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- RAY TRACING JELL-O BRAND GELATIN
-
- Copyright 1988 ACM
- Reprinted with permission from Communications of the ACM, February 1988.
-
- New technology is presented for imaging a restricted class of
- dessert foods.
-
- Paul S. Heckbert
-
- Ray tracing has established itself in recent years as the most general
- image-synthesis algorithm [10]. Researchers have investigated
- ray-surface intersection calculations for a number of surface
- primitives. These have included checkerboards [Whitted 80]; chrome
- balls [Whitted 80]; glass balls [Whitted 80]; robot arms [Barr 82];
- blue abstract things [Hanrahan 82]; more glass balls [Watterberg 83];
- mandrills [Watterberg 83]; more mandrills [Sweeney 83]; green fractal
- hills [Kajiya 83]; more glass balls [SEDIC 83]; aquatic blobby things
- [Kaw 83]; more chrome balls [Heckbert 83]; pool balls [Portner 84];
- more glass balls [Kajiya 86].
-
- Unfortunately, nobody has ray traced any food. So far, the most
- realistic foods were Blinn's classic orange and strawberry images, but
- these were created with a scan-line algorithm [2]. The Dessert
- Realism Project at Pixar is addressing this problem. This article
- presents new technology for ray tracing a restricted class of dessert
- foods, in particular Jell-O(1) brand gelatin. We believe this method
- may have application to other brands of gelatin and, perhaps, pudding
- as well.
-
- This article is divided into three parts: methods for modeling static
- Jell-O, simulation of Jell-O motion using impressive mathematics, and
- ray-Jell-O intersection calculations.
-
- JELL-O SHAPE
-
- To model static Jell-O, we employ a new synthesis technique wherein
- attributes are added one at a time using abstract object-oriented
- classes we call ingredients. Ingredient attributes are combined
- during a preprocessing pass to accumulate the desired set of material
- properties (consistency, taste, torsional strength, flame resistance,
- refractive index, etc.). We use the RLS orthogonal basis (rasberry,
- lime, and strawberry), as shown in the figure below, from which any
- type of Jell-O can be synthesized [9].
-
- Ingredients are propagated through a large 3-D lattice using
- vectorized pipeline SIMD parallel processing in a systolic array
- architecture that we call the Jell-O Engine. Furthermore, we
- can compute several lattice points simultaneously. Boundary
- conditions are imposed along free-form surfaces to control the Jell-O
- shape, and the ingredients are mixed using relaxation and
- annealing lattice algorithms until the matrix is chilled and
- ready-to-eat.
-
- JELL-O DYNAMICS
-
- Previous researchers have observed that, under certain conditions.
- Jell-O wiggles [8]. We have been able to simulate these unique
- and complex Jell-O dynamics using spatial deformations [1] and other
- hairy mathematics. From previous research with rendering systems, we
- have learned that a good dose of gratuitous partial differential
- equations is needed to meet the paper quota for impressive formulas.
-
- Therefore, we solve the Schrodinger wave equation for the Jell-O field
- J:
-
- .nf
- _2 2m
- V J + -- (E - V)J = 0.
- h
- .fi
-
- Transforming to a spherical coordinate system [7],
-
- .nf
- _ dJ 1 dJ 1 dJ
- VJ = E -- + E - -- + E ----- --
- x dr y r dO z rsinO dP
- 2
- _2 1 d 2 dJ 1 d dJ 1 d J
- V J = -- -- (r --) + ------ -- (sinO --) + ------- ---
- 2 dr dr 2 dO dO 2 2 2
- r r sinO r sin O dP
- .fi
-
- [Many of the symbols used don't appear in ASCII -- ed]
-
- Fuller has given a concise and lucid explanation of the deviation form
- here:
-
- The "begetted" eightness as the system-limit number of the nuclear
- uniqueness of self-regenerative symmetrical growth may well account
- for the fundamental octave of unique interpermutative integer
- effects identified as plus one, plus two, plus three, plus four,
- respectively; and as minus four, minus three, minus two, minus one,
- characterizing the integers five, six, seven, and eight,
- respectively [3].
-
- In other words, to a first approximation:
- .nf
- ----------------------------------------
- | J = 0. |
- | The Jell-O(r) Equation |
- ----------------------------------------
- .fi
-
- RAY-JELL-O INTERSECTION CALCULATION
-
- The ray-Jell-O intersection calculations fortunately require the
- solution of integral equations and the simulation of Markov chains
- [6], so they cannot be computed efficiently. In fact, we have proved
- that their solution is linear-time reducible to the traveling-salesman
- problem, where In is the number of Jell-O molecules, so we can be
- sure that ray tracing Jell-O will be practical only on a supercomputer
- [5].
-
- IMPLEMENTATION
-
- A preliminary implementation has been completed on a VAX 11/780
- running the UNIX(2) operating system. To create a picture using the
- full Jell-O Engine simulation, we estimate that 1 CPU eon of CRAY time
- and a lot of hard work would be required. We made several simplifying
- approximations, however, since the article is due today. As a first
- approximation, we have modeled a gelatin cube governed by the
- first-order Jell-O equation with judiciously selected surface
- properties; that is, color = (0, 255, 0). The frontispiece for this
- article was created with this model.
-
- Work is underway on a complete Jell-O Engine implementation using Lisp
- flavors. We will shortly begin computing a 100-by-100 image of
- a bowl of lime Jell-O using a roomful of Amigas [4]. The picture
- should be ready in time for SIGGRAPH with hours to spare.
-
- CONCLUSIONS
-
- Jell-O goes well with a number of other familiar objects, including
- mandrills, glass balls, and teapots. The composition and animation
- possibilities are limited only by your imagination (personal
- communication by Lance Williams, 1980). The Dessert Foods Division is
- generalizing the methods described here to other brands of gelatin.
- Future research areas include the development of algorithms for ray
- tracing puddings and other dessert foods. Another outstanding problem
- is the suspension of fruit in Jell-O, in particular, fresh pineapple
- and kiwifruit.
-
- Jell-O is:
- * visually appealing
- * futuristic
- * hydrodynamically captivating
- * tasty
- * goes well with other objects.
-
- Acknowledgements. Thanks to Paul Haeberli for tipping back a few
- with me on this research and to H. B. Siegel for key observations.
- The SIGGRAPH technical committee also deserves thanks for recognizing
- that "there's always room for Jell-O.".
-
- (1) Jell-O is a registered trademark of General Foods.
- (2) UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T Bell Laboratories.
-
- REFERENCES
-
- 1. Barr, a. H. Ray tracing deformed surfaces. SIGGRAPH 86 Proc. 20,
- 4 (Aug. 1986), 287-296.
-
- 2. Blinn, J. F. Computer display of curved surfaces. Ph. D. thesis.
- Computer Science Dept., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, 1978.
-
- 3. Fuller, R. B. Synergetics. MacMillan, New York, 1975, p.
- 125.
-
- 4. Graham, E. Graphic scene simulatons. Amiga World (May-June
- 1987), 18-95.
-
- 5. Haeberli, P., and Heckbert, P. A Jell-O calculus. ACM Trans.
- Graph. (special issue on ray tracing moist surfaces). Submitted 1872.
- To be published.
-
- 6. Kajiya, J. T. The rendering equation. SIGGRAPH 86 Proc. 20, 4
- (Aug. 1986), 143-150.
-
- 7. Plastock, R. A., and Kalley, G. Schaum's Outline of Computer
- Graphics. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1986.
-
- 8. Sales, S. The Soupy Sales Show. 1966.
-
- 9. Weller, T. Science Made Stupid. Houton Mifflin, Boston
- Mass., 1985.
-
- 10. Whitted, T. An improved illumination model for shaded display.
- Commun. ACM 23, 6 (June 1980), 343-349.
-
- CR Categories and Subject Descriptors: C.1.2 [Processor
- Architectures]: Multiple Data Stream Architectures (Multiprocessors)
- -- array and vector processors; I.3.7 [Computer Graphics]:
- Three-dimensional Graphics and Realism -- color, shading,
- shadowing, and texture; J.3 [Computer Applications]: Life and
- Medical Sciences -- health
-
- General Terms: Algorithms, Design, Theory
-
- Additional Key Words And Phrases: Food, gelatin, Jell-O, lattice
- algorithm, ray tracing
-
- Author's Present Address: Paul S. Heckbert, Dessert Foods Division,
- Pixar, San Rafael, CA 94913-3719.
-