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PGRAPH Version 1.10 An MS-DOS C Standard Printer Interface Written and Distributed by: Frank van der Hulst, 101 Epuni St, Lower Hutt, New Zealand Electronic mail to: UseNet: frank@cavebbs.gen.nz FidoNet: frank vanderhulst at GenBoard (Node 3:771/160) Phone (Voice): 0064 4 693-481 20 June 1991 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── Program and Documentation Copyright Frank van der Hulst, 1991 All rights reserved Portions Copyright 1987, 1989 Borland International. Portions Copyright Microsoft Corporation. PC-DOS, PC, PC XT, PC AT, and PS/2 are trademarks of IBM Corporation. MS-DOS, OS/2, and Windows are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transcribed, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, other than as stated in the license agreement, without the prior permission of: Frank van der Hulst, 101 Epuni St, Lower Hutt, New Zealand ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page i. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction..............................................................1 Registration Information..................................................1 PGRAPH License Agreement..................................................2 Shareware Version:........................................................2 Registered Version:.......................................................3 Source Code Version:......................................................3 DISCLAIMER................................................................4 Technical Support.........................................................4 PGRAPH Features...........................................................5 Minimal Program Size......................................................5 Video Support.............................................................5 Printer Support...........................................................5 Networks..................................................................5 Planned Improvements......................................................5 PGRAPH Files..............................................................6 Test Driving PGRAPH.......................................................7 Using PGRAPH in your own programs.........................................8 Limitations and variations from GRAPHICS.LIB..............................9 PGRAPH Function Reference................................................11 p_arc....................................................................12 p_bar....................................................................12 p_bar3d..................................................................12 p_circle.................................................................13 p_cleardevice............................................................13 p_clearviewport..........................................................13 p_closegraph.............................................................13 p_drawpoly...............................................................14 p_dump...................................................................14 p_ellipse................................................................14 p_fillellipse............................................................14 p_fillpoly...............................................................15 p_floodfill..............................................................15 p_getarccoords...........................................................15 p_getaspectratio.........................................................15 p_getcolor...............................................................16 p_getdrivername..........................................................16 p_getfillpattern.........................................................16 p_getfillsettings........................................................16 p_getgraphmode...........................................................16 p_getimage...............................................................17 p_getlinesettings........................................................17 p_getmaxcolor............................................................17 p_getmaxmode.............................................................17 p_getmaxx................................................................17 p_getmaxy................................................................17 p_getmodename............................................................18 p_getmoderange...........................................................18 Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page ii. p_getpixel...............................................................18 p_getresolution..........................................................18 p_gettextsettings........................................................18 p_getx...................................................................18 p_gety...................................................................19 p_graphdefaults..........................................................19 _p_graphfreemem..........................................................19 _p_graphgetmem...........................................................20 p_graphresult............................................................20 p_imagesize..............................................................21 p_initgraph..............................................................21 p_line...................................................................22 p_linerel................................................................22 p_lineto.................................................................22 p_moverel................................................................23 p_moveto.................................................................23 p_outtext................................................................23 p_outtextxy..............................................................23 p_pieslice...............................................................23 p_print..................................................................24 p_putimage...............................................................24 p_putpixel...............................................................25 _p_putpixel_screen.......................................................25 p_rectangle..............................................................25 p_registerbgidriver......................................................26 p_registerbgifont........................................................26 p_registerfarbgidriver...................................................26 p_registerfarbgifont.....................................................26 p_sector.................................................................27 p_setaspectratio.........................................................27 p_setcolor...............................................................27 p_setfillpattern.........................................................27 p_setfillstyle...........................................................28 p_setgraphmode...........................................................28 p_setlinestyle...........................................................29 p_settextjustify.........................................................29 p_settextstyle...........................................................30 p_setusercharsize........................................................31 p_setviewport............................................................31 p_setwritemode...........................................................32 p_textheight.............................................................32 p_textwidth..............................................................32 p_view...................................................................32 MAKING A .PGI FILE.......................................................33 Printer Description......................................................33 Graphics Modes Descriptions..............................................34 REVISION HISTORY.........................................................38 Index....................................................................39 Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 1. Introduction If you're tired of re-writing your programs for the various printers available, you'll love PGRAPH! PGRAPH is a library of C functions designed to allow you to print graphics as easily as you can display them on the screen of your IBM PC or compatible system. It provides a BGI-like (Borland Graphics Interface) to your printer. PGRAPH is a library of graphics routines, similar to those provided by Borland in GRAPHICS.LIB. As such, it is a programmer's toolkit, and is not designed for the end-user. It allows you to print any graphic image, including Borland's stroked fonts, on a wide range of printers. These functions take the same number and type of parameters as the Borland functions, so that it is a simple matter to "redirect" graphics output from the screen to your printer. A cut-down version of PGRAPH is distributed as shareware, so that you can try it out before you decide whether you'd like to buy the full version. The complete version is available only from the author, on payment of a registration fee. The following pages include information on registration, the PGRAPH license agreement, and technical support for PGRAPH. Currently, there is no printed manual. Registered users get a copy of this file, formatted and ready to print on a LaserJet III, or in XyWrite format. If there should be sufficient demand, a printed version may be commissioned. Registration Information PGRAPH is a copyrighted program protected by both N.Z. and international copyright law. If you obtained PGRAPH from a shareware disk vendor, an on- line computer service or bulletin board, a friend or colleague, or another similar source, you have an unregistered (trial) copy. You are authorized to use this copy without charge for a limited period of time under the terms of the PGRAPH license agreement. After this time is up, you must register and pay for PGRAPH to continue using it. This method of distribution is known as shareware. It allows you to determine whether PGRAPH meets your needs before you pay for it. The registration fee for a single copy of PGRAPH is NZ$75. This is approximately US$50 at current exchange rates. Payment of this fee entitles you to: * A copy of PGRAPH, registered to you. This may be delivered either via a diskette, or via E-mail. * An upgrade to the next major release of PGRAPH. Upgrades may be delivered either via E-mail, or on diskette. If you need an upgrade on diskette there will be a minimal processing charge to cover my costs in sending it to you. * Technical support via electronic mail or telephone. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 2. Network, site, and corporate licenses are also available; contact the author for more information. Source code is available at a price of NZ$125 (approximately US$100). Please make payment by transferring the correct amount to my bank account (number 060529-0320661-00) at the Lower Hutt branch of the National Bank of New Zealand. PGRAPH License Agreement The PGRAPH library and all programs and documentation distributed or shipped with it are Copyright Frank van der Hulst, 1991, and are protected by N.Z. and International copyright law. In the rest of this document, this collection of files is referred to simply as "PGRAPH". You are granted a license to use your copy of PGRAPH only under the terms and conditions specified in this license agreement. PGRAPH is distributed in three forms: * A "shareware" copy of PGRAPH is a copy distributed on diskette or via an electronic bulletin board, on-line service, or other electronic means, obtained from a shareware disk vendor, or obtained from another individual, and which displays the legend "shareware" on the diskette label (if applicable). On it, the library files are called PGRAPHTT.LIB and PGRAPHLM.LIB. * A "registered" copy of the PGRAPH library is a copy distributed on diskette or via electronic mail, purchased from F van der Hulst. It includes library files for all memory models, for either the Turbo-C or the MS-C compiler. * A "source code" copy of the PGRAPH library is a copy distributed on diskette or via electronic mail, purchased from F van der Hulst. It includes C and Assembler source code for all of the functions in the PGRAPH library, and utilities associated with it. "Printer Graphics Interface" files (with a .PGI extension), whether included in the package or developed by the user, may be freely distributed. Different conditions apply to the three versions, as follows: Shareware Version: Shareware copies of PGRAPH are distributed to allow you to try the program before you pay for it. They are not "free" or "public domain" software. You may use PGR_TCSH.LIB or PGR_MSSH at no charge for a trial period of up to 21 days. If you wish to continue using PGRAPH after that period, you must purchase a registered copy. If you choose not to purchase a registered copy, you must stop using PGRAPH, though you may keep copies and pass them along to others. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 3. This document, the shareware versions of the library (PGRAPHTT.LIB and PGRAPHLM.LIB), and the associated header file may be freely copied provided that: All of the files are copied as a group (such as in a single archive). See below for a list of files. The files are not modified in any way (including removal or alteration of copyright notices or this license). No charge beyond a cost-recovery fee not to exceed $5 is made. You may NOT distribute any program which includes code derived from the shareware version of the package. Registered Version: Registered copies of PGRAPH are distributed to those who have purchased them. Just like Borland's No-Nonsense License Agreement, you may install PGRAPH on many computers, so long as only one version can be used at a time. The same applies to networks. You may copy the registered version of PGRAPH for normal backup purposes. This registration license may NOT be transferred to any other person or organisation without the permission of F van der Hulst. Programs created using PGRAPH should include the following acknowledgement in their documentation: "This program uses the PGRAPH printer graphics package developed by F van der Hulst, Wellington, New Zealand". If you are dissatisfied with a registered copy of PGRAPH for any reason, you may erase your copy of PGRAPH from your system (and if applicable, return the diskette) at any time up to 90 days after purchase and receive a full refund of your original registration fee. Registered users get a copy of this documentation file, formatted and ready to print on a LaserJet III, or in a word processor format of their choice (where possible). Source Code Version: Source Code copies of PGRAPH are distributed to those who have purchased them. Just like Borland's No-Nonsense License Agreement, you may install PGRAPH on many computers, so long as only one version can be used at a time. The same applies to networks. You may copy the source code version of PGRAPH for normal backup purposes. This registration license may NOT be transferred to any other person or organisation without the permission of F van der Hulst. Source code derived from the PGRAPH package may not be distributed in any way without the permission of F van der Hulst. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 4. Programs created using PGRAPH should include the following acknowledgement in their documentation: "This program uses code derived from the PGRAPH printer graphics package developed by F van der Hulst, Wellington, New Zealand". If you are dissatisfied with a registered copy of PGRAPH for any reason, you may erase your copy of PGRAPH from your system (and if applicable, return the diskette) at any time up to 90 days after purchase and receive a full refund of your original registration fee. Registered users get a copy of this documentation file, formatted and ready to print on a LaserJet III, or in a word processor format of their choice (where possible). DISCLAIMER Although I have tested the code which comprises PGRAPH it is entirely possible that PGRAPH may malfunction in environments or under circumstances in which it has not been tested. This code is provided AS IS, and the author disclaims any and all responsibility for damages (both consequential and incidental) resulting from the use or misuse of PGRAPH. Sole responsibility for determining the suitability of the code rests with the user. Technical Support Full technical support for PGRAPH is available only to registered users. If you are not a registered user, support is limited to assistance with the installation of a shareware copy of PGRAPH for a 21 day evaluation period. The best way to contact me for support is via Electronic Mail, preferably via UseNet. Generally, a message will be acknowledged within one day of receipt. There will obviously be some delay, involved in transmitting a message through a network. Bulletin Boards: Primary support is via the "Local Software" Forum (Area 4) of Genboard BBS, Wellington, NZ 0064 4 499-0490. Genboard is attached to the FidoNet BBS Network as Node 3:771/160. You may expect a response within 3-5 days. Please note that Genboard is an independent bulletin board which has agreed to serve as a home base for PGRAPH support, but is not owned or operated by me. In addition, registered users may contact me for support by mail, or telephone. My address and phone number are listed on the first page of this manual. I prefer support via one of the electronic services listed above, or via electronic mail, as it allows correspondence at convenient times regardless of time zones and work schedules, and it provides a record of the communication. However, telephone support is also provided to those users who do not have a modem and need a quick response. Please check what time it is in New Zealand (usually 12 hours ahead of GMT) before you call. In general, support is only available between 5pm and 10pm NZ time. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 5. PGRAPH Features PGRAPH is written for the IBM PC, PC/XT, PC/AT, PS/2 (all models), and compatibles. It was developed using Turbo C v2.01. Libraries are provided for Turbo C v2.01 and Microsoft C v5.10. PGRAPH.LIB is a library of graphics routines, similar to those provided by Borland in GRAPHICS.LIB. These functions perform similar tasks to, and take the same number and type of parameters as, the Borland functions. This library contains code which is really only useful with Turbo C or MS C, since it calls routines which are located in the vendor's libraries. It is my intention to release versions for other C compilers in the future. Minimal Program Size PGRAPH is split up into several small modules, so that only the required modules are linked to the executable program. Video Support PGRAPH allows the program to simultaneously output the image being printed to the video screen by using a user-provided pixel-display routine. Printer Support This version of PGRAPH includes drivers for the following printers: HP LaserJet (series II or III) Epson LX-400 Star NX-10 These last two are 9-pin dot-matrix printers, and support modes available on almost any "IBM Graphics Printer"-compatible printer. Adding support for new printers is a simple process. Networks PGRAPH outputs to the printer by printing to stdprn, and works successfully with programs which redirect printer output. This includes networks such as Novell Netware. Output can also be redirected to other devices such as disk files from within the user program. Planned Improvements Improvements will depend on registrations. If no-one registers, I'm not going to spend any more of my time on this package. * Make the library compiler & memory model independent. * Use XMS/EMS/Disk for memory buffers. * Create a Turbo Pascal .TPU unit which links to the C code. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 6. * Support for colour printers, including allowing the programmer to set the palette and background colour. * Closer integration into Borland's BGI system, including putting code into the PGI driver file. This will allow support for plotters, and use of (for example) the line drawing features available on the LaserJet III. * Fix the bug in calculating start and end-points of arcs. * Fix the problem with drawing thick lines in XOR mode. I welcome feedback on the above, and suggestions of other improvements. PGRAPH Files The files listed below are part of PGRAPH. Depending on where you obtained your copy, you may find the files in a compressed form, usually in a file with the extension .ZIP. These files may change from time to time. See the file README.DOC for up to date information on which files are included with your copy of PGRAPH. PGRAPHTT.LIB The PGRAPH library for Tiny model Turbo C. PGRAPHLM.LIB The PGRAPH library for Large model MS C. PGRAPH.H The PGRAPH header file. This includes all the prototypes which allow your compiler to check that calls to the library are correct. *.PGI These files contain the interface information required for various printers. *.OBJ .PGI files converted to .OBJ, so that the drivers can be linked into the executable program. MAKE_PGI.EXE A program which allows you to create a new .PGI file. PGRAPH.DOC The PGRAPH manual. DEMO.EXE A demonstration program, created with the Medium memory model PGRAPH library, which demonstrates various features of the package. DEMO.C Main program source code for the above program. You will NOT be able to compile and link this unless you have the registered version. DEMO_SUB.C Subprograms for various demonstrations to link with DEMO.C. DEMO.PRJ Turbo C v2.0 project file used to create DEMO.EXE DEMO_CFG.TC Turbo C v2.0 IDE configuration file to create DEMO.EXE Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 7. MAKE.MSC Microsoft C MAKE file used to create DEMO.EXE README.DOC Last-minute revisions and bug reports. In addition, the registered version of PGRAPH includes the following: PGRAPHT?.LIB The PGRAPH library for Tiny model. PGRAPHS?.LIB The PGRAPH library for Small model. PGRAPHM?.LIB The PGRAPH library for Medium model. PGRAPHC?.LIB The PGRAPH library for Compact model. PGRAPHL?.LIB The PGRAPH library for Large model. PGRAPHH?.LIB The PGRAPH library for Huge model. The last character of the filename will be either an M or a T, depending on whether they order the MicroSoft or Turbo C version. BIN_ASM.C A program to convert a .PGI file to an assembler source file, which can then be assembled and the resulting .OBJ file linked into a program. Test Driving PGRAPH If you are running in a network environment, or wish to spool the printer output to a file, you should first set up the printer output system. For example, on a Novell Netware system, you should LOGIN and use CAPTURE to direct the output of LPT1 to your network printer. To run the demonstration program: * Change to the directory DEMO.EXE is resident in * Copy the BGI driver for your screen into the directory * Copy TRIP.CHR (the triplex font file) into the directory * Copy any PGI drivers (except STAR and LASERJET) required into the directory * Execute DEMO.EXE. DEMO.EXE can take the following command line options: /O=device /P=printer_type /M=mode /D=demos device allows you to redirect the PGRAPH output to another file; for example /O=STAR.PRN will output to the disk file STAR.PRN, which can later be printed using COPY/B STAR.PRN LPT1: The default value is PRN printer_type allows you to identify what printer is attached: valid values are STAR, LASERJET, LX400, USER1, and USER2. Default value is STAR mode allows you to specify which printer mode to use: valid values will vary, depending on what printer is selected. See the section on p_initgraph below. The default value depends on the printer and what modes are available on it -- by default, the program will select the mode which gives Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 8. sufficient X resolution to print the widest demonstration image (801 pixels wide), which on most printers will be better than 100dpi. If there are several modes with that X resolution, it will select the lowest Y resolution. demos allows you to select which parts of the demo program to run: A Draw a full page of lines, ellipses, and polygons B Register stroked fonts (Gothic and script), and print them in different sizes and orientations C Print default font in various sizes and orientations D Print stroked (Triplex) and default font horizontally, using various justification settings E Print stroked (Triplex) and default font vertically, using various justification settings F Print stroked font (Triplex) , using various scaling factors G Fill various shapes with various patterns H Fill an arbitrary shape, using floodfill() I Draw various lines in different directions, with a user-defined pattern J Draw circular and elliptical pie charts on the printer. K Display a woman's face on the printer and screen, firstly unscaled (it was saved as an image from a CGA screen via getimage), then scaled to fit the printer's aspect ratio as near as possible. In between, use putimage & getimage, and p_putimage & p_getimage, to swap characters from the printer buffer to screen and vice versa. L Draw a circular pie chart on the printer, then display it on the screen, without printing it. By default, each demo is run in turn. This may take a long time -- for example, several hours if you have selected 240*216 mode on a dot-matrix printer. Using PGRAPH in your own programs If you are test-driving PGRAPH using the shareware version, rename the appropriate copy of the library (PGRAPHTT.LIB for Turbo C, PGRAPHLM.LIB for Microsoft C) to PGRAPH.LIB. If you are using the registered version, rename either PGR_TC.LIB (for Turbo C) or PGR_MS.LIB (Microsoft C) to PGRAPH.LIB. The demonstration program (DEMO.C and DEMO_SUB.C) may be edited and compiled. Note that the shareware version of the Turbo C library is for the Tiny model. Therefore Turbo C programmers compiling the demonstration program should compile using Tiny model, which will result in certain functions not being included. Use #include <PGRAPH.H> or #include "PGRAPH.H" in your source file to include the function prototypes and structure definitions from the header file at compile time. Turbo C users should include PGRAPH.H after GRAPHICS.H (if you include that file), since PGRAPH.H includes definitions for various struct's which are identical to those used in the GRAPHICS.H header file. Then use the functions provided in PGRAPH.LIB (p_initgraph(), p_putpixel(), p_closegraph(), etc.) as you would the corresponding initgraph(), putpixel(), etc. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 9. When linking, you must include PGRAPH.LIB so that code can be linked into the executable. A sample TCC line would be tcc -mc <other-flags> sample pgraph.lib library.lib Limitations and variations from GRAPHICS.LIB 1) PGRAPH only prints in black and white. 2) PGRAPH builds up a bit map of the image to be printed in memory, then prints it out when p_print() is called. This means that large images cannot be printed. An image is not limited to 64K, only to the amount of free memory in your machine. It is possible to print a full page of high-resolution graphics by printing out several strips (say) 2 inches high. For example, a page image on a LaserJet at 300 dpi by 300 dpi requires 970K of memory. This could be printed out as 5 strips, each 2 inches high and requiring 175K. 3) Because PGRAPH prints from a bit image, it is not suitable for outputting to plotters. This also means it can't take advantage of the anti-aliasing available on (for example) the LaserJet III. 4) Because my routines are slightly different from Borland's, some images will be printed slightly differently from what you see on the screen. This is true for ellipses (and all shapes based on them -- arcs, circles, sectors, etc.) where I have used Kappel's ellipse-drawing algorithm whereas Borland appear to have used Bresenham's. Usually the differences are no more than one or two pixels, except where the radius is less than three. Similarly, my line-drawing routine sometimes selects different pixels from Borland's. These differences will almost always be invisible, except where two shapes are drawn close together. 5) As in GRAPHICS.LIB, arc start and end angles are expressed in degrees, with 0 degrees at 3 o'clock, 90 degrees at 12 o'clock, etc. There is a minor discrepancy in terms of calculating the start and end points of arcs. This may result in a small gap being left between two arcs which should end up at the same point. For example, p_arc(10, 10, 60, 90, 50); p_arc(10, 10, 0, 60, 50); may not result in a complete arc from 0 to 90 degrees. 6) GRAPHICS.LIB only allows line, linerel, lineto, rectangle, and drawpoly to write in XOR mode after calling setwritemode(XOR_PUT). PGRAPH applies the mode set by p_setwritemode() to all output. 7) When drawing thick lines in XOR mode, the lines may be partially erased, particularly diagonal lines and parts of arcs. This is because these functions simply plot a 3 by 3 grid of pixels around each point on the line, which often means that for a diagonal line the same point may be plotted an even number of times, effectively restoring it to its original colour. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 10. 8) GRAPHICS.LIB allocates 4K (or some other amount set by calling setgraphbufsize) for use by routines within it. PGRAPH allocates and frees memory as it goes. 9) White is represented by the value 0 in PGRAPH, and black by 1. In GRAPHICS.LIB, it's the other way round. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 11. PGRAPH Function Reference PGRAPH.LIB contains over 70 functions. Most are similar to those in GRAPHICS.LIB. A few are extensions. The remainder are used within the library. These commands are similar to those in GRAPHICS.LIB: p_arc p_bar3d p_bar p_circle p_cleardevice p_clearviewport p_closegraph p_drawpoly p_ellipse p_fillellipse p_fillpoly p_floodfill p_getarccoords p_getaspectratio p_getcolor p_getdrivername p_getfillpattern p_getfillsettings p_getgraphmode p_getimage p_getlinesettings p_getmaxcolor p_getmaxmode p_getmaxx p_getmaxy p_getmodename p_getmoderange p_getpixel p_gettextsettings p_getx p_gety p_graphdefaults _p_graphfreemem _p_graphgetmem p_graphresult p_imagesize p_initgraph p_line p_linerel p_lineto p_moverel p_moveto p_outtext p_outtextxy p_pieslice p_putimage p_putpixel p_rectangle p_registerbgidriver p_registerbgifont p_registerfarbgidriver p_registerfarbgifont p_sector p_setaspectratio p_setcolor p_setfillpattern p_setfillstyle p_setgraphmode p_setlinestyle p_settextjustify p_settextstyle p_setusercharsize p_setviewport p_setwritemode p_textheight p_textwidth These commands are new: p_dump p_getresolution p_print _p_putpixel_screen p_view This section describes how to call each of the PGRAPH functions. Programmers familiar with Turbo C's or Turbo-Pascal's BGI interface, may wish to skip the following, with the exception of p_getresolution(), _p_putpixel_screen(), p_print(), p_view(), and p_dump(). In addition to the functions which are described in detail below, there are several functions in PGRAPH which are "visible" to the linker, but not described in detail below. These routines are called from within the PGRAPH library, and should not be called by external programs. Functions are described below in alphabetical order: Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 12. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_arc void p_arc(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius); Draws a circular arc in the current drawing colour, centred at (x,y) with the given radius. The arc travels from stangle to endangle, in a counterclockwise direction. The thickness of the line can be set using the thickness parameter of p_setlinestyle(). This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -6. See also: p_circle, p_ellipse, p_getarccoords, p_getaspectratio, p_graphresult, p_pieslice, p_setwritemode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_bar void p_bar(int left, int top, int right, int bottom); Draws a filled-in rectangle, using the current fill pattern and colour. The bar is not outlined. This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -6. See also: p_bar3d, p_fillpoly, p_floodfill, p_graphresult, p_setfillstyle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_bar3d void p_bar3d(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int depth, int topflag); Draws a three-dimensional rectangular bar, using the current line style and colour. The front face is filled in using the current fill style and colour. The depth parameter gives the bar's depth, in pixels. A depth of 0 gives an outlined two-dimensional bar. If topflag is non-zero, a three- dimensional top is put on the bar, otherwise only the front face and right side are drawn. (left, top) and (right, bottom) give the pixel coordinates of the upper left and lower right corners of the rectangle. See also: p_bar, p_setcolor, p_setfillstyle, p_setlinestyle Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 13. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_circle void p_circle(int x, int y, int radius); Draws a circle in the current drawing colour, centred at (x,y) with the given radius. The thickness of the line can be set using the thickness parameter of p_setlinestyle(). The circle will always have the correct diameter in the X direction, but the number of pixels in the Y direction will be altered (using the current aspect ratio) to ensure that the circle is round. This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -6. See also: p_arc, p_ellipse, p_fillellipse, p_getarccoords, p_graphresult, p_setaspectratio, p_setwritemode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_cleardevice void p_cleardevice(void); Clears the print buffer to zeros, and moves the graphics cursor to (0, 0). This clears the viewport by directly writing zeros into the print buffer memory. As such, it quickly clears the buffer. However, it does not clear pixels drawn on the screen via _p_putpixel_screen. See also: p_clearviewport, _p_putpixel_screen --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_clearviewport void p_clearviewport(void); Clears the print buffer to zeros, and moves the graphics cursor to (0, 0). This is done pixel by pixel, by calling p_putpixel. See also: p_cleardevice, p_getviewsettings, p_putpixel, p_setviewport --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_closegraph void p_closegraph(void); Shuts down the PGRAPH system; deallocates the memory reserved for the print buffer, drivers, and fonts by calling _p_graphfreemem. Note that this does NOT print any graphics remaining in the buffer; you should call p_print first if necessary. See also: p_initgraph, _p_graphfreemem, p_print Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 14. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_drawpoly void p_drawpoly(int numpoints, int far *polypoints); Draws the outline of a polygon with numpoints points, using the current line style and colour. polypoints points to a sequence of x,y pairs of coordinates. In order to draw a closed polygon, the last coordinate must be the same as the first. See also: p_fillpoly, p_line, p_rectangle, p_setcolor, p_setfillstyle, p_setlinestyle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_dump void p_dump(void); Dumps the contents of the print buffer to stdout in hex. For use in debugging. See also: p_view, p_print --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_ellipse void p_ellipse(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int xradius, int yradius); Draws an elliptical arc in the current drawing colour, centred at (x,y) with the given x and y radii. The arc travels from stangle to endangle, in a counterclockwise direction. The thickness of the line can be set using the thickness parameter of p_setlinestyle(). This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -6. See also: p_arc, p_circle, p_fillellipse, p_getaspectratio, p_graphresult, p_sector, p_setwritemode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_fillellipse void p_fillellipse( int x, int y, int xradius, int yradius ); Draws an ellipse in the current drawing colour, centred at (x,y) with the given x and y radii. The thickness of the line can be set using the thickness parameter of p_setlinestyle(). The interior of the ellipse is filled with the current fill colour and pattern. This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -6. See also: p_ellipse, p_fillpoly, p_getaspectratio, p_graphresult, p_setcolor, p_setfillstyle, p_setlinestyle Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 15. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_fillpoly void p_fillpoly(int numpoints, int far *polypoints); Draws the outline of a polygon with numpoints points, using the current line style and colour. The interior of the polygon is filled with the current fill colour and pattern. polypoints points to a sequence of x,y pairs of coordinates. In order to draw a closed polygon, the last coordinate must be the same as the first. This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -7. See also: p_drawpoly, p_floodfill, p_graphresult, p_setcolor, p_setfillstyle, p_setlinestyle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_floodfill void p_floodfill(int x, int y, int border); Fills an enclosed area of the bitmap. (x, y) is a "seed point" inside the area to be filled. The area bounded by the specified border colour will be filled with the current fill pattern and colour. Where possible, p_fillpoly should be used, since it runs much faster. This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -7. See also: p_drawpoly, p_fillpoly, p_graphresult, p_setcolor, p_setfillstyle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getarccoords void p_getarccoords(struct arccoordstype far *arccoords); Fills the structure pointed to by arccoords with information about the last arc (elliptical or circular) drawn. This includes information about the centre of the arc, and the coordinates of each end of the arc. These are useful if you need to connect a line to the end of an arc. See also: p_arc, p_ellipse, p_getaspectratio --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getaspectratio void p_getaspectratio(int far *xasp, int far *yasp); Returns the aspect ratio of the current printer graphics mode. The value of *yasp will usually be 10,000 or close to it; the value of *xasp depends on the relative width and height of pixels in the current mode. If pixels are taller than they are wide, *xasp will be less than *yasp. If pixels are shorter than they are wide, *xasp will be greater than *yasp. If pixels are square, *xasp and *yasp will be equal. See also: p_arc, p_circle, p_pieslice, p_setaspectratio Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 16. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getcolor int p_getcolor(void); Returns the current drawing colour. See also: p_getmaxcolor, p_setcolor --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getdrivername char *p_getdrivername(void); Returns a pointer to a string containing the name of the current printer. If PGRAPH has not been initialised, returns NULL. See also: p_initgraph, p_getmodename --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getfillpattern void p_getfillpattern(char far *pattern); Copies the user-defined fill pattern (as set by p_setfillpattern) into the 8-byte area pointed to by pattern. See also: p_setfillpattern, p_getfillsettings --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getfillsettings void p_getfillsettings(struct fillsettingstype far *fillinfo); Fills in the structure pointed to by fillinfo, giving information about the current fill pattern and colour. See also: p_setfillstyle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getgraphmode int p_getgraphmode(void); Returns the current graphics mode (set by p_initgraph or p_setgraphmode). The enumeration p_graphics_modes, defined in PGRAPH.H, gives names for the predefined graphics modes. See also: p_getmoderange, p_initgraph, p_setgraphmode Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 17. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getimage void p_getimage(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, void far *bitmap); Copies a bit image of the specified rectangle from the print buffer to memory. (left, top) and (right, bottom) give the pixel coordinates of the upper left and lower right corners of the rectangle. bitmap points to an area of memory large enough to store the image. The first two words are used to store the width and height of the image. The image is stored in the same format as that used by getimage and putimage in GRAPHICS.LIB for black and white screen images, except that black is represented by a '1' bit, and white by a '0'. See also: p_imagesize, p_putimage --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getlinesettings void p_getlinesettings(struct linesettingstype far *linetypeinfo); Fills in the structure pointed to by linetypeinfo, giving information about the current line style and thickness. See also: p_setlinestyle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getmaxcolor int p_getmaxcolor(void); Returns the highest valid colour value (always 1). See also: p_getcolor, p_setcolor --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getmaxmode int p_getmaxmode(void); Returns the highest valid mode number for the current driver. The minimum mode is always 0. See also: p_getmodename, p_getmoderange, p_setgraphmode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getmaxx int p_getmaxx(void); Returns the maximum x coordinate for the current viewport. For example, if a viewport is 2400x600, this returns 2399. See also: p_getmaxy, p_getx, p_setviewport --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getmaxy int p_getmaxy(void); Returns the maximum y coordinate for the current viewport. For example, if a viewport is 2400x600, this returns 599. See also: p_getmaxx, p_gety, p_setviewport Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 18. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getmodename char *p_getmodename(int mode_number); Returns a pointer to a string containing the name of the current graphics mode. If PGRAPH has not been initialised, returns NULL. See also: p_initgraph, p_getdrivername --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getmoderange void p_getmoderange(int graphdriver, int far *lomode, int far *himode); Returns the range of valid mode numbers for the specified driver. The minimum mode is always 0. If graphdriver is invalid, both *lomode and *himode are set to -1. If graphdriver is -1, the current driver's mode range is returned. See also: p_getgraphmode, p_getmaxmode, p_getmodename, p_graph_result, p_initgraph, p_setgraphmode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getpixel unsigned p_getpixel(int x, int y); Returns the colour of the pixel located at (x, y). All routines which read the print buffer, except for p_print and p_dump, call p_getpixel. See also: p_getimage, p_putpixel --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getresolution void p_getresolution(int far *xres, int far *yres); Returns the resolution in dots per inch of the current printer graphics mode. See also: p_getaspectratio, p_initgraph --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_gettextsettings void p_gettextsettings(struct textsettingstype far *texttypeinfo); Fills in the structure pointed to by texttypeinfo, giving information about the current font, direction, size, and justification of text. See also: p_outtext, p_outtextxy, p_settextjustify, p_settextstyle, p_setusercharsize --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_getx int p_getx(void); Returns the graphics cursor x coordinate within the current viewport. See also: p_getmaxx, p_gety, p_moveto, p_setviewport Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 19. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_gety int p_gety(void); Returns the graphics cursor y coordinate within the current viewport. See also: p_getmaxy, p_getx, p_moveto, p_setviewport --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_graphdefaults void p_graphdefaults(void); Resets all graphics settings to their defaults: Sets the viewport to 8 inches by 2 inches Moves the graphics cursor to (0, 0) Sets the drawing colour to 1 (black) Sets the current fill style and pattern Sets the text font and justification Note that changing the viewport will free the memory allocated for the print buffer via _p_graphfreemem, and allocate memory for the new buffer via _p_graphgetmem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -5. See also: p_graphresult, p_initgraph, p_setgraphmode, p_setviewport --------------------------------------------------------------------------- _p_graphfreemem void _p_graphfreemem(void far *ptr, unsigned long size); This function is called by various PGRAPH functions whenever they need to release memory previously allocated through _p_graphgetmem. You can define your own version of _p_graphfreemem to control memory management. This might be useful if you have routines to allocate memory to programs from within Extended or Expanded memory. Turbo C: The version defined in PGRAPH simply calls farfree. Microsoft C: The version defined in PGRAPH simply calls hfree. Programmers using other compilers should define _p_graphfreemem to call the equivalent memory allocation routine provided by their compiler vendor. Note that this differs from _graphfreemem in GRAPHICS.LIB, in that it allows use of blocks larger than 64K. See also: _p_graphgetmem Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 20. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- _p_graphgetmem void far * _p_graphgetmem(unsigned long size); This function is called by various PGRAPH functions whenever they need to dynamically allocate memory for various buffers. You can define your own version of _p_graphgetmem to control memory management. This might be useful if you have routines to allocate memory to programs from within Extended or Expanded memory. Turbo C: The version defined in PGRAPH simply calls farmalloc. Microsoft C: The version defined in PGRAPH simply calls halloc. Programmers using other compilers should define _p_graphgetmem to call the equivalent memory allocation routine provided by their compiler vendor. Note that this differs from _graphgetmem in GRAPHICS.LIB, in that it allows use of blocks larger than 64K. See also: _p_graphfreemem --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_graphresult int p_graphresult(void); This returns an error code for the last unsuccessful graphics operation, and resets the error level to grOk. Therefore the result returned should be stored by the calling program before testing it. These codes are the same as used in GRAPHICS.LIB, therefore you can call grapherrormsg from there to print the corresponding error message. The following table list error codes returned by p_graphresult. Error Constant Error Message 0 grOk No error -1 grNoInitGraph Graphics not installed (use p_initgraph) -2 grNotDetected Graphics hardware not detected (not used) -3 grFileNotFound Device driver file not found -4 grInvalidDriver Invalid device driver file -5 grNoLoadMem Not enough memory to load driver or print buffer -6 grNoScanMem Out of memory when scanning ellipse -7 grNoFloodMem Out of memory in flood fill -8 grFontNotFound Font file not found -9 grNoFontMem Not enough memory to load font -10 grInvalidMode Invalid graphics mode for selected driver -11 grError Graphics error -12 grIOerror Graphics I/O error -13 grInvalidFont Invalid font file -14 grInvalidFontNum Invalid font number -15 grInvalidDeviceNum Invalid device number -16 grInvalidVersion Invalid version number See also: graph_errors in PGRAPH.H Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 21. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_imagesize unsigned p_imagesize(int left, int top, int right, int bottom); Returns the number of bytes required to store a bit image. If the size required is greater than 65534 (0xFFFE), p_imagesize returns 65535 (0xFFFF). See also: p_getimage, p_putimage --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_initgraph void p_initgraph(int far *graphdriver, int far *graphmode, char far *pathtodriver); This initialises the PGRAPH system by loading a graphics driver from disk (or using a registered driver), and putting the system into the selected graphics mode. Unlike initgraph in GRAPHICS.LIB, p_initgraph cannot auto- detect what type of printer is attached. p_initgraph first checks to see whether the selected driver has already been loaded, or has been registered via p_registerbgidriver or p_registerfarbgidriver. If not, it loads the driver (.PGI) file from disk, including allocating memory for it via _p_graphgetmem. p_initgraph always sets the internal error code; on success it sets it to 0. If an error occurred, *graphdriver is set to the same value as the internal error code. pathtodriver specifies the directory path where the driver file is located. If the file is not found in that directory, or pathtodriver is NULL, p_initgraph looks for the file in the current directory. This is also used by p_settextstyle to search for font (.CHR) files. *graphdriver is an integer between 1 and 5 which specifies the printer driver to be used. You give it a value using a constant of the p_graphics_drivers enumeration type, defined in PGRAPH.H, and listed below: Value Constant 1 STAR 2 LASERJET 3 LX400 4 USER1 5 USER2 The constants USER1 and USER2 allow for up to 2 user-created drivers to be installed and used. When one of these is used, PGRAPH first checks whether it has been registered; if not, it loads USER1.PGI or USER2.PGI from disk. *graphmode specifies the initial graphics mode. If it is not in the correct range for the selected driver, the initialisation is aborted, and p_graphresult will return -10. It should be selected from the following table: Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 22. Driver Mode Value Resolution (dpi) STAR STAR_60_72 0 60 x 72 STAR_120_216 1 120 x 216 STAR_120_108 2 120 x 108 STAR_120_72 3 120 x 72 STAR_240_216 4 240 x 216 STAR_80_72 5 80 x 72 STAR_72_72 6 72 x 72 STAR_90_72 7 90 x 72 LASERJET LJ_75_75 0 75 x 75 LJ_100_100 1 100 x 100 LJ_150_150 2 150 x 150 LJ_300_300 3 300 x 300 LX400 LX400_60_72 0 60 x 72 LX400_120_216 1 120 x 216 LX400_120_108 2 120 x 108 LX400_120_72 3 120 x 72 LX400_240_216 4 240 x 216 LX400_40_72 5 40 x 72 LX400_80_72 6 80 x 72 LX400_90_72 7 90 x 72 USER1 USER2 See also: p_closegraph, p_getdrivername, p_setgraphmode, p_graphdefaults, _p_graphgetmem, p_graphresult, p_registerbgidriver, p_setgraphmode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_line void p_line(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2); Draws a line from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2), using the current line style and colour. This does not change the position of the graphics cursor. See also: p_linerel, p_lineto, p_setcolor, p_setlinestyle, p_setwritemode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_linerel void p_linerel(int dx, int dy); Draws a line from the graphics cursor (CP) to (CP.x + dx, CP.y + dy), using the current line style and colour. The graphics cursor is then moved to the new point. See also: p_line, p_lineto, p_setcolor, p_setlinestyle, p_setwritemode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_lineto void p_lineto(int x, int y); Draws a line from the graphics cursor to (x, y), using the current line style and colour. The graphics cursor is then moved to (x, y). See also: p_line, p_linerel, p_setcolor, p_setlinestyle, p_setwritemode Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 23. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_moverel void p_moverel(int dx, int dy); Moves the graphics cursor (CP) to (CP.x + dx, CP.y + dy). See also: p_linerel, p_moveto --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_moveto void p_moveto(int x, int y); Moves the graphics cursor to (x, y). See also: p_lineto, p_moverel, p_outtext --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_outtext void p_outtext(char far *textstring); Displays a string at the graphics cursor in the viewport, using the current text settings and colour. If the horizontal justification is LEFT_TEXT and the direction is HORIZ_DIR, the graphics cursor's x coordinate is advanced by p_textwidth(textstring). Otherwise it remains unchanged. p_textwidth and p_textheight should be used to maintain code compatibility across several fonts. See also: p_outtextxy, p_settextjustify, p_settextstyle, p_textheight, p_textwidth --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_outtextxy void p_outtextxy(int x, int y, char far *textstring); Displays a string at (x, y) in the viewport, using the current text settings and colour. The graphics cursor remains unchanged. p_textwidth and p_textheight should be used to maintain code compatibility across several fonts. See also: p_outtext, p_settextjustify, p_settextstyle, p_textheight, p_textwidth --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_pieslice void p_pieslice(int x, int y, int stangle, int endangle, int radius); Draws a circular arc in the current drawing colour, centred at (x,y) with the given radius. The arc travels from stangle to endangle, in a counterclockwise direction. Lines are drawn from each end of the arc to (x, y). The thickness of the lines and arc can be set using the thickness parameter of p_setlinestyle(). The interior of the pie slice is filled using the current fill pattern and colour. This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -6. See also: p_arc, p_fillellipse, p_getarccoords, p_getaspectratio, p_graphresult, p_sector, p_setfillstyle Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 24. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_print void p_print(int out_dev); This routine actually prints the contents of the print buffer. To do this, it switches the printer into graphics mode, then sends each line of pixels to the printer. If the driver is set for a dot matrix printer, up to eight lines of pixels may be printed at once. Finally, the printer is returned to normal text mode. Only the x part of the viewport location selected using p_setviewport is used. Each print will begin printing at the current print position of the printer. This means that it is possible to print an entire page by drawing horizontal slices of it, and printing each one separately. The parameter out_dev is the file handle for the output device. To output directly to a printer, use p_print(fileno(stdprn)); Alternatively, the output can be sent to any file. The file should be opened in binary mode. See also: p_dump, p_setviewport, p_view --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_putimage void p_putimage(int left, int top, void far *bitmap, int op); Copies a bit image of the specified rectangle from memory to the print buffer. (left, top) gives the viewport coordinates of the upper left corner of the rectangle. bitmap points to the area of memory used to store the image. The first two words contain the width and height of the image. The image is stored in the same format as that used by getimage and putimage in GRAPHICS.LIB for black and white screen images, except that black is represented by a '1' bit, and white by a '0'. The op parameter specifies how each pixel from the memory area is to be combined with pixels in the print buffer. You give it a value using a constant of the putimage_types enumeration type, defined in PGRAPH.H, and listed below: Value Constant Description 0 COPY_PUT Copy 1 XOR_PUT exclusive or 2 OR_PUT inclusive or 3 AND_PUT and 4 NOT_PUT copy inverse of source Often NOT_PUT is the most appropriate, since in PGRAPH 0 represents white and 1 represents black, whereas in GRAPHICS (on the screen) 0 represents black and 1 represents white. See also: p_getimage, p_imagesize Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 25. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_putpixel void p_putpixel(int x, int y, int colour); Plots the pixel located at (x, y) in the colour specified. Depending on the writing mode set via p_setwritemode, this may copy the pixel to the buffer, or else exclusive-or the pixel with the buffer. This also calls _p_putpixel_screen with the same parameters as were passed to it. All output to the print buffer, except p_cleardevice, goes via p_putpixel. See also: p_clear_device, p_getpixel, p_putimage, p_setwritemode --------------------------------------------------------------------------- _p_putpixel_screen void _p_putpixel_screen(int x, int y, int colour); This function is called by p_putpixel every time it is called. Turbo C users can define their own version of _p_putpixel_screen as follows to simultaneously output printed images to a viewport on the screen. This might be useful when debugging a program. void _p_putpixel_screen(int x, int y, int colour) { putpixel(x, y, colour); } The version defined in the library does nothing; it simply returns. People using a compiler/linker other than Turbo C could also use this as a mechanism to get Turbo C programs to run with their own compiler, provided that they have a routine which can plot a pixel on the screen. Note that the routines in PGRAPH are generally much slower than the equivalent routines in GRAPHICS.LIB, and therefore reduce the performance of programs run this way. See also: p_putpixel --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_rectangle void p_rectangle(int left, int top, int right, int bottom); Draws a rectangle in the current line style, thickness, and colour. (left, top) and (right, bottom) identify the upper left and lower right corners of the rectangle. See also: p_par, p_line, p_setcolor, p_setlinestyle Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 26. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_registerbgidriver int p_registerbgidriver(void (*driver)(void)); Identifies a user-loaded or linked-in graphics driver to PGRAPH. This routine checks that the data at the given address is a valid driver; if not it returns a negative number indicating the error. Otherwise it returns a number which you MUST use when you call p_initgraph if you wish to use this driver. Once its address has been passed to p_registerbgidriver, p_initgraph will use the registered driver (rather than loading it from disk) if that driver is called for. Note that .PGI files will need to be converted into .OBJ format. The BINOBJ program distributed by Borland as part of Turbo-Pascal is suitable for this, although it only generates upper-case names, and the user needs to add a leading underscore to the public name. See also: p_graphresult, p_initgraph, p_registerbgifont, p_registerfarbgidriver --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_registerbgifont int p_registerbgifont(void (*font)(void)); Identifies a user-loaded or linked-in font to PGRAPH. This routine checks that the data at the given address is a valid font; if not it returns a negative number indicating the error. Otherwise it returns a number which you MUST use when you call p_settextstyle if you wish to use this driver. Once its address has been passed to p_registerbgifont, p_settextstyle will use the registered font (rather than loading it from disk) if that font is called for. Note that fonts registered for GRAPHICS.LIB via registerbgifont may also be registered for PGRAPH. See also: p_graphresult, p_initgraph, p_registerbgidriver, p_registerfarbgifont --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_registerfarbgidriver int p_registerfarbgidriver(void far *driver); This routine differs from p_registerbgidriver in that it allows a far pointer as the address of driver, thus allowing drivers to be loaded on the far heap. See also: p_graphresult, p_initgraph, p_registerbgidriver, p_registerfarbgifont --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_registerfarbgifont int p_registerfarbgifont(void far *font); This routine differs from p_registerbgifont in that it allows a far pointer as the address of font, thus allowing font to be loaded on the far heap. See also: p_graphresult, p_initgraph, p_registerbgifont, p_registerfarbgidriver Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 27. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_sector void p_sector( int X, int Y, int StAngle, int EndAngle, int XRadius, int YRadius); Draws an elliptical arc in the current drawing colour, centred at (x,y) with the given radii. The arc travels from stangle to endangle, in a counterclockwise direction. Lines are drawn from each end of the arc to (x, y). The thickness of the lines and arc can be set using the thickness parameter of p_setlinestyle. The interior of the sector is filled using the current fill pattern and colour. This routine allocates memory via _p_graphgetmem, and frees it again afterwards via _p_graphfreemem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -6. See also: p_ellipse, p_fillellipse, p_getarccoords, p_getaspectratio, p_graphresult, p_pieslice, p_setfillstyle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setaspectratio void p_setaspectratio(int xasp, int yasp); This is used to change the aspect ratio of the current printer graphics mode. The aspect ratio is used by PGRAPH to ensure that circles, circular arcs, and pie slices are drawn correctly. See also: p_arc, p_circle, p_getaspectratio, p_pieslice --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setcolor void p_setcolor(int color); Sets the current drawing colour to color, which can range from 0 (white) to p_getmaxcolor, which is set to 1 (black). The current drawing colour is used whenever pixels are set. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setfillpattern void p_setfillpattern(char far *upattern, int colour); Copies the user-defined fill pattern in the 8-byte area pointed to by pattern into PGRAPH. This 8 by 8 pattern is tiled across any area being filled by p_floodfill, p_fillellipse, p_pieslice, p_sector, or p_fillpoly. Whenever a bit in the pattern is set to 1, the corresponding pixel is plotted. See also: p_bar, p_bar3d, p_fillellipse, p_fillpoly, p_getfillpattern, p_getfillsettings, p_pieslice, p_sector Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 28. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setfillstyle void p_setfillstyle(int pattern, int colour); Sets the current fill pattern and colour. To set a user-defined fill pattern, it is better to call p_setfillpattern. Name Value Description EMPTY_FILL 0 Fill with background colour (0) SOLID_FILL 1 solid fill LINE_FILL 2 fill with --- LTSLASH_FILL 3 fill with /// SLASH_FILL 4 fill with ///, thick lines BKSLASH_FILL 5 fill with \\\, thick lines LTBKSLASH_FILL 6 fill with \\\ HATCH_FILL 7 light hatch fill XHATCH_FILL 8 heavy cross-hatch fill INTERLEAVE_FILL 9 interleaving line fill WIDE_DOT_FILL 10 widely spaced dot fill CLOSE_DOT_FILL 11 closely spaced dot fill USER_FILL 12 user-defined fill pattern All but EMPTY_FILL fill with the current colour; EMPTY_FILL uses the current background colour (0). If invalid input is passed to p_setfillstyle, p_graphresult will return - 11, and the current fill settings will remain unchanged. See also: p_bar, p_bar3d, p_fillellipse, p_fillpoly, p_setfillpattern, p_getfillsettings, p_pieslice, p_sector --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setgraphmode void p_setgraphmode(int mode); Selects a new graphics mode. mode must be a valid mode for the current device driver. Unlike setgraphmode in GRAPHICS.LIB, p_setgraphmode does NOT clear the printer buffer, nor reset the graphics settings to their defaults. See also: p_getgraphmode, p_getmoderange, p_graphresult, p_initgraph Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 29. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setlinestyle void p_setlinestyle(int linestyle, unsigned upattern, int thickness); Sets the current line width and style. linestyle specifies which style to use for subsequent lines. If it is USERBIT_LINE, then upattern is used, otherwise it is ignored. Name Value Description SOLID_LINE 0 solid line DOTTED_LINE 1 dotted line CENTER_LINE 2 centered line DASHED_LINE 3 dashed line USERBIT_LINE 4 user-defined line style upattern is a 16-bit pattern ; whenever a bit in the pattern is 1, the corresponding pixel in the line is drawn in the current colour. thickness specifies how wide lines are to be drawn. Name Value Description NORM_WIDTH 1 1 pixel wide THICK_WIDTH 3 3 pixels wide If THICK_WIDTH is used, nine pixels (a 3x3 block) are drawn instead of one for each point on a line. This has side-effects if p_setwritemode(XOR_PUT) has been used. If invalid input is passed to p_setlinestyle, p_graphresult will return - 11, and the current line settings will remain unchanged. See also: p_arc, p_bar3d, p_circle, p_drawpoly, p_ellipse, p_fillellipse, p_getlinesettings, p_graphresult, p_line, p_linerel, p_lineto, p_pieslice, p_rectangle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_settextjustify void p_settextjustify(int horiz, int vert); Sets text justification for p_outtext and p_outtextxy. Text will be justified round the designated position, as specified. The default settings are LEFT_TEXT and TOP_TEXT. Name Value Description LEFT_TEXT 0 horizontal CENTER_TEXT 1 horizontal and vertical RIGHT_TEXT 2 horizontal TOP_TEXT 0 vertical BOTTOM_TEXT 2 vertical LEFT_TEXT means that text will be left-justified relative to the designated position i.e. it will appear to the right of the designated position, etc. If invalid input is passed to p_settextjustify, p_graphresult will return - 11, and the current text settings will remain unchanged. See also: p_gettextsettings, p_graphresult, p_outtext, p_outtextxy, p_settextstyle Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 30. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_settextstyle void p_settextstyle(int font, int direction, int charsize); Sets the font, direction, and size of characters to be output by p_outtext and p_outtextxy. Fonts available include one bit-mapped font, and several 'stroked' fonts. Name Value Filename Description DEFAULT_FONT 0 8x8 bit-mapped font TRIPLEX_FONT 1 TRIP Triplex SMALL_FONT 2 LITT Small SANS_SERIF_FONT 3 SANS Sans serif GOTHIC_FONT 4 GOTH Gothic SCRIPT_FONT 5 SCRI Script SIMPLEX_FONT 6 SIMP Simplex TRI_SCR_FONT 7 TSCR Triplex script COMPLEX_FONT 8 COMP Complex EURO_FONT 9 EURO Eurostyle BOLD_FONT 10 BOLD Boldface The default bit-mapped font is built into the BIOS of your machine. As such, it may vary slightly from one machine to another. It is also probably slightly different from that included in GRAPHICS.LIB. You should run the GRAFTABL utility provided with DOS before printing any bit-mapped characters from the extended ASCII set (i.e. characters whose ASCII value is greater than 0x7F). Stroked fonts are stored in *.CHR disk files. The first four are distributed as part of the Turbo C package, the others are provided by Borland and available from various sources. Normally the *.CHR file needs to be loaded into memory before it can be used. To avoid this, you can link font files into your program. Consult your Turbo C manual on how to do this. direction: font directions supported are horizontal (left to right) and vertical (rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise, bottom to top). The default direction is HORIZ_DIR. Name Value Description HORIZ_DIR 0 left to right VERT_DIR 1 bottom to top The size of text can be magnified using the charsize factor. ValueBit-mapped Stroked 0 Invalid p_usercharsize 1 8x8 40% 2 16x16 66% 3 24x24 75% 4 32x32 100% 5 40x40 133% 6 48x48 166% 7 56x56 200% 8 64x64 250% 9 72x72 300% 10 80x80 400% Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 31. p_textheight and p_textwidth should always be used to determine the actual dimensions of text. See also: p_gettextsettings, p_graphresult, p_settextjustify, p_setusercharsize, p_textheight, p_textwidth --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setusercharsize void p_setusercharsize(int multx, int divx, int multy, int divy); Allows the user to independently control the x and y scaling of text output using stroked fonts. The scaling factors are given as a combination of multiplier and divider. For example, to set the width to twice normal, and the height to 1.5 times normal, use p_setusercharsize(2, 1, 3, 2); See also: p_gettextsettings, p_graphresult, p_settextstyle --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setviewport void p_setviewport(int left, int top, int right, int bottom, int clip); Establishes the size and location of the viewport onto the printed page. The viewport's corners are given in absolute pixel coordinates. The width of the viewport is rounded up to a multiple of eight pixels. The left coordinate is used to set the left edge of the viewport on the printed page. The top and bottom coordinates are used only to calculate the height of the viewport. They do NOT set the vertical position of the viewport on the page. Graphics are always printed at the current cursor position, so that a sequence of p_print() commands will print each viewport in turn down the page. This routine releases the current viewport by calling _p_graphfreemem, then allocates memory for the new viewport via _p_graphgetmem. If the memory is not available, a call to p_graphresult will return a value of -6. Because p_setviewport allocates only enough memory for the selected viewport, it is not possible to plot outside the current viewport. Therefore, the parameter clip is not used; it was included only to maintain similarity with setviewport in GRAPHICS.LIB. See also: p_clearviewport, p_getviewsettings, p_graphresult, p_initgraph Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 32. --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_setwritemode void p_setwritemode(int mode); Sets the writing mode for printer output. Name Value Description COPY_PUT 0 Over-write existing pixel XOR_PUT 1 xor with existing pixel Two successive XOR puts to the same location will change the pixel at that location, then restore it again. Note that this is different from setwritemode in GRAPHICS.LIB, which works only with line-drawing functions. See also: p_putimage --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_textheight int p_textheight(char far *string); Uses the current font size and scaling factor to determine the height of string in pixels. It is desirable to use p_textheight to compute the height of strings so that code is portable across several fonts and sizes. See also: p_gettextsettings, p_outtext, p_outtextxy, p_settextstyle, p_textwidth --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_textwidth int p_textwidth(char far *string); Uses the current font size and scaling factor to determine the width of string in pixels. It is desirable to use p_textwidth to compute the width of strings so that code is portable across several fonts and sizes. See also: p_gettextsettings, p_outtext, p_outtextxy, p_settextstyle, p_textheight --------------------------------------------------------------------------- p_view void p_view(void); Displays the printer buffer on the screen. This is done by calling _p_putpixel_screen, which therefore must be defined by the user. This is designed as a debugging tool. It is the programmer's responsibility to put the system into graphics mode and set the appropriate viewport on the screen beforehand, and close down the graphics system afterwards. See also: p_dump, _p_putpixel_screen Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 33. MAKING A .PGI FILE MAKE_PGI.EXE is a program to allow the user to create new .PGI files, either for a printer for which a .PGI file has not yet been created, or else to take advantage of features on an existing printer which are not supported by the existing .PGI file. Before starting to create a PGI driver, browse through your printer manual, looking for information about printing graphics. A .PGI file consists of two parts -- a description of the printer, and a description of how to print graphics in each of its modes. MAKE_PGI leads the user through each of these parts by asking a series of questions. Printer Description The first question asked is What is your name ? Type in your name, or any other string you want, up to a maximum of 127 characters. This string is used to create the "copyright" message at the beginning of the .PGI file. To see what the message looks like, use TYPE LASERJET.PGI to see what is contained in the descriptive header of the LaserJet .PGI file. Next, the program asks What is the printer's name ? Type in the name and model number of the printer, up to a total of 20 characters. This string will be included in the descriptive header of the file, and a pointer to this will also be returned by the p_getdrivername function. Next, the program asks What printer ID number ? You may enter a number in the range 1 to 5. This will be the number used to select the driver when p_initgraph is called. Note that each driver registered must have a unique ID number. For example, if you create a driver called STAR2 with an ID number of 1, you cannot register both STAR and STAR2. Note also that PGRAPH searches only for those files it knows about when an unregistered driver is used, so that if you create STAR2, but do not register it via either p_registerbgidriver or p_registerfarbgidriver, then a call to p_initgraph will look for STAR.PGI on the disk. Next, the program asks Are numbers sent to your printer in ASCII (Y/N) ? Most dot-matrix printers require the number of graphics bytes to be printed to be sent as a 2-byte (16-bit) binary number. The HP LaserJet requires Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 34. that the number of bytes be sent as the ASCII representation of the number. For example, to print 375 bytes, the LaserJet requires the characters '3', '7', and '5' be sent to it, whereas the Star requires the bytes 77 01 (w) be sent to it. Press Y or N, depending on what your printer requires. The last piece of information required is how to return from graphics mode to text mode on the printer. The program will ask What string do you use to end graphics on your printer ? You should type in a series of up to 20 characters, as described in your printer manual, to return from graphics mode to text mode. At the end of the string, press the F10 function key. Note that if you make a mistake, you CANNOT use the backspace key to go back and fix the error -- you will have to start the MAKE_PGI program over again. Examples: STAR NX-10 9-pin dot-matrix printer What is your name ? F van der Hulst What is the printer's name ? Star NX-10 What printer ID number ? 1 Are numbers sent to your printer in ASCII (Y/N) ? N What string do you use to end graphics on your printer ? ^[A^I^[2 ESC A Ctrl-I ESC 2 F10 This last command sets line spacing back to 9/72 inch, since the various graphics modes alter the line spacing. HP LaserJet laser printer What is your name ? F van der Hulst What is the printer's name ? LaserJet What printer ID number ? 2 Are numbers sent to your printer in ASCII (Y/N) ? Y What string do you use to end graphics on your printer ? ^[*r0B^M ESC * r 0 B Ctrl-M F10 This restores the printer to text mode, and issues a Carriage Return to start text at the left-hand side of the page. Graphics Modes Descriptions Once the overall printer description has been done, you need to describe how graphics is printed in each graphics modes in turn. For each mode, answer the following questions: X resolution ? The number of dots per inch in X resolution. Y resolution ? Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 35. The number of dots per inch in Y resolution. X bits per pass ? This is a number, either 1 or 8, which shows how many horizontal pixels are sent in one byte. On a LaserJet, this is 8; on dot-matrix printers, it is 1. Y bits per pass ? This is a number, either 1 or 8, which shows how many rows of pixels are sent in one byte. On a LaserJet, this is 1; on dot-matrix printers, it is 1 or 8: 8 bits forces a vertical resolution the same as the vertical pin spacing, whereas 1 pixel-row at a time allows a different vertical resolution to be used. What is the mode's name ? Type in the name of the mode (usually the graphics resolution), up to a total of 20 characters. A pointer to this string will be returned by the p_getmodename function. What string do you use to start this graphics mode on your printer Type in a series of up to 20 characters, as described in your printer manual, to start the graphics mode. This string will be sent once, at the beginning of p_print. At the end of the string, press the F10 function key. Note that if you make a mistake, you CANNOT use the backspace key to go back and fix the error -- you will have to re-enter the mode again. A line of graphics consists of several parts: A string of characters The number of graphics bytes to be sent (ASCII/Binary) A string of characters Graphics bytes A string of characters You need to specify each of the strings of characters for each mode, by answering the following questions: What string precedes the number in this mode ? What string follows the number in this mode ? What string ends a line of graphics in this mode ? Note that entry of each of these strings is similar to entry of the "start graphics mode" string: Press F10 to terminate entry You cannot correct any errors Maximum of 20 characters That concludes entry of the information on a graphics mode. After each mode, the program will ask if it is correct: Is this mode OK (Y/N) ? Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 36. If you made a mistake, press N and then re-enter it. If everything was entered correctly, press Y. Finally, the program will ask: Add another mode (Y/N) ? If you press N, that will terminate entry of the driver data and the program will write the data entered to USER.PGI -- you should rename it to the correct filename. Examples: STAR NX-10 9-pin dot-matrix printer Mode 0: X resolution ? 60 Y resolution ? 72 X bits per pass ? 1 Y bits per pass ? 8 What is the mode's name ? 60 * 72 What string do you use to start this graphics mode on your printer ^[3^X ESC 3 Ctrl-X F10 What string precedes the number in this mode ? ^[K ESC K F10 What string follows the number in this mode ? F10 What string ends a line of graphics in this mode ? ^M^J Ctrl-M Ctrl-J F10 Is this mode OK (Y/N) ? Y Add another mode (Y/N) ? Y Mode 1: X resolution ? 120 Y resolution ? 216 X bits per pass ? 1 Y bits per pass ? 1 What is the mode's name ? 120 * 216 What string do you use to start this graphics mode on your printer ^[3^A ESC 3 Ctrl-A F10 What string precedes the number in this mode ? ^[L ESC L F10 What string follows the number in this mode ? F10 What string ends a line of graphics in this mode ? ^M^J Ctrl-M Ctrl-J F10 Is this mode OK (Y/N) ? Y Add another mode (Y/N) ? Y Continue this process for the remaining 6 modes. Notes: Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 37. The "start graphics string" sets the linefeed spacing to the correct number of 1/216 of an inch, the minimum unit of Y spacing on the Star printer. In mode 0, this is 24/216, which equals 8/72 (8 rows of pixels are printed at a time). In mode 1, this 1/216, and only one row of pixels is printed at a time. A CR-LF pair at the end of each line is used to advance the printer. No string of characters is sent after the number of bytes, and the data bytes. HP LaserJet laser printer Mode 0: X resolution ? 75 Y resolution ? 75 X bits per pass ? 8 Y bits per pass ? 1 What is the mode's name ? 75 * 75 What string do you use to start this graphics mode on your printer ^[&s1C^[9^[*t75R^[*r1A ESC & s 1 C ESC 9 ESC * t 7 5 R ESC * r 1 A F10 What string precedes the number in this mode ? ^[*b ESC * b F10 What string follows the number in this mode ? W W F10 What string ends a line of graphics in this mode ? F10 Is this mode OK (Y/N) ? Y Add another mode (Y/N) ? Y Mode 1: X resolution ? 100 Y resolution ? 100 X bits per pass ? 8 Y bits per pass ? 1 What is the mode's name ? 100 * 100 What string do you use to start this graphics mode on your printer ^[&s1C^[9^[*t100R^[*r1A ESC & s 1 C ESC 9 ESC * t 1 0 0 R ESC * r 1 A F10 What string precedes the number in this mode ? ^[*b ESC * b F10 What string follows the number in this mode ? W W F10 What string ends a line of graphics in this mode ? F10 Is this mode OK (Y/N) ? Y Add another mode (Y/N) ? Y Continue this process for the remaining 2 modes. Notes: The "start graphics string" sets the graphics mode. Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 38. The printer automatically advances at the end of each line, so no string of characters is sent at the end of each line. REVISION HISTORY Version Released Comments 1.00 01 Apr 91 Turbo C only, pre-release 1.01 15 Apr 91 Added MS C support. Minor change to p_registerfarbgidriver 1.10 19 Jun 91 Support for all memory models. p_print parameter is handle, not FILE* Serialisation removed Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 39. Index DISCLAIMER.................................................................4 Graphics Modes Descriptions...............................................34 Index.....................................................................39 Introduction...............................................................1 Limitations and variations from GRAPHICS.LIB...............................9 MAKING A .PGI FILE........................................................33 Minimal Program Size.......................................................5 Networks...................................................................5 PGRAPH Features............................................................5 PGRAPH Files...............................................................6 PGRAPH Function Reference.................................................11 PGRAPH License Agreement...................................................2 Planned Improvements.......................................................5 Printer Description.......................................................33 Printer Support............................................................5 p_arc.....................................................................12 p_bar.....................................................................12 p_bar3d...................................................................12 p_circle..................................................................13 p_cleardevice.............................................................13 p_clearviewport...........................................................13 p_closegraph..............................................................13 p_drawpoly................................................................14 p_dump....................................................................14 p_ellipse.................................................................14 p_fillellipse.............................................................14 p_fillpoly................................................................15 p_floodfill...............................................................15 p_getarccoords............................................................15 p_getaspectratio..........................................................15 p_getcolor................................................................16 p_getdrivername...........................................................16 p_getfillpattern..........................................................16 p_getfillsettings.........................................................16 p_getgraphmode............................................................16 p_getimage................................................................17 p_getlinesettings.........................................................17 p_getmaxcolor.............................................................17 p_getmaxmode..............................................................17 p_getmaxx.................................................................17 p_getmaxy.................................................................17 p_getmodename.............................................................18 p_getmoderange............................................................18 p_getpixel................................................................18 p_getresolution...........................................................18 p_gettextsettings.........................................................18 p_getx....................................................................18 p_gety....................................................................19 p_graphdefaults...........................................................19 p_graphresult.............................................................20 p_imagesize...............................................................21 p_initgraph...............................................................21 p_line....................................................................22 p_linerel.................................................................22 Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991 PGRAPH Printer Graphics Library Page 40. p_lineto..................................................................22 p_moverel.................................................................23 p_moveto..................................................................23 p_outtext.................................................................23 p_outtextxy...............................................................23 p_pieslice................................................................23 p_print...................................................................24 p_putimage................................................................24 p_putpixel................................................................25 p_rectangle...............................................................25 p_registerbgidriver.......................................................26 p_registerbgifont.........................................................26 p_registerfarbgidriver....................................................26 p_registerfarbgifont......................................................26 p_sector..................................................................27 p_setaspectratio..........................................................27 p_setcolor................................................................27 p_setfillpattern..........................................................27 p_setfillstyle............................................................28 p_setgraphmode............................................................28 p_setlinestyle............................................................29 p_settextjustify..........................................................29 p_settextstyle............................................................30 p_setusercharsize.........................................................31 p_setviewport.............................................................31 p_setwritemode............................................................32 p_textheight..............................................................32 p_textwidth...............................................................32 p_view....................................................................32 Registered Version:........................................................3 Registration Information...................................................1 REVISION HISTORY..........................................................38 Shareware Version:.........................................................2 Source Code Version:.......................................................3 Technical Support..........................................................4 Test Driving PGRAPH........................................................7 Using PGRAPH in your own programs..........................................8 Video Support..............................................................5 _p_graphfreemem...........................................................19 _p_graphgetmem............................................................20 _p_putpixel_screen........................................................25 Copyright - Frank van der Hulst/1991