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CHAPTER 5. SED, THE EDITOR SED is a sequential file text editor implemented in F-PC by Tom Zimmer. It is an extremely powerful text editor optimized for user convenience and to support the F-PC programming environment. The editor is somewhat WordStar compatible using the WordStar "Star" for cursor movement. The keypad is also fully supported. Search, replace, and global replace are provided, along with copy and paste of lines within a file as well as between files. There are many other interesting features like hypertext help system, character graphics, line alignment, paragraph sorting, and keystroke macros. SED was developed to provide an easy way to create and modify source and documentation files for building applications in F-PC. You can return the editor from F-PC and return to F-PC with very few key strokes so that programs can be modified and tested quickly. It has the convenience of the block based F83 source loading mechanism, but is not limited by the small block size. SED uses the standard sequential text file format common to most DOS editors and word processors. It can read files generated by other word processors. It generates text files which can be used by most word processors. SED allocates as much memory as needed to store text file in RAM. The file is edited in RAM and saved back to disk when returning to F-PC. The maximum file size is limited only by available memory, 120K in a 640K bytes machine or 64K in an 512K byte machine. It can also be used for simple note or letter writing. It provides word wrap, paragraph reformat, with margin control and simple printer control for boldface and underline. Its formatted printer output is suitable for professional program listing as it contains well laidout headers and footers. SED provides pull-down menus for ease of operation, with on-line help for most functions. Press ESC to pop up the menu bar, then type the first letter of the menu name to see the menu. Press the first capitalized letter of a menu item to pick that item, or use the arrow keys to step over and down to the desired function and press <return>. Press ESC again to clear the menu bar if you don't want to perform a command. Many menu selections also have shortcut keystrokes which can be invoked quickly without going through the menus. The on-line hypertext help is brought to the screen by pressing F1, after which you can use the arrow keys, PgUp, PgDn, and the TAB keys to select a highlighted title of a topic, and link to that topic using F9 or <return>. All the SED utilities are linked as topics and can be accessed easily. SED SPECIFICATIONS 640 KB System 512 KB System Maximum Characters in a File 120K 64K Maximum Lines in a File 8000 lines 6000 lines Maximum # of Deleted Lines Saved 100 lines 20 lines (48K buf) (<48K Buf) Maximum Characters in a Line 132 Screen display Format 23 lines of 79 characters Printed # of Lines on a Page 55 5.1. INVOKING SED EDITOR There are several ways to start editing a file in SED. Perhaps the easiest to get started with is NEWFILE. It is used as follows: NEWFILE <filespec> <return> NEWFILE will look to see if <filespec> is an existing file. If the file already exists, then it will be opened and SED will begin to edit that file. If the file does NOT exist, then it will be created and SED will start editing the new file. When the edit is complete, changes are saved, the file is closed and re-opened, and remains open when you return to the Forth command level. If you type NEWFILE without specifying a <filespec>, then you will be prompted for a file to edit. If you then simply press <return> without giving a <filespec>, no edit will be performed. Other ways to start the editor require that a file be open before starting an edit. Ways to open a file are: FILE <filespec> <return> OPEN <filespec> <return> Alias for FILE FL <filespec> <return> Alias for FILE If you return one of the above words without giving a <filespec>, you will see a popup file selection window from which you can pick an existing file to open. Once a file is open, you can start editing with one of the following words: ED <return> ED <wordname> <return> <linenumber> EDIT <return> If you are just starting to edit a file, ED will begin editing at line one. After editing a file, if you re- return with ED, you will return to the line where you were when you left the editor. If ED is followed by a word name, the source file where the word was defined will be opened, and the word definitions is displayed for editing. This way you don't have to remember where the word was defined. EDIT will start editing the current file at the line number specified. A very fancy file selection mechanism has been added in F-PC. If you type in a file open word, and you press <return> without returning a filename, a window display will popup allowing you to select a file from the directory. You can use the Up/Down cursor keys and PgUp/PgDn keys to select a file for editing. You can also press a letter key to step through the files starting with the letter you press. If you are in a sub-directory and the filespec string is set to *.* when the window appears, then a file named "." and a file named ".." will appear at the top of the file list. These files, along with any directories below the current directory, will display a graphic "infinity" symbol "░" to the right of the filename. If you press <return> while positioned on the "." name you will select the root directory. The ".." name will pop up one level of directory, and any other name with the "infinity" symbol next to it will step you down one level to that directory. You can move between files in the window, with the keypad arrow keys, and select a file by pressing <return>. Escape can be used to abort file selection. The path and the current drive is displayed in a window to the lower right. The path can be changed by pressing the "\" key, then editing the new path followed by the return key. When you want to edit a word which was already compiled into the dictionary, you can simply type: VIEW <wordname> <return> BROWSE <wordname> <return> VIEW, V, and B are all aliases of BROWSE which opens the file which contains the definition of the word, enters SED, and displays its source definition. When you select the AUTOEDITON option in your configuration file, SED will be invoked when there is an error in loading or compiling a file. SED will display the text containing the source text where error occurred. The editing cursor will point to the word following the word which caused the error. This auto-editing mode is very convenient in writing and testing programs. It can be turned off by executing AUTOEDITOFF. 5.2. USING SED SED shows 23 lines of text in a window surrounded by a frame of single line. The top line of the display frame shows the current edit status, starting with INSERT/OVERWRITE status, which is also shown in reverse video for insert mode. The current line and column number are then displayed, followed by the page number, total lines in file and total characters in file. The directory path and the name of the current file being edited appear at the bottom of the screen. The editing cursor is placed at the top left corner of the window if the file was just opened. Otherwise, the cursor will be put at the position you last left the editor, or where a compilation error occurred. Text is entered into the file by typing on the keyboard. In the INSERT mode, existing text is pushed to the right. In the OVERTYPE mode, existing text is overwritten by the new text. The INS key toggles between the INSERT and the OVERTYPE modes. DEL key deletes the character under the cursor. The BackSpace key deletes the character to the left of the cursor. The arrow keys in the keypad allow you to position the cursor anywhere in the window to enter new text. Pushing the <enter> or <return> key starts a new line. When the cursor is moved next to an edge of the window, text beyond the window boarder, if there is any, will be scrolled into the window. PgUp key will scroll the file down to display the previous page of the file, and PgDn does the opposite. HOME key moves the cursor to the beginning of a line and END key moves it to the end of a line. The use of these keys in the keypad is intuitive and very easy to get used to. Pressing F1 function key will invoke the hypertext help system, showing various features of F-PC and editing functions in SED. Hypertext topics are highlighted in reversed video. You can select a topic by moving the cursor over the name of the topic, using the arrow keys, TAB, and Shift- TAB. TAB jumps from one topic word to the next. Shift-TAB jumps to the previous topic word. Press F9 or <return> links to the selected topic and displays the text of this topic. You can select another topic and press F9 to investigate even deeper. F10 allows you to unlink one level and float up to the prior topic. Press F10 repeatedly will lead you back to SED to continuing editing work. SED is designed to use WordStar control keys to move the cursor. However, on an IBM-PC, it is most convenient to use the cursor keys in the keypad to position the cursor and then insert new text or type over old text. It is very easy to master this editor without much effort. The F1 help system and the menu bar are always ready for consultation. For more sophisticated operations, refer to the following sections for detailed descriptions on all the control/alternate/shift/function key functions. Pressing ESC key leads you into a menu help system. The top status line is replaced by a menu bar, somewhat resembling that in a Macintosh. One of the menu items is highlighted. You can select other menu items by pushing the left or right arrow key. Pushing the <return> key or down arrow selects the menu and its items are pulled down under. The first menu item is highlighted. Pushing up and down arrows followed by <return> selects the highlighted menu option and performs the function. Each menu option has a title with a single capitalized character on the left, and possibly a alt-ctrl-shift-function key specification to the right. When the menu is visible, you can type the capitalized character to execute the corresponding function. When you are in editing mode, the alt-ctrl-shift-function key can be used to invoke the function without having to step through the menu bar. Pushing ESC-Q-S or F10 terminates the editing session and returns to F-PC, after saving the modified text to disk. A backup copy with .BAK extension is saved of the previous edit. This automatic file backup feature can be selected as an configuration option BACKUPON when you install F-PC. Unless you are operating F-PC from a floppy disk drive, it is always recommended that you choose this option. In using the block file system in F83, you might lose four blocks of recently edited text if you crash the system. With that experience, you will appreciate this file backup feature. However, if you definitely do not want to save the newly edited file, type ESC-Q- D or Alt F10 to exit without changing the original file. SED is intuitive, very friendly, and convenient. Using the keypad you can accomplish 90% of the text selection functions. Only rarely do you have to consult the help texts for advanced features, which are only one F1 stroke away. The menu help system brings help functions even closer to you. 5.3. MENU & MOUSE CONTROL SED uses Pull Down menus with fairly complete mouse support to make many functions available while editing. Press the ESC key and the menubar appears at the top of the screen. If you have pressed the ESC key, then you are looking at a list of menu titles starting with "File" which should be shown in reverse video, through "Help" on the right: File Edit Select Layout hYper Advanced Help Use the keypad right arrow key to walk along the menubar. As you press right arrow, the highlighting moves along the menubar. Continue to press right arrow until "File" is again the highlighted menu. Press the down arrow key to pull the menu down. Notice the last two items of the "File" menu, Exit and Quit. To the right of these menu items, are displayed the short cut keys F10 and Alt-F10. Any menu function can be performed with the short cut key rather than moving through the menu and pressing Return. If you press right arrow while the "File" menu is pulled down, you will walk along the menu bar with each menu "open", so you can see what menu items are available. You can also press the first capitalized letter of a menu item to perform the function. The menu selection by keystroke sequence is thus: ESC <menu-select-key> <function-select-key> Pressing ESC instead of the <menu-select-key> or <function-select-key> aborts the menu key sequence, and you will return to the main editor window. To use a mouse in SED you must have a compatible mouse driver (like MOUSE.COM) already installed in your AUTOEXEC.BAT. When F-PC starts up, it looks for the presence of a mouse driver, and activates the mouse if the driver is present. As you are looking at the editor screen you will see arrows to the right and lower right of the screen. These arrows can be used to scroll the screen, showing more text from the direction the arrow is pointing by clicking the left mouse button. The F10 or +1 etc. in the upper right corner can be used like the F10 key by positioning the moue and clicking the left button. You can also change the INSERT/OVERWRITE mode by clicking at the top left of the screen on INSERT. Help can be obtained by pressing HELP at the lower left. The cursor can be positioned by clicking within the edit window with the left mouse button. The right mouse button is the same as the ESC key. 5.4. FUNCTION KEYS SED supports a subset of the WordStar control keys used to move the editing cursor around in a document. The keypad is also supported, as can be seen in the following diagrams. The functions of various keys are annotated in the diagrams. More elaborate descriptions are presented in the next few sections. The cursor movement keys, Control A,S,D,F,E,X,C,R,W and Z have been maintained, as have the delete keys Control G,T,Y, and Del. CONTROL KEYS KEYPAD KEYS FUNCTION KEY ASSIGNMENTS 5.5. SELECTING ANOTHER FILE TO EDIT Ctrl-O allows you to open or create a file. When you are being asked to return a new filename, if you press <return> without returning a filename, a window will pop up allowing you to select a file from the directory. If you are in a sub-directory when the window appears, then a file named "." and a file named ".." will appear at the top of the file list. These files, along with any directories below the current directory, will display a graphic "infinity" symbol "░" to the right of the filename. If you press <return> while positioned on the "." name you will select the root directory. The ".." name will pop up one level of directory, and any other name with the "infinity" symbol next to it will step you down one level to that directory. You can move between files in the list, with the keypad arrow keys, and select a file by pressing <return>. ESC can be used to abort file selection. While in the pop up file selection mode, you can also set the current drive by pressing a letter key between A and G. This drive must exist and have a disk in it, or a system error will result. The path and the current drive is displayed in the lower right. The path can be changed by pressing the "\" key, then typing the new path followed by the return key. Ctrl-U saves the current contents in the editor buffer to the file and continues on with editing. Alt- W allows you to write the contents to a different file. F-10 will save and close the current file. However, a message will be displayed on the screen asking you to type in a new file name to continue the editing. If you press ESC, editing will terminate and you will return to F-PC. This extra level of prompting given you better control over the editing process. Alt-F10 will discard the changes and leaves the file unmodified. SED will prompt you for another file before returning to F-PC. FILE SELECTION Alt-O Save changes and continue Ctrl-O Open or create a file for editing. Ctrl-U Save changes and continue editing. Alt-W Write the file in memory to a new file Alt-F1 Rotate to the next file opened. Shift-Alt-F1 Rotate to the previous file. F10 Save changes and leave SED, with a prompt Alt-F10 Discard changes and leave SED, with a prompt Through the File Open command Ctrl-O you can open up to 20 files while in the F-PC editor. When you open more than one file F-PC keeps track of where you were in each file, but only really edits one file at a time. Files get swapped in and out of memory as required. This is slower than keeping all of the file in memory, but on a hard disk system the performance is still acceptable. Alt-F1 can be used to rotate through the file that have been opened. Its reverse command is Shift-Alt-F1 which will rotate through the open files in the opposite direction. Shift- F1 will popup a window for you to select a particular file directly, avoiding the time required to rotate through several files to get to the one you want. To leave the editor, and close all files, use the File menu command ESC-F-X. The F10 key "unlinks" or leaves one edit/browse level. If you were editing, your changes are saved, and you will return to the previous file you were editing or browsing. If you were at the first level of editing, F10 will leave the editor. The Shift-F10 key will take you to edit/browse level one. This saves you from having to unlink through many levels with F10, and takes you directly to level one. If you were already on level one, Shift-F10 will leave the editor. If you are using a mouse, clicking the left mouse button on the F10, +1 or +2 at the upper right hand corner will do the same as pressing the F10 key. 5.6. SEARCH AND REPLACE You can look for any sequence of characters in SED with the Search-F6 key. When F6 is pressed, you are asked to return a text string to look for. SED will look for that string of characters when you press <return>. When SED searches for text, it ignores the case of the letters. If you want SED to look at the case of the text it searches, hold down SHIFT while pressing <return>. This search is much faster. To search for another occurrence of the same text string, press Alt-F6 (or SHIFT Alt-F6 if you want only an exact match). See also the earlier section on Replacing Text. Having already done a search using F6 above, you can also search backwards with Shift-F6, which searches backwards from the cursor with a case sensitive search. After a Search has been done, you can replace the text found. Press F8. You will be asked for a replacement string, which will be used to replace the found text, when return is pressed. To search for the next occurrence of the same text, press Alt-F6, and to replace the next found occurrence with the same replacement text, press Alt-F8. Having already performed a Search F6 and Replace F8 once, you can replace all occurrences of search text with replacement text by pressing Shift-F8. SEARCH AND REPLACE COMMANDS F6 Search the first time (prompts for text) Alt-F6 Search for same again, case insensitive Shift-F6 Search for same again BACKWARDS Shift-Alt-F6 Search again, case sensitive F8 Replace the first time (prompts for text) Alt-F8 Replace same again and search same again Shift-Alt-F8 Same as Alt-F8, but case sensitive Shift-F8 Replace All occurrences 5.7. CUT, COPY AND PASTE SED can cut lines of text to another file. With Alt-X, first go to the first line of text you want to cut, and press F3 mark to mark the start of the block cut. Then move to the last line of text you want to cut, and press Alt-X. This will cause all of the lines between and including the start and end line to be written out to the file TEMP.SEQ. The lines will also be deleted from the current file. To specify a different filename to cut to, press Shift-Alt-X, instead of Alt-X, and you will be prompted for a name to write to. See also "Pasting from a File", and "Copying from a File". SED can copy lines of text to another file. With Alt-C, first go to the first line of text you want to copy, and press F3 mark to mark the start of the block copy. Then move to the last line of text you want to cut, and press Alt-C. This will cause all of the lines between and including the start and end line to be written out to the file TEMP.SEQ. To specify a different filename to copy to, press Shift-Alt-C, instead of Alt-C and you will be prompted for a name to write to. See also "Cutting text to a File", and "Copying from a File". Text which has been cut with the Alt-X (cut) command to the TEMP.SEQ file can be pasted back with Alt-V, the paste command. If you want to paste a file other than TEMP.SEQ, you can press Shift-Alt-V, and a window will pop-up for you to select a file from. If you press ESC during the paste, or while in the file selection window, the import operation will be aborted. See also "Cutting text to a File". CUT, COPY, PASTE AND APPEND WITH DISK F3 Mark first line of copy or cut Alt-X Cut from Mark through cursor line to TEMP.SEQ Alt-C Copy from Mark through cursor line to TEMP.SEQ Alt-V Paste Cut/Copied text at cursor line from TEMP.SEQ Alt-A Append from Mark through cursor line to TEMP.SEQ Alt-O-P Paste the current date and time into text at cursor. Use Shift-Alt to specify the file to Cut, Copy, Paste or Append with. 5.8. LINE AND WORD COMMANDS Lines can be deleted with Ctrl-Y, and un-deleted with Alt-Y. Any lines which are deleted are saved in a line delete buffer which has room for 25 lines. This is also the number of lines deleted which can be un-deleted. Lines can be copied from one place in a file to another, with the Mark-F3, and Copy Line-F5 commands. Move to the first line of the block of text you wish to copy, and Mark the start of the copy with Mark-F3. Now move to the place where you want to copy the text to, and press Copy- F5 once for each line you want to copy. LINE AND WORD DELETE/UNDELETE Ctrl-Y Delete this line and save in delete buffer Alt-Y Undelete a deleted line from the delete buffer F5 Copy a line from Mark to cursor line Ctrl-N Split this line at the cursor Alt-N Join this line with next line Ctrl-T Word delete and save Alt-U Word Undelete * 5.9. MARGIN CONTROL The left margin on the screen defaults to column zero, but when printing, defaults to 2 spaces, so it is not normally necessary to insert a left margin. However, when TAB is pressed, the left margin on screen is expanded by 8 characters. Any subsequent lines typed in will maintain this margin. The left margin can be set at any column position. Move the cursor to the column where you want the left margin set and press Ctrl-L. Alt-T sets the TAB key to tab to the current column, if you are on column 4, TABS will occur at column 4, 8, 12, 16, etc. Alt-L moves all of the lines of a column of data to the right by a number of characters from 1 to 9. The specified number of spaces are inserted at the column of all lines from the current line until a blank line is encountered. Shift-Alt-L moves all lines of the current paragraph left such that all leading blanks of all lines of the current paragraph from the cursor to the right are removed. MARGIN CONTROL COMMANDS Ctrl-L Set left margin to current column. Alt-L Prompt for the number of spaces to insert before all lines of the current paragraph. Table move right. Shift-Alt-L Remove all space from the current paragraph to the right of the current cursor column. Table move left. Alt-S-R Prompt for value to set Right Margin. Alt-T Set tab increment to current column value. Alt-O-X eXpand all TABs to spaces in the file in memory. Home Set cursor to column 0 and reset Left Margin to 0. The left margin is also set at the new cursor position after pressing TAB when there are only spaces to the left of the cursor. This is useful for maintaining or setting an indent while editing source. 5.10. CASE CONVERSION To convert the case of the current character under the cursor, press Alt-O-C, the case of the letter under the cursor will be tested, and it will be converted to upper or lower case respectively. This is a toggle, and will do nothing if performed on a non letter character. To convert the current line to upper case, press Alt-O (option), followed by U. All upper case characters in the current line will be converted to upper case. To convert the case of the current word starting at the cursor, press Alt-O-W, the case of the letter under the cursor will be tested, and the word will be converted to upper or lower case respectively. This is a toggle, and will do nothing if performed on a non letter character. CASE CONVERSIONS Alt-O-U Convert the current cursor line to upper case. Alt-O-L Convert the current cursor line to lowercase. Alt-O-W Toggle case of word under cursor, starting at cursor. Alt-O-C Toggle case of the character under the cursor. 5.11. LINE DRAWING SED provides this line drawing feature to implement some of the simple graphics used in the help system. It allows you to design character graphics to draw attention from the user. You can draw single lines and double lines with corners and branches as you move the drawing cursor around the screen. The graphics can be save to a file and re-displayed when the file is displayed on the screen. You will need an IBM compatible printer to print the graphics on paper. LINE DRAWING COMMANDS F7 Start/Stop drawing lines Ins Pen up/down command - Select single width lines (minus) = Select double width lines (equal) Del Clear char under cursor Arrows Move and draw a line 5.12. PARAGRAPH SORTING An interesting although relatively slow function in SED is the Alt-F7 key that will sort the lines of the current paragraph starting on the cursor line and continuing until a blank line is encountered. A paragraph is a group of lines separated from other paragraphs by one blank line. The sort starts at the current column, and tests the next 10 characters to perform the sort. It is possible to create simple databases or phone lists, by placing different pieces if information at specific columns, and using Alt-F7 to sort according to these columns as needed. SORTING THE LINES OF A PARAGRAPH Alt-F7 Sort paragraph lines starting at current line and column. This sort is case sensitive. Shift-Alt-F7 Sort paragraph non-case sensitive. 5.13. KEYSTROKE MACROS SED does not have macros built into it, but a file is provided called MACROS.SEQ, which implements macros in Forth that can be used in SED. These macros work exactly the same as they work in ZED. That is, you use Alt-M to start defining a macro, followed by one of the Alt-1 to Alt-5 keys for the macro you are defining. Next you return any keys you want included in the macro, and finally press Alt-M again to complete the macro definition. To perform a macro, simply press one of the Alt-1 through Alt-5 keys by it self, and the keys saved will be performed. MACROS Alt-M Start and terminate a Macro. Alt-1...8 User defined macros. Alt-R Repeat a macro. Macros are powerful editing tools as you might want to make global changes to a file. A macros can encapsulate many editing functions so that they can be executed repeatedly to reformat the entire file. 5.14. PRINT A FILE While in SED editor, you can print the current file by pressing Alt-P to return into a printing selection screen. In this screen, you can select various options such as the left margin, starting page number, and the number of copies to be printed. After you are satisfied with the options you selected, press 'P' and the file will be printed on the printer connected to the PRN port on your PC. SED now also supports print redirection to a file. Press S to set the file to print into. A cursor will appear on the bottom menu line next to the message "Currently printing to". Just type in a filename to print to. Be sure to use a different name than the file you are editing. Press <return> to set the new file, or press ESC to cancel print redirection and revert to the PRN device. Pages printed are formatted with a header above and a footer below. The text line in the header is taken from the first line of text in the current file. You can design the header by putting appropriate text in the first line of a file. In the footer, important information about the file is printed, including the page number, the file and path names, and the date of printing. A similar print format is used when you use FPRINT to print a file outside the editor. You can insert special printing control features into the file so that selected text can be bold and/or with underline. USER DEFINED PRINT CONTROL %B This line will be printed BOLD %B %U This line will be printed UNDERLINED %U %B%U This line will be both BOLD and UNDERLINED %U%B %1, %2 & %3 User defined printer attributes. See an example in the file PROPRINT.SEQ. 5.15. OTHER HELP Alt-G Goto specified page/line or next/prev paragraph Alt-B Browse a word under the cursor. Alt-E Edit the source code of the word under cursor. Alt-H Shows help on the word under the cursor while editing. Ctrl-<return> Spawn a DOS shell. F9 Link one level down, Alt-F9 Link deferred word. Shift-F9 Toggle Browse/Edit mode. Alt-F3 Define source link. Alt-F5 Define destination link.