had to be done manually. Also, there was no pawn
- promotion - a pawn reaching the end of the board simply stopped there. This
- is not a complete list of differences, but it gives an idea as to what chess
- was like prior to the modern rules.
-
- Obviously, the lack of a powerful Queen makes the game less exciting, reducing
- the possibilities for attack. The lack of pawn promotion, while making games
- less exciting because this threat did not exist, also resulted in many more
- drawn games, since there would be no way to checkmate with a king and a lone
- pawn, or to force it at all with any number of pawns. Also, having to take
- two turns to move any pawn to the fourth row, plus having to take a minimum of
- four moves to castle by hand, greatly slowed down the early phases of the
- game.
-
- The game obviously needed some livening-up. The pieces were given more range,
- the Queen getting the biggest boost, pawns were allowed to promote, and to get
- rid of the dead weight at the beginning, castling was made a one-move affair,
- and pawns could advance two squares on the first move. This meant that
- contact with the enemy pieces would come much sooner in the game. However,
- one "problem" arose.
-
- Consider the situation where pawns can only move one square forward. This
- would mean that assuming no pawns had been captured yet, any pawn proceeding
- forward _must_ eventually risk being captured by an enemy pawn. When the rule
- change involving pawns being able to move two squares forward took place, this
- was no longer true. Consider this position:
-
- Black
-
- -------------------------------------------------
- 8 | | | | | | | | |
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 7 | | | | | | | | |
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 6 | | | | | | | | |
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 5 | | | | | | | | |
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 4 | | | | BP | | | | |
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 3 | | | | | X | | | |
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 2 | | | | | WP | | | |
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 1 | | | | | | | | |
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- a b c d e f g h
-
- White
-
- where BP = Black Pawn, WP = White Pawn. The letters and numbers along the sides
- of the board are the coordinates for each square, the lower left being a1, the
- upper right being h8. The White Pawn is one e2, the Black Pawn on d4.
-
- Notice that the Black Pawn is attacking the square e3, marked with an "X" in
- the diagram above. No piece can move there without the possibility of being
- captured by the Black Pawn. Under the old rules, this would restrict the
- movement of the White Pawn, as it would have to move from e2 to e3 before it
- could go any farther. However, under the modern rules, since this White Pawn
- is on its home square, it has the choice of moving two squares forward, to e4,
- passing right over the e3 square. This would mean that the pawn on d4 would
- no longer be able to prevent the pawn on e2 from moving forward. This was a
- side-effect the rule changes were not intended to create, so a solution was
- invented. That solution is en passant.
-
- When a situation like the above occurs (or the reverse situation for Black,
- say with the Black Pawn at home on e7 and the White Pawn d5, for example), and
- the Pawn on its home square takes the option of moving two squares forward,
- passing over the square guarded by the enemy pawn, only at this time can an
- en passant capture be made. In the above example, after the White pawn moves
- forward two squares, we reach this position:
-
- Black
-
- a b c d e f g h
- -------------------------------------------------
- 8 | | | | | | | | | 8
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 7 | | | | | | | | | 7
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 6 | | | | | | | | | 6
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 5 | | | | | | | | | 5
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 4 | | | | BP | WP | | | | 4
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 3 | | | | | X | | | | 3
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 2 | | | | | | | | | 2
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 1 | | | | | | | | | 1
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- a b c d e f g h
-
- White
-
- In this example, it is now Black's turn. To rectify the problem that has
- arisen from the rule changes, Black now has the option of capturing White's
- Pawn en passant. This true only for the turn _immediately_ following the
- White Pawn moving two squares forward, otherwise the option to capture en
- passant is forfeited.
-
- To execute an en passant capture of White's Pawn on the very next turn, Black
- pretends (he does not physically move White's Pawn) that the White Pawn only
- moved one square, not two, and captures the Pawn just as if it were actually
- standing on the square marked with the "X", e3 in this case. The Black Pawn
- passes behind the White Pawn, to the square marked by the "X", and the White
- Pawn is removed from the board. The final position would leave the Black Pawn
- standing alone on e3, like so:
-
- Black
-
- a b c d e f g h
- -------------------------------------------------
- 8 | | | | | | | | | 8
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 7 | | | | | | | | | 7
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 6 | | | | | | | | | 6
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 5 | | | | | | | | | 5
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 4 | | | | | | | | | 4
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 3 | | | | | BP | | | | 3
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 2 | | | | | | | | | 2
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 1 | | | | | | | | | 1
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- a b c d e f g h
-
- White
-
- As mentioned above, this type of situation does not come up that often, but
- when it does, knowing about having this option can mean the difference between
- winning and losing. For example, consider this position, which you may want
- to set up on a board in order to follow along:
-
- Black
-
- a b c d e f g h
- -------------------------------------------------
- 8 | | | | | | | BK | | 8
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 7 | | | | | | | BP | | 7
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 6 | | | | | | | | BP | 6
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 5 | | | | | | WP | | | 5
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 4 | | | | | | WQ | | WK | 4
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 3 | | | | | | | | | 3
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 2 | | | BP | | | | | | 2
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 1 | | | | | | | | | 1
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- a b c d e f g h
-
- White
-
- W = White B = Black P = Pawn Q = Queen K = King
-
- White is obviously winning here, but Black still has one trick left up his
- sleeve. He can move his pawn from g7 to g5, giving us the following position:
-
- Black
-
- a b c d e f g h
- -------------------------------------------------
- 8 | | | | | | | | BK | 8
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 7 | | | | | | | | | 7
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 6 | | | | | | | | BP | 6
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 5 | | | | | | WP | BP | | 5
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 4 | | | | | | WQ | | WK | 4
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 3 | | | | | | | | | 3
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 2 | | | BP | | | | | | 2
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- 1 | | | | | | | | | 1
- | | | | | | | | |
- -------------------------------------------------
- a b c d e f g h
-
- White
-
- This creates a situation known as a fork, when two pieces are attacked
- simultaneously by a single piece. The White King is in check, and the White
- Queen is being threatened at the same time. Also, notice that the Pawn on g5
- is protected by the Pawn on h6, which means White cannot simply get out of
- this situation by capturing the Pawn with his King or Queen. Still, the best
- that White could do, if he did not know about en passant, would be to capture
- the Pawn on g5 with his Queen (F4-G5). Black would then capture the Queen
- with his Pawn (H6-G5), giving check a second time. White would then capture
- the Pawn with his King (H4-G5). It would then be Black's turn, and White
- would have no way of stopping Black from queening his Pawn on C2 (C2-C1).
- This would be enough for Black to win easily.
-
- However, if White knows about en passant, the outcome is entirely different.
- Going back to the above diagram (after Black has just moved his Pawn forward
- two squares, forking White's King and Queen), White instead uses his Pawn on
- F5 to capture Black's Pawn en passant (F5-G6). This saves White's Queen,
- which is guarding the C1 square, and stops Black from successfully queening
- his Pawn, since now C2-C1 is now answered by F4-C1. Now it is White who has
- the easy win.
-
- Please make this file freely available. If you find this file useful, please
- let me know by sending me (Joe Brooks) mail either through the FidoNet CHESS
- echo, or at one of the following addresses:
-
- FIDONet net-mail address - 1:2609/202
- Internet e-mail address - joe.brooks@newhor.uu.holonet.net.
-
- Other freely available chess tutorial files by me to look for are:
-
- GUIDELN2.TXT - Guidelines to playing better chess for beginners & amateurs.
-
- NOTATN2.TXT - A tutorial on the three common forms of chess notation -
- algebraic, coordinate, and descriptive.
-
- RATINGS2.TXT - An explanation of chess ratings & how to get one.
-