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-
-
- PCbridge: a inexpensive Ethernet Bridge
- Vance Morrison
-
-
- What is bridge?
-
- A bridge is a device that spans two or more networks (almost always
- ethernet), forwards packets between the networks so that it appears
- that the networks are a single network. Bridges differ from repeaters
- because they gather information about where hosts on the networks are
- and ONLY forward messages when necessary. Since local traffic stays
- local, a bridged network can handle more traffic than a single larger
- network. Bridges differ from routers (like PCroute), because they
- only depend on the ethernet addressing scheme and not on the higher
- level protocol (IP, DECNET, SNA etc), that handles internetwork routing.
-
- What is PCbridge?
-
- PCbridge is a simple program written for an IBM-PC that will turn
- a PC with appropriate interface cards into a ethernet bridge. It
- has the capability to act as a standard 2 way ethernet-ethernet
- or ethernet-starlan bridge as well as a remote bridge
- (ethernet-serial-ethernet) or a n-way bridge. With this software
- it is possible to assemble a bridge for under $1000, that will
- outperform bridges costing $2000 or more.
-
- What does PCbridge Support?
-
- PCbridge supports
-
- Ethernet interfaces with the Western Digital WD8003E, WD8003EBT
- WD8013EBT cards, and the 3Com 3c507 card .
-
- Starlan cards with the WD8003S and WD8003SH cards.
-
- Serial Interfaces with the standard 8250 IBM COM ports at
- baud rates up to 56.7K baud, as well as support for the
- newer 16550AF chips with built in FIFO buffers (these
- newer COM boards are HIGHLY recommended since they can
- reduce the interrupt overhead by a factor of 10). COM
- boards with the 16550AF chips are now widely available
- from PC vendors.
-
-
- What does PCbridge NOT support?
-
- Although it performs the bridging function very well, it is not
- a 'smart' bridge. In particular it does NOT include any spanning
- tree algorithm for detecting and breaking loops. This does not
- mean PCbridge can't be used in a bridged network with loops, it simply
- means that other 'smarter' bridges must be used at strategic places
- that will perform this function. In addition PCbridge does NOT support
- SNMP or any other network management protocol.
-
-
- How fast is PCbridge?
-
- Bridges have two metrics associated with them. First is the number
- of packets a second it can forward, and the other how many packets a second
- it can filter. The second metric is interesting because it can't be
- easily be measured directly, after all rock connected to two pieces of
- ethernet will filter (drop) as many packets per second as you like. The
- meaning of the second metric is to determine just how fast the router
- can examine ethernet packets if it does not need to forward them.
-
- To measure this I placed a counter in the main loop that was incremented
- every time a packet was examined (from either ethernet segment). Then I
- modified the code slightly so that the code ALWAYS thought it got a packet
- that it should drop. Thus by running the code for a time and determining
- how many packets it examined I could come up with a very accurate filtering
- rate.
-
- The forwarding rate was measured by looping back the bridge and
- injecting some test packets. These packets would then circulate
- repeatedly. A count of the number of packets forwarded was kept and
- this number was used to determine the packet forwarding rate.
-
- RATES for the WD8003E card
-
- Packet Filtering Packet Forwarding (60byte)
- rate (PPS) rate (PPS)
- -------------------------------------------------------------
- 4.77Mhz XT 4080 PPS 1677 PPS
- 10Mhz XT (est) 8000 PPS 3000 PPS
- 16Mhz AT 26214 PPS 5832 PPS
-
-
- RATES for the 3Com 3c507 card
-
- Packet Filtering Packet Forwarding (60byte)
- rate (PPS) rate (PPS)
- -------------------------------------------------------------
- 12Mhz AT 20000 PPS 11000 PPS
-
-
- While packet filtering is independent of packet size, packet forwarding
- is dependent on the size of the packet. The packets I used where the
- smallest ethernet packet (60 bytes).
-
- I have no data on the performance of a WD8013EBT card, but I expect
- it to perform similiarly to the 3c507.
-
- For comparison purposes a low end Retix bridge costs $2000 (actually
- more if you want thin ethernet) and has a forwarding rate of 6000 PPS
- and a filtering rate of 10,000 PPS. A 12Mhz AT with 3c507 cards
- (costing about $1000) has approximately double the performance of
- such a bridge at about half the cost. Something to think about.
-
- ------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Which ethernet card is for me?
-
- Note that all the ethernet cards have on-board input buffers that can
- keep up with the full 10Mbit/sec bit rate of ethernet. The bridge
- will ONLY start dropping packets when this input queue has filled.
- The queue sizes are as follows
-
- WD8003E 6.5K bytes
- WD8003EBT 30.5K bytes
- WD8013EBT 14.5K bytes
- 3c507 56.5K bytes
-
- Note that may file serving programs (Novell and NFS for example) like
- to send data in fast 8K blocks. Because the WD8003E card has only a 6.5K
- buffer, this will cause packets to be lost if the WD8003E card is used
- in such an environment.
-
- The WD8013EBT and 3c507 cards have the additional advantage of having
- a 16bit data path. Thus these cards can transfer data to other cards
- twice as fast as the other cards. The only disadvantage to these cards
- is that they are more expensive and can not be used in a XT. I machine
- with the 16 bit data bus is needed.
-
- Thus the recommended configuration is a cheap AT clone with 3c507 or
- WD8013EBT cards. If an XT must be used, or packet forwarding is not
- a issue, then WD8003EBT cards are the second choice. Only if no file
- serving traffic is expected (like in a remote bridge), the WD8003E can
- be used (but is still not recommended).
-
- Note that if you HAVE to run NFS though a bridge with WD8003E cards it
- should be possible to ask NFS to send data in smaller 4K blocks.
- On UNIX systems this is done via the 'rsize' and 'wsize' parameters
- in fstab. Since this has to be done for every NFS hosts, this is
- clearly a choice of last resort, but I thought I would mention it.
-
- --------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
- Disclaimer -
-
- I have tested PCbridge quite a bit, but we do not use it here
- in a production environment. Thus I cannot guarantee that it will
- work well for your particular situation. It should though.
-
- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
- Questions, comments, and bug reports to:
-
- morrison@accuvax.nwu.edu
-
- Vance Morrison
-