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- Chapter 1
- WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
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- THIS CHAPTER IS FOR NEW PROGRAMMERS
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- If you are a complete novice to computers you will find the
- information in this chapter useful. If however, you have had
- some experience with programming, you can completely ignore
- this chapter. It will deal with a few fundamentals of
- computers in general and will introduce nothing that is
- specific to Pascal.
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- WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
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- A computer is nothing but a very dumb machine that has the
- ability to perform mathematical operations very rapidly and
- very accurately, but it can do nothing without the aid of a
- program written by a human being. Moreover, if the human
- being writes a program that turns good data into garbage, the
- computer will very obediently, and very rapidly, turn the good
- data into garbage. It is possible to write a computer program
- with one small error in it that will do that very thing, and
- in some cases appear to be generating good data. It is up to
- the human programmer to design a program to achieve the
- desired results.
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- A computer program is simply a "recipe" which the computer
- will use on the input data to derive the desired output data.
- It is similar to the recipe for baking a cake. The input data
- is comparable to the ingredients, including the heat supplied
- by the oven. The program is comparable to the recipe
- instructions to mix, stir, wait, heat, cool, and all other
- possible operations on the ingredients. The output of the
- computer program can be compared to the final cake sitting on
- the counter ready to be cut and served. A computer program
- is therefore composed of two parts, the data upon which the
- program operates, and the program that operates on the data.
- The data and program are inseparable as implied by the last
- sentence.
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- WHAT ARE CONSTANTS?
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- Nearly any computer program requires some numbers that never
- change throughout the program. They can be defined once and
- used as often as needed during the operation of the program.
- To return to the recipe analogy, once you have defined how big
- a tablespoon is, you can use the same tablespoon without
- regard to what you are measuring with it. When writing a
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- What is a Computer Program?
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- computer program, you can define the value of PI = 3.141592,
- and continue to use it wherever it makes sense knowing that
- it is available, and correct.
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- WHAT ARE VARIABLES?
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- In addition to constants, nearly every computer program uses
- some numbers that change in value throughout the program.
- They can be defined as variables, then changed to any values
- that make sense to the proper operation of the program. An
- example would be the number of eggs in the above recipe. If
- a single layer of cake required 2 eggs, then a triple layer
- cake would require 6 eggs. The number of eggs would therefore
- be a variable.
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- HOW DO WE DEFINE CONSTANTS OR VARIABLES?
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- All constants and variables have a name and a value. In the
- last example, the name of the variable was "eggs", and the
- value was either 2 or 6 depending on when we looked at the
- stored data. In a computer program the constants and
- variables are given names in much the same manner, after which
- they can store any value within the defined range. Any
- computer programming language has a means by which constants
- or variables can be first named, then assigned a value. The
- means for doing this in Pascal will be given throughout the
- remainder of this tutorial.
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- WHAT IS SO GOOD ABOUT PASCAL?
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- Some computer languages allow the programmer to define
- constants and variables in a very haphazard manner and then
- combine data in an even more haphazard manner. For example,
- if you added the number of eggs, in the above recipe, to the
- number of cups of flour, you would arrive at a valid
- mathematical addition, but a totally meaningless number. Some
- programming languages would allow you to do just such an
- addition and obediently print out the meaningless answer.
- Since Pascal requires you to set up your constants and
- variables in a very precise manner, the possibility of such
- a meaningless answer is minimized. A well written Pascal
- program has many cross checks to minimize the possibility of
- a completely scrambled and meaningless output.
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- Notice however, in the last statement, that a "well written"
- Pascal program was under discussion. It is still up to the
- programmer to define the data structure in such a way that the
- program can help prevent garbage generation. In the end, the
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- What is a Computer Program?
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- program will be no better than the analysis that went into the
- program design.
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- If you are a novice programmer, do not be intimidated by any
- of the above statements. Pascal is a well designed, useful
- tool that has been used successfully by many computer novices
- and professionals. With these few warnings, you are ready to
- begin.
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