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S K Y G L O B E 2.5 A Shareware Product of Klassm Software Copyright (c) 1991 Mark A Haney Congratulations! You have a trial Shareware copy of SkyGlobe, the fun and easy educational astronomy program. SkyGlobe is distributed as Shareware to reach the widest possible audience, so let's take care of the legalities first. SkyGlobe is copyrighted material. You are granted permission to try SkyGlobe, for the purpose of deciding if you wish to keep it. You are encouraged to distribute copies of SkyGlobe, subject to the following conditions: 1) All files are distributed together and unaltered. 2) No charge is made for the software. (A small fee for media and handling is permissible.) If you decide to keep SkyGlobe in your software library, you should register your copy by using the order form on the next page. Anyone who receives a copy of SkyGlobe from you should register their copy if they decide to keep it and use it. SkyGlobe was developed with registered Shareware. Thank you for supporting the Shareware concept by registering your copy of S K Y G L O B E ! ! ! April 5, 1991 SKYGLOBE 2.5 ORDER FORM You can use this form to register SkyGlobe 2.5, or whatever the newest version is when your order arrives. You may also use it order extra planetary data disks. Please note that registration includes data for the years 1990-2009. Registration ($15) will entitle you to the following: 1) A copy of SkyGlobe with your Home Town as the default city. 2) A Handy SkyGlobe Reference Card. 3) Data for a total of 25000 stars. 4) Planetary data for a total of 20 years. (1990-2009) Shipping Address: Name: ........................................................ Street: ...................................................... City, ST, ZIP ................................................ Home Town(s): (up to 3) ................................................................ Disk Type: 5 1/4" 3 1/2" 5 1/4" HD Laser Printer??? (circle one) | Y / N Default Video Mode: Hercules CGA EGA VGA (circle one) Extra planetary data: If you would like to order extra planetary data, other than the normally included years of 1990-2009, use this form. Please specify 17 years for each 5 1/4" disk, or 35 years for each 3 1/2" disk. The years must be between 1900 and 2099, and will work with your current program. Please enclose $5 per disk. EXTRA Years: 1 disk after 2009 -or- 1 disk before 1990 -or- specify:................ ....................................................................... Make checks Mail to: Klassm Software Registration: 15.00 payable to: 284 142nd AVE Extra Data Disks: _____ Klassm Software Caledonia, MI 49316 MI users add 4% _____ Total: _____ No extra charge is necessary for international shipping, but I like to encourage international users to purchase at least 1 extra Data Disk. I can accept payment in the following forms, in rough order of desirability: | PLEASE | A US funds check drawn on a US bank Also acceptable: | NO EUROCHEQUES! | International Money Order Foreign currency |__________________| VISA/MasterCard charge authorization Foreign check on a foreign bank US currency -Please restrict to major currencies- For your convenience, I now accept VISA and MasterCard. THANK YOU Card # __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ FOR Signature:_________________________________________________ REGISTERING Amount:_________ Exp. Date:_________Today's Date___________ !!!!!!!!!!! -3- Quick Starting Instructions These instructions will enable you to get SkyGlobe up and running as quickly as possible. Then you can return to the manual to learn about SkyGlobe's advanced features. SKYGLOBE.COM and SKYGLOBE.DAT are the only files that are absolutely necessary in order to run SkyGlobe. If you wish to view the planets for years other than 1991, or you wish to see more than 7000 stars, you will need the appropriate .DAT files as well. Make certain these files are in the currently active directory, type SKYGLOBE, and press the Enter key. When the program is started, you will be prompted to select the appropriate video mode for your system. Use the cursor keys to make your selection, and press Enter. Now it is time to select your viewing location. SkyGlobe has pre-defined coordinates for almost 240 locations, on two pages. The first page contains choices for US and Canadian locations. Use the cursor keys to choose a location, and press Enter. If you choose the last spot on the menu, (use the End key), the international menu will appear. The cities are grouped by region, more or less, with a few more Canadian cities leading off. Use the last spot again to return to the US menu. When SkyGlobe is first started, it comes up in Auto-Increment mode. The Time and Date are initially set to the current system time and date. The Time is then continually incremented by five minutes, the program default, as fast as SkyGlobe can update the screen. You can increase or decrease the amount of increment by pressing 'F' or 'Shift-F'. You can change the increment direction by pressing 'Shift-A', or toggle the increment type between Time and Date by pressing 'Alt-A'. Let's try a few of the commands. First press 'A' to stop the Automatic increment of time. Press 'B' for Brightness a few times and watch more stars appear. To check the value of the Brightness Index, look at the parameter display on the left-hand side of the screen. Most actions in SkyGlobe are reversed by using the Shift key. Press 'Shift-B', and watch the dimmest stars vanish. Try 'Z' and 'Shift-Z' to Zoom in and out. Want to change the time? Try 'M', 'H', 'D' and 'T' for Month, Hour, Day and Time (in minutes). Increase the number of Constell- ation Lines displayed by pressing the Space bar, then delete some by pressing 'Shift-SPACE'. (Make sure to hold down the Shift key for this until you're done deleting lines.) Use the cursor keys to change the Viewing Direction and Elevation. And if you ever need to use your computer for something besides SkyGlobe, press 'Q' to return to DOS. I hope this quick introduction has gotten you well started with SkyGlobe. More detailed descriptions of the commands appear in the following pages. Have fun! -4- SkyGlobe Command Descriptions If you decide to register SkyGlobe, you will receive a Handy Refer- ence Card that will remind you of SkyGlobe commands. The inside of the Reference Card contains two lists of the 300 brightest stars, as well as lists of the constellations and Messier Objects. These lists will help you when using the Object find command. This .DOC file contains similar information as its last few pages. Time and Date Commands SkyGlobe provides many ways to change the Time or Date of the displayed sky view. You can change the Time forward or backward by a minute, an hour, or half an hour. The Date can be changed forward or backward by a day, a month, or half a month. For viewing the planets, you may also change the year. Use the table below: Forward Backward 1 Minute Press 'T' Press 'Shift-T' 1 Hour 'H' 'Shift-H' 1/2 Hour 'Alt-H' 'Alt-Shift-H' 1 Day 'D' 'Shift-D' 1 Month (30 days) 'M' 'Shift-M' 1/2 Month (15 days) 'Alt-M' 'Alt-Shift-M' 1 Year 'Y' 'Shift-Y' One of SkyGlobe's most useful features is the Auto-Increment mode. This gives you the ability to simulate the passage of time on your com- puter. To enter or exit this mode, press 'A'. The sky view will begin to change in a manner that depends on the Auto-Increment parameters. To see these parameters, press 'F2' until they are visible on the left-hand display. Use 'Alt-A' to change the increment type from Time to Date and back. Use 'Shift-A' to change the direction of increment from Forward to Backward and back. You can also change the speed of increment. Press 'F' to increase the speed, and 'Shift-F' to slow back down. Only the active increment type, either Time or Date, is affected by the 'F' key. V2.5 of SkyGlobe adds two new features to the Auto-Increment mode. Press 'R' to enter (or disable) Real-Time mode. This will synchronize the Time and Date to the system clock. You still have control over all commands except those related to Time and Date. Press 'Shift-R', and the Increment speed will be set to one Sidereal day, or 1436 minutes. This has the effect of seeming to freeze the star and constellation display, while allowing the planets to continue their progress along the ecliptic. This is useful for learning about retrograde motion, as well as teaching something about the relative speeds of motions of the planets. SkyGlobe uses Daylight Saving Time where and when it thinks it is appropriate. This is denoted by an upper-case 'AM' or 'PM' in the Time display. An asterisk is also displayed near the time, when daylight time is active. You can defeat or reinstate the use of Daylight Time by press- ing 'V'. While you can turn off Daylight Time, there is currently no way to force its use for a particular date, so if SkyGlobe is off by a few days in its estimate of Daylight Time use, you will have to allow for it. I plan to improve this soon. -5- Where Are We Looking? Now let's learn about how SkyGlobe interprets directions. The program assumes you are standing outside and that your eyes are facing the direction your feet are pointing. This is the View Dir- ection. The display shows this direction in degrees, ranging from 0 for due north, through 180 degrees for due south, to 350 degrees for 10 degrees west of north. The View Direction is also indicated along the Horizon line by initials. The View Elevation ranges from 0 degrees to 180. The Horizon appears as a straight line at the 0 degree setting. It might help to imagine that you are extremely short for this one, so that the ground covers the lower half of your eyes, but is transparent. The 90 degree setting is like looking straight overhead at the Zenith. SkyGlobe also permits you to bend over backwards, figuratively speak- ing, and pretend that you are viewing the sky behind you. Since the View Direction still stands for your feet, moving around might be little confusing when you view the sky this way. Lines And Labels One of the most useful features of SkyGlobe is its ability to quickly and easily change the lines and labels that help our eyes and minds make sense of the vastness of the sky. This can be very helpful to the novice just learning the stars. Use the Space bar to increase the number of Constellation Lines displayed. As always, use the Shift key to reduce the number of lines. The Constellation Lines have been grouped by importance, with some constellations having several classes of lines. The constellations also have abbreviations available for display. Use 'C' to display more of these, 'Shift-C' for fewer. The abbreviations are in the same groupings as the lines. The 300 brightest stars can be labelled by using 'L' and 'Shift-L' to see more or fewer labels. V2.5 of SkyGlobe has added the capability to show an approximate outline of the Milky Way and galactic equator. Press 'F5' to scroll through the 3 levels of display. Messier Objects There are two levels of display for the Messier Objects. The most interesting 16 objects, as chosen by me, show up first when 'F4' is pressed. One more 'F4' turns on display of all the objects. Unfortunately, the labels tend to crowd each other at low zoom levels. Use the list at the end to learn the names of the objects. -6- Moving Around SkyGlobe provides many convenient methods for rapidly changing the sky view. The up and down arrow keys change the View Elevation by 5 degrees. The right and left arrow keys work with the View Direction. When the View Elevation is near the Horizon these keys work about as you expect, but nearer to the Zenith they rotate the view more than they move it. This is correct when you remember that the View Direction stands for where your feet are pointing. PgUp and PgDn change Elevation in multiple jumps, while Ctrl-Left and Ctrl- Right do the same for Direction. The End key jumps you directly to the Horizon, and the Home key goes to the Zenith. Finally, you can change the View Direction instantly to compass points by pressing 'N', 'S', 'E' or 'W'. What Do We See? Lots and lots of stars! You can change the number of stars displayed by pressing 'B' for Brightness to increase the number, or 'Shift-B' to decrease it. The table below shows the correspondence between the Brightness Index and the number displayed. 1-200 5-350 9-750 13-3000 17-15000 2-225 6-400 10-1000 14-4000 18-25000 3-250 7-500 11-1500 15-5000 4-300 8-600 12-2000 16-7000 SkyGlobe allows you to adjust the magnification of your sky view. At a nominal magnification of 1, half of the celestial sphere is visible. Since the eye can focus on far less area than this, a certain amount of distortion is evident at low magnifications. Still, you can use these views to quickly find areas of interest. The center of the screen is always the most accurate portion. Use 'Z' to increase the magnification and 'Shift-Z' to decrease it. The table shows the correspondence between the Zoom Index and the magnification. 1-1.00 5-1.20 9-1.60 13-2.25 2-1.05 6-1.30 10-1.70 14-2.50 3-1.10 7-1.40 11-1.80 15-3.00 4-1.15 8-1.50 12-2.50 16-3.50 -7- The Planets You can use SkyGlobe to learn something about the way the planets move around the Sun. The very word 'Planet' is derived from the Greek word for wanderer. The ancients, who spent more time out- of-doors than we do, noticed that a few bright 'stars' seemed to move against the 'fixed' background of the rest of the heavens. (Here I mean fixed with respect to each other; they were acquainted with the slow progression from one season to the next of the whole 'sphere'.) They soon worked out the repetitive patterns the diff- erent 'stars' followed. We will learn how to simulate this motion shortly, but first we need to talk about some SkyGlobe features that are relevant. Although the stars don't really change from one year to the next, the planets do. Notice the year displayed on the Date display in the upper left-hand corner. If this Time and Date are not displayed, press 'F2' to turn this display on. Use 'Y' or 'Sh-Y' to increase or decrease the year. Make sure the current directory contains the .DAT files for the years you wish to view. (More planet data is available from Klassm Software for $5 a disk. 5 1/4 disks hold 17 years, 3 1/2 disks twice as as many. Please specify the years you wish.) If the proper data is available, you should be able to see the planets. You can use 'F3' to turn on the planet display, and to turn on planet labels. EGA/VGA color users see the planets in more or less appropriate colors. You may need to change the Time or Date to see your favorite planet. Now that we have seen the planets, let's see how they move. Change the Viewing Direction to South and the Time to 12:00 noon. Turn off Daylight Time by pressing 'V'. Set Auto-Increment Type to Date by pressing 'Alt-A' if needed. Now press 'A' and watch the show. Try speeding things up by pressing 'Alt-F1' and 'Alt-B'. Press 'F5' to see the how the planets stick near the Ecliptic. Since your location may not fall exactly on the Standard Time meridian, the Sun may not be due South for you at Civil noon. Also notice how it wanders from side to side throughout the year. Notice how Mercury and Venus stay close to the Sun. Mars has positively weird behavior, since it is outside the Earth's orbit, but relatively close by. It also has an eccentric orbit. The other outside planets drift more slowly against the background of the stars. You may see more clearly how the moon goes through its phases, being al- ways in New Moon phase when near the Sun. Move to Midnight, and the Moon will be in Full phase when it shows up in the South. Since the orbit of the Moon is inclined at about 5 degrees to the ecliptic, it wanders above and below it each month. This motion, which rotates through an 18 year cycle, accounts for the periodicity of eclipses. V2.5 of SkyGlobe uses interpolation to give more accuracy to the plotted planet positions. For instance, take a look at the solar eclipse of July 11, 1991. Slowly step through the hours, and watch how the moon gradually overtakes the Sun. This interpolation is disabled for the first and last days of the year, and leap day is not observed. Still, it is fun to look for events such as the eclipse, or the close conjunction of Mars, Jupiter, and Venus on June 17, 1991. Pluto, since it is invisible to even large binoculars, is plotted for only 4 positions a year. -8- Keeping Track SkyGlobe has two handy on-screen displays to help the user. The left-hand display will help you keep track of settings such as the Zoom Index, and will remind you of the Viewing Location. By pressing 'F2' you can see the Auto-Increment parameters. If you press 'F2' again the final settings screen will display Print parameters and other miscellaneous information. This display can be blanked by pressing 'F2' yet again, or use 'Shift-F2' to peel off one screen at a time. A Help screen appears on the right-hand side of the screen. This display will remind you of the single-key commands of SkyGlobe. Press 'F1', and the function key assignments appear. One more 'F1', and the display vanishes. Pressing ESC will display all available help sections. What Is A Toggle? Many of the display features in SkyGlobe can be instantly turned off or turned back on by pressing a single function key. A list follows. F6-Ecliptic line dots F8-Horizon, Elevation and Zenith F7-Right Ascension/Declination F9-Constellation Names and Star Labels coordinate line dots F10-Constellation Lines Using Alt along with the function keys provides for several useful short-cuts and special features. To reduce the display to stars and constellation line, press 'Alt-F1'. Stars alone can be displayed with 'Alt-F2'. To maximize display elements with one keypress, try 'Alt-F3', and watch the sky become crowded. Color users can switch the background color and constellation line star color with 'Alt-F4' and 'Alt-F5', respectively. SkyGlobe allows you to artificially brighten the stars that make up the constellation lines by pressing 'Alt-F10'. This conforms to the same groupings as the lines themselves, so you may need to press the key enough times to pass the number of lines displayed. Use 'Alt-Shift-F10' to reduce this Cheat Index. To save time in paring down the display, you may use the 'Alt' key in conjunction with several letter-key commands to reduce the chosen parameter to the minimum. Try this with 'Space' for lines or 'Z' to Zoom all the way out. Also supported are 'B', 'L', and 'C'. We haven't yet discussed a few features mentioned in the above function key list. SkyGlobe can display Right Ascension, Declination and Ecliptic lines to help you orient yourself on the celestial sphere. Notice how the Ecliptic passes through the constellations of the Zodiac, and how Orion lies right across the celestial equator. Try looking north with Auto-Increment mode on. Watch how the sphere appears to rotate, and how Polaris, very near the celestial pole, seems almost motionless. -9- Finding Stars And Constellations The 'O' and number keys provide a useful feature. Pressing 'O' enters the Object find mode. The top line of the display tells us that we can ask SkyGlobe to find either Sirius or Andromeda. If you press Enter at this point, SkyGlobe will attempt to find the best Spot to display Sirius. The current Time and Date will be used for this find attempt. The display will shift to place Sirius as close to the center of the screen as possible. If Sirius is visible in this view, it will be labelled with its full name on the screen. Even if Sirius is not visible in this view, the display will shift to get to the closest Spot. It is also possible to choose the best Time or Date for the current viewing Direction and Elevation. If we had pressed 'S' instead of Enter before, the effect would have been the same. To choose the best Time to see Sirius, without changing the View, we would have pressed 'Shift-S'. 'Alt-S' will give us the best Date for the current Direction and Elevation. The same choices will work for all the 300 named stars. Just use the cursor keys to pick the star you wish to find, and use Enter, 'S', 'Shift-S', or 'Alt-S' as before. For constellations instead of stars, just use 'C', 'Shift-C', and 'Alt-C'. For example, press 'O' to enter the Object find routine, and press 'Shift-C'. Andromeda will appear at the center of the screen, and the Time will have changed to the best choice for our current View. Alternatively, you could enter the number directly. The proper numbers for the stars and constellations can be found on the Handy SkyGlobe Reference Card, but since this is an unregistered copy of SkyGlobe, use the list at the end of this file. It is often best to change the View Direction to south before searching for the best Time or Date to view objects. If an object is not visible, try changing the Time or Date if searching by Spot, or changing the View Direction or Elevation if by Time or Date. I would like to say a few words here about nomenclature. The names of the constellations are well standardized. Many of the strange names in the southern sky are Latinized names of scientific implements, since these constellations were named, (by the Western world, that is), in the beginning of the Industrial Age. Most of the northern constellation names go back much further. We use the genitive, or possessive, form of the constellation name to denote star names. For example, Alpha Centauri means the first star of Centaurus. The stars were generally enumerated in order of brightness. Since star brightnesses change with time, this correlation is not always exact. Many stars also have popular names, which are not standardized nearly as well as constellations. Most of the names are Arabic in origin. This reflects the fact that the Arabic world maintained and developed astronomical knowledge while Europe was struggling through the Dark Ages. You may want to take my lists with a grain of salt. Fifty-seven stars have been chosen for celestial navigation purposes by the various authorities, and labels for these stars appear in a different color in EGA and VGA color modes. -10- Changing Viewing Locations One of the most popular pastimes for new astronomers is seeing what the sky looks like from other places. Perhaps you're thinking of moving, and want to make sure the stars will still be interesting to view from your prospective new home. (They will be!) Rather than quitting the program and choosing a different location from the menu, simply press 'G'. Once you make your new choice you will return to the program with all your other parameters just the way you left them. Since SkyGlobe 2.5 now has twice as many locations, there are two pages of locations to choose from. Use the 'End' key to quickly go to the spot that changes between pages. If you wish to move a small amount in a compass direction, try 'Alt-N', 'Alt-S', 'Alt-E' or 'Alt-W'. Then you can change locations without ever taking your eyes off the current display. The east and west moves simply have the effect of changing the local time by 1 minute. The north-south changes are 1/4 degree, about 17 miles. You may instantly change your location between the North and South Hemi- spheres by pressing 'Alt-F' to Flip between the two. When you make any of these choices, the city name will have its first character Xed out, to remind you that it will no longer be accurate. Use of the 'K' key allows for the saving of current program settings. Up to 11 different settings may be saved, since you will be prompted to press Enter or one of digits 0-9. These keys will create the file SKYGLOBE.KFG, or SKYGLOBE.KF#, where # is a digit 0 through 9. When SkyGlobe is started, it looks for the .KFG file to get its initial settings. If you would rather use the default settings, start the program with SKYGLOBE/N. If you want to use one of the other files, just use SKYGLOBE/#, such as SKYGLOBE/4 to use SKYGLOBE.KF4. This scheme allows for the use of batch files, such as ECLIPSE.BAT=SKYGLOBE/0, where SKYGLOBE.KF0 has been set up for July 11, 1991. Program settings saved include such things as Zoom Index, Brightness Index, etc., as well as location and Time and Date. Thus, you could create a file for your date, time, and place of birth, if your birthplace is on the menu. As a tip, use 'A' and 'R' to quickly get back to current time, if you have loaded a .KFG file, and wish to use the settings, but not the old time and date. Use 'I' to reset the program to the way it would start up if you used SKYGLOBE/N. If you decide to register your copy of SkyGlobe 2.5, it will come with a customized SKYGLOBE.REG file. This file will contain your name, registration number, and date of registration, as well as your desired Home Town, and up to two other locations. These locations will replace the two Caledonias and the Roscommon on the location menu, but as a registered user you won't even need to bother with the location menu. SkyGlobe will automatically start up with your Home Town, and use the video adapter choice you made when you sent in your registration. Thus, all you will need to do is type 'SKYGLOBE', and the program will start displaying the stars! If you specify other viewing locations, you will be able to access them from the 'G' command and the location menu. If you move, you will be able to edit these locations yourself. Since regis- tration is only $15, what are you waiting for? You might even receive a newer version of the program! -11- Printing The Screen Since VGA monitors can be a bit cumbersome to carry to a star- watching party, or even into your back yard, SkyGlobe allows you to print the contents of the screen. Those of you with dot-matrix printers can obtain printouts by using 'P', 'Shift-P' and 'Alt-P'. The first two of these are landscape views, the last is a portrait display. If there are problems with printing, such as double-spacing, you may need to change the Print Parameters. Use 'F2' to view the current settings, then use 'Alt-Shift-P' to roll through the different combinations until you get one that works for you. Pressing any key during printing stops the process, although most printers have buffers that will hold several lines. SkyGlobe 2.5 now supports LaserJet-compatible laser printers. The program defaults to dot-matrix printing, so the first thing to do is to change to laser printing. Make certain you can see the print parameters on the left-hand side of the screen. Press 'F2' if you need to display more parameters. The print parameters are near the bottom of the left-hand display, when they are all turned on. When you can see the parameters, use 'Alt-Shift-P' to scroll through the different combinations of settings. Don't stop just because it says Laser, you need to have the proper combination of ports and Line Feed settings as well. For most systems, this means Laser, Add Line Feeds, and LPT1. When you get the proper combination of settings, you are ready to print. 'P', 'Shift-P', and 'Alt-P' will all give a landscape screen shot. The Laser and other print parameter settings are included in the configuration file created by the 'K' command, so you can make the change once, and have it apply for the future. Registered users can specify that they have a laser printer on their order forms, and this will make laser printing the default for them. If you register now and get a laser printer later, you will be able to change this default setting yourself. Tidbits For users with telescopes that produce a reversed image, you can press 'X' to force SkyGlobe to similarly reverse the display. To return all program settings to their defaults, press 'I'. Finally, press 'Q' to return to DOS. Thanks For Your Support! I hope you enjoy SkyGlobe! Even if do not decide to become a fully registered user, you are encouraged to please pass it on to anyone who may find it interesting. Registered Users will automatically hear about future updates. The next update is (very) tentatively scheduled for mid- 1991, and should include SuperVGA support, more deep-space objects, mouse support and point and shoot capabilities, and high-resolution printing. The user will have more control over color selection and the like, and I also plan to add some celestial navigation features. Lines such as the Milky Way and constellation lines will always extend to the edge of the screen, and VGA mode might even be faster, at least for complex displays. Any suggestions you may have will be greatly appreciated. I can be reached on CompuServe as 76207,3377, or in care of the address on the order form. Thanks, and have fun learning about the stars! -12- SkyGlobe and the Stars - Some Background Information Why do we see different stars at different times? The Earth makes one complete rotation every day. If there were no Sun we could see that the stars appear to make one complete revolution at the same time. The North Star, Polaris (#51), is almost directly above the North Pole on the Earth's axis of rotation. So the stars near the North Star (about halfway up the northern sky in mid-northern latitudes) make tiny little circles every day. Farther away from the North Star the stars and the constellations they form wheel across the sky in huge arcs before they disappear below the horizon. Why do we see different stars at different dates? Imagine midnight in April. The Sun is behind the Earth, and you are facing away from it if you face due south. Now imagine midnight in October, six months later. You are still facing away from the Sun. But because the Earth has moved halfway around the Sun in its yearly orbit, you are looking in exactly the opposite direction to the one you were in April. So different stars are visible at midnight, and the ones near the North Star have made half a revolution. If there were no Sun, you could see that at noon the October sky is the same as the midnight sky in April. Before Standard Time Zones were instituted, the Sun was due south at noon everywhere. That was what noon meant. Now that is true only if you happen to live near the center of the time zone. If you live in Michigan, the Sun is due south around 12:30 or so. In New York City, which is in the same time zone, the Sun reaches due south a few minutes before noon, over a half hour earlier than in Michigan. The Sun reaches due south somewhat later in Chicago than in Michigan, but be- cause Chicago is in the Central time zone this occurs before 12:00PM. This has to be allowed for to make the display correct, and is unique to each location. Daylight Saving Time is handled in a similar manner, and is indicated on the Time Display by an upper case 'AM' or 'PM'. The sky can be viewed as a sphere with the Earth at the center, and the stars as fixed points on the sphere. Any attempt to represent this 3-dimensional space on a 2-dimen- sional surface inevitably introduces some distortion. SkyGlobe uses a stereographic projection that can be calculated very rapidly and is quite accurate at the center of the screen. Al- though the edges of the screen suffer significant distortion, SkyGlobe is so fast that any desired view can be located almost instantly. The illusion that the stars form a sphere with the viewer on the outside is a result of the projection, and it is just that, an illusion. -13- Background Continued Another issue that must be dealt with is double stars. Perhaps as many as half of all stars are actually multiple star systems. The naked eye frequently interprets two dim stars close together as one brighter star. Many 'stars' that serve as end-points on constellation lines fit into this category. If these stars were left dim and separate they would appear 'invisible' at low brightnesses and make constellation shapes unrecognizable. At higher brightnesses and low magnif- ications these stars would be plotted on top of one another as points, still artificially dim. The solution is to combine magnitudes for these stars. The ordering of stars in SkyGlobe reflects this combination, so at medium brightnesses and magnifications the display is as realistic as possible. The dimmer star is retained at its actual brightness, so at very high magnifications and brightnesses you will see one artificially bright star and one accurate dim star. SkyGlobe contains coordinates for 7000 stars in the file SKYGLOBE.DAT. This represents all the stars visible to the naked eye. These coordinates were obtained from Sky Catalogue 2000.0 with permission from the publisher, Sky Publishing Corp. This permission is gratefully appreciated. The files SKY8000.DAT and SKY10000.DAT contain another 8000 and 10000 stars, respectively. SKY8000.DAT is included with the unreg- istered program, while SKY10000.DAT is added for registered users. This is not 'Crippleware', since the operation of the program is identical for both, but an attempt to keep the un- registered program to one 360K disk. SkyGlobe was programmed entirely in assembly language for maximum speed. As much processing as possible was done before- hand and the results placed in tables. Since there is necessarily a tradeoff between speed and accuracy, the precision of the star coordinates was carefully matched to the resolution of the graph- ics display and the projection algorithm chosen. The code was hand-optimized for speed, without regard for size or ugliness. Of course, no program is perfect. Any suggestions or bug reports would be greatly appreciated. Thank you for supporting Shareware and... S K Y G L O B E ! ! ! -14- Some Frequently Asked Questions How can I speed up SkyGlobe? There are really two answers to this question. SkyGlobe always does what you ask it to do as fast as it can. (We think it's pretty fast!) The trick is to ask it to do things in a way that seems faster. The first method involves asking SkyGlobe to do less work. The easiest way is to turn off the Help Menu by pressing 'F1'. Then turn off everything else you can do without: ecliptic, right ascension and declination lines; extra constellation lines; dim stars. The second method applies only to Auto-Increment mode. SkyGlobe starts off changing the view five minutes at a time. You can increase this rate by pressing 'F'. Another way is to change the increment type to Date mode by pressing 'Alt-A', Then increase the Date increment rate by pressing 'F'. Why doesn't Caps Lock have any effect? To avoid confusion it was decided to ignore Caps Lock. Why doesn't the Shift-key always work? This applies only to Shift-SPACE and Shift-Alt functions. For those keys the computer only checks the Shift condition when the SPACE or Alt-letter key is finally processed. If you let up on the Shift key before the computer is ready to process the SPACE or Alt-letter key, the Shift state you had intended goes un-noticed. So you end up adding constellation lines that you just deleted. Either hold the Shift key down for a while on multiple Shift-SPACES, or use 'F10' to kill all constellation lines at once. This method leaves the line display index unchanged, so a subsequent 'F10' will display the same number of lines. To reset the line display index to zero immediately, press 'Alt-Space'. Why doesn't anything happen when I press 'V'? Either the date is not appropriate for Daylight Saving Time, or you chose a location that does not use it. I get lots of blank pages and garbage on my laser printer. SkyGlobe 2.5 defaults to dot-matrix printing. To change to laser printing, press 'Alt-Shift-P' until the print parameters reflect your system. This will probably be: Laser, Add Line Feeds, LPT1. Use 'F2' until you see the choices on the left- hand side of the screen, near the end of the display. There are blank lines when I try to print. Your printer adds line feeds when it receives a carriage return character. Use 'F2' to display the Print Parameters. Then press 'Alt-Sh-P' to change to 'No Line Feeds'. -15- Common Questions continued, Plus Constellation List How can I make SkyGlobe use the minimum amount of memory? REName or DELete the file SKY8000.DAT, and use EGA graphics. You will still be able to display 7000 stars and the planets. CGA and VGA graphics both require extra memory. My location is not near a choice on the location menu. You can make your city or town the default choice on the location menu by obtaining a registered copy of SkyGlobe. If you wish to obtain a registered copy of the latest version of SkyGlobe, send $15 to: Klassm Software (MI residents please 284 142nd AVE include sales tax.) Caledonia, MI 49316 A complete order form is the second page of this file. List of Constellations 1 And Andromeda 31 Cyg Cygnus 61 Pav Pavo 2 Ant Antlia 32 Del Delphinus 62 Peg Pegasus 3 Aps Apus 33 Dor Dorado 63 Per Perseus 4 Aql Aquila 34 Dra Draco 64 Phe Phoenix 5 Aqr Aquarius 35 Equ Equuleus 65 Pic Pictor 6 Ara Ara 36 Eri Eridanus 66 PsA Piscis Austrinus 7 Ari Aries 37 For Fornax 67 Psc Pisces 8 Aur Auriga 38 Gem Gemini 68 Pup Puppis 9 Boo Bootes 39 Gru Grus 69 Pyx Pyxis 10 Cae Caelum 40 Her Hercules 70 Ret Reticulum 11 Cam Camelopardalis 41 Hor Horologium 71 Scl Sculptor 12 Cap Capricornus 42 Hya Hydra 72 Sco Scorpius 13 Car Carina 43 Hyi Hydrus 73 Sct Scutum 14 Cas Cassiopeia 44 Ind Indus 74 Ser Serpens Caput 15 Cen Centaurus 45 Lac Lacerta 75 Ser Serpens Cauda 16 Cep Cepheus 46 Leo Leo 76 Sex Sextans 17 Cet Cetus 47 Lep Lepus 77 Sge Sagitta 18 Cha Chamaeleon 48 Lib Libra 78 Sgr Sagittarius 19 Cir Circinus 49 LMi Leo Minor 79 Tau Taurus 20 CMa Canis Major 50 Lup Lupus 80 Tel Telescopium 21 CMi Canis Minor 51 Lyn Lynx 81 TrA Triangulum Australe 22 Cnc Cancer 52 Lyr Lyra 82 Tri Triangulum 23 Col Columba 53 Men Mensa 83 Tuc Tucana 24 Com Coma Berenices 54 Mic Microscopium 84 UMa Ursa Major 25 CrA Corona Australis 55 Mon Monoceros 85 UMi Ursa Minor 26 CrB Corona Borealis 56 Mus Musca 86 Vel Vela 27 Crt Crater 57 Nor Norma 87 Vir Virgo 28 Cru Crux 58 Oct Octans 88 Vol Volans 29 Crv Corvus 59 Oph Ophiucus 89 Vul Vulpecula 30 CVn Canes Venatici 60 Ori Orion -16- Star Names in order of Brightness 1-Sirius 56 Saiph 111 Ruchbah 2-Canopus 57 Gamma Centauri 112 Muphrid 3-Arcturus 58 Mizar 113 Mu Velorum 4-Alpha Centauri 59-Kochab 114 Alpha Muscae 5-Vega 60-Rasalhague 115 Lesath 6-Capella 61 Almach 116 Iota Aurigae 7-Rigel 62 Beta Gruis 117 Kaus Media 8-Procyon 63 Algol 118 Pi Puppis 9-Achernar 64-Denebola 119 Tarazed 10-Betelgeuse 65 Sadr 120 Yed Prior 11-Hadar 66-Lambda Velorum 121 Porrima 12-Altair 67-Schedar 122 Iota Centauri 13-Aldebaran 68-Alphecca 123-Zubenelgenubi 14-Acrux 69-Eltanin 124 Iota Orionis 15-Antares 70 Mintaka 125 Kornepheros 16-Spica 71 Zeta Puppis 126 Cebalrai 17-Pollux 72 Aspidiske 127 Gamma Lupi 18-Fomalhaut 73 Caph 128 Rastaban 19 Mimosa 74 Epsilon Scorpii 129 Cursa 20-Deneb 75 Epsilon Centauri 130 Beta Hydri 21-Regulus 76 Alpha Lupi 131 Delta Crucis 22-Adhara 77 Eta Centauri 132 Cor Caroli 23 Castor 78 Delta Scorpii 133 Zeta Herculis 24-Gacrux 79 Merak 134 Kaus Borealis 25-Shaula 80 Izar 135 Rho Puppis 26-Bellatrix 81-Enif 136 Tau Scorpii 27-Elnath 82-Ankaa 137 Alcyone 28 Gamma Velorum 83 Delta Centauri 138 Algenib 29-Miaplacidus 84 Kappa Scorpii 139 Vindemiatrix 30-Alnilam 85 Scheat 140 Iota Scorpii 31-Al Nair 86-Sabik 141 Nihal 32-Alioth 87 Phecda 142 Beta Triangulum Australis 33 Alnitak 88 Alderamin 143 Beta Arae 34-Dubhe 89 Aludra 144 Atik 35-Mirfak 90 Epsilon Cygni 145 Alpha Hydri 36 Theta Scorpii 91 Gamma Cassiopeiae 146 Alpha Tucanae 37-Kaus Australis 92-Menkar 147 Theta Tauri 38-Alkaid 93-Markab 148 Delta Cygni 39 Delta Canis Majoris 94 Zeta Centauri 149 Deneb Algedi 40-Avior 95 Kappa Velorum 150 Mu Geminorum 41 Algieba 96 Graffias 151 Gamma Triangulum Australis 42 Menkalinam 97 Zosma 152 Pherkad 43-Atria 98 Zeta Ophiuci 153 Pi Scorpii 44 Alhena 99 Arneb 154 Sigma Scorpii 45-Peacock 100-Gienah 155 Pi Sagittarii 46 Delta Velorum 101 Ascella 156 Epsilon Persei 47 Mirzam 102 Theta Carinae 157-Acamar 48-Alphard 103 Zubeneschamali 158 Gomeisa 49-Hamal 104 Theta Aurigae 159 Sadalsuud 50-Nunki 105 Beta Lupi 160 Albireo 51 Polaris 106 Sheratan 161 Gamma Persei 52-Deneb Kaitos 107 Phact 162 Tau Puppis 53-Alpheratz 108 Beta Corvi 163 Matar 54 Mirach 109 Unukalhai 164 Algorab 55-Menkent 110 Eta Draconis 165 Alpha Arae -17- Star Names by Brightness (cont) 166 Zaurak 211 Theta Ursa Majoris 256 Zeta Virginis 167 Sadalmelik 212 Alpha Circini 257 Epsilon Lupi 168 Upsilon Carinae 213 Pi-3 Orionis 258 Omega Scorpii 169 Mebsuta 214 Epsilon Leporis 259 Atlas 170 Epsilon Leonis 215 Kappa Ophiuci 260 Delta Virginis 171 Alnasl 216 Zeta Cygni 261 Epsilon Cassiopeiae 172 Zeta Aquilae 217 Alpha Reticuli 262 Epsilon Hydrae 173 Epsilon Aurigae 218 G Scorpii 263 Rho Persei 174 Epsilon Corvi 219 Errai 264 q Carinae 175 Gamma Hydrae 220 Adhafera 265 Homam 176 Beta Trianguli 221 Theta Aquilae 266 Gamma Phoenicis 177 Zeta Tauri 222 Alfirk 267 Nu Centauri 178 Psi Ursa Majoris 223 Yed Posterior 268 Zeta Lupi 179 Gamma Gruis 224 Sulafat 269 Alpha Trianguli 180 Delta Perseii 225 Gamma Hydri 270 Eta Lupi 181 Dabih 226 Meissa 271 Mu Herculis 182 Furud 227 Sigma Puppis 272 Beta Pavonis 183 Segihus 228 Eta Serpentis 273 Beta Tucanae 184 Omicron Canis Majoris 229 Zeta Sagittarii 274 Eta Cephei 185 Mu Centauri 230 Delta Andromedae 275 Eta Cassiopeiae 186 Mu Scorpii 231 Pi Hydrae 276 Lambda Aquilae 187 Mira 232 Theta Ophiuci 277 Omicron Cygni 188 Tania Australis 233 Skat 278 a Carinae 189 Beta Muscae 234 Alpha Doradus 279 Tania Borealis 190 Rasalgethi 235 Alpha Pictoris 280 Eta Ceti 191 Altais 236 Propus 281 Sheliak 192 Algedi 237 Sigma Librae 282 Sigma Canis Majoris 193 Nu Hydrae 238 Edasich 283 Delta Bootis 194 Eta Sagittarii 239 Delta Gruis 284 Gamma Sagittae 195 Alpha Indi 240 Psi Geminorum 285 Psi Aquarii 196 Zeta Hydrae 241 Beta Phoenicis 286 Gamma Ceti 197 Wazn 242 Megrez 287 Gamma Tauri 198 Lambda Centauri 243 Mu Leporis 288 Chi Carinae 199 Kappa Centauri 244 Omega Carinae 289 Alula Borealis 200 Zeta Arae 245 p Carinae 290 Sadalbari 201 Alpha Lyncis 246 Tau Sagittarii 291 Upsilon Librae 202 N Velorum 247 Eta Scorpii 292 Delta Pavonis 203 Delta Herculis 248 Chertan 293 Epsilon Gruis 204 Talitha 249 Gamma Arae 294 Tau Ceti 205 Delta Lupi 250 Nu Ophiuci 295 Nekkar 206 Pi Herculis 251 Psi Puppis 296 Pi-5 Orionis 207 Zeta Draconis 252 Zeta Cephei 297 Theta Ceti 208 Phi Sagittarii 253 Delta Aquilae 298 Delta Muscae 209 Eta Aurigae 254 Eta Orionis 299 Alpha Telescopii 210 Nu Puppis 255 Muscida 300 Eta Leonis The 57 Navigation Stars are indicated by a dash between the Star number and the name. This Star brightness order often represents the combination of two or more stars that are inseparable to the naked eye. -18- Star Names Alphabetically 157-Acamar 026-Bellatrix 170 Epsilon Leonis 009-Achernar 143 Beta Arae 214 Epsilon Leporis 014-Acrux 108 Beta Corvi 257 Epsilon Lupi 220 Adhafera 062 Beta Gruis 156 Epsilon Persei 022-Adhara 130 Beta Hydri 074 Epsilon Scorpii 031-Al Nair 105 Beta Lupi 215 Errai 160 Albireo 189 Beta Muscae 209 Eta Aurigae 137 Alcyone 272 Beta Pavonis 275 Eta Cassiopeiae 013-Aldebaran 241 Beta Phoenicis 077 Eta Centauri 088 Alderamin 176 Beta Trianguli 274 Eta Cephei 222 Alfirk 142 Beta TriangulumAustralis 280 Eta Ceti 192 Algedi 273 Beta Tucanae 110 Eta Draconis 138 Algenib 010-Betelgeuse 300 Eta Leonis 041 Algieba 002-Canopus 270 Eta Lupi 063 Algol 006-Capella 254 Eta Orionis 164 Algorab 073 Caph 194 Eta Sagittarii 044 Alhena 023 Castor 247 Eta Scorpii 032-Alioth 126 Cebalrai 228 Eta Serpentis 038-Alkaid 248 Chertan 018-Fomalhaut 061 Almach 288 Chi Carinae 182 Furud 171 Alnasl 132 Cor Caroli 218 G Scorpii 030-Alnilam 129 Cursa 024-Gacrux 033 Alnitak 181 Dabih 249 Gamma Arae 165 Alpha Arae 230 Delta Andromedae 091 Gamma Cassiopeiae 004-Alpha Centauri 253 Delta Aquilae 057 Gamma Centauri 212 Alpha Circini 283 Delta Bootis 286 Gamma Ceti 234 Alpha Doradus 039 Delta Canis Major 179 Gamma Gruis 145 Alpha Hydri 083 Delta Centauri 175 Gamma Hydrae 195 Alpha Indi 131 Delta Crucis 225 Gamma Hydri 077 Alpha Lupi 148 Delta Cygni 128 Gamma Lupi 201 Alpha Lyncis 239 Delta Gruis 161 Gamma Persei 114 Alpha Muscae 203 Delta Herculis 266 Gamma Phoenicis 235 Alpha Pictoris 205 Delta Lupi 284 Gamma Sagittae 217 Alpha Reticuli 298 Delta Muscae 287 Gamma Tauri 299 Alpha Telescopii 292 Delta Pavonis 151 Gamma TriangulumAustralis 269 Alpha Trianguli 180 Delta Perseii 028 Gamma Velorum 146 Alpha Tucanae 078 Delta Scorpii 100-Gienah 048-Alphard 046 Delta Velorum 158 Gomeisa 068-Alphecca 260 Delta Virginis 096 Graffias 053-Alpheratz 149 Deneb Algedi 011-Hadar 012-Altair 052-Deneb Kaitos 049-Hamal 191 Altais 020-Deneb 265 Homam 089 Aludra 064-Denebola 116 Iota Aurigae 289 Alula Borealis 034-Dubhe 122 Iota Centauri 082-Ankaa 238 Edasich 124 Iota Orionis 015-Antares 027-Elnath 140 Iota Scorpii 003-Arcturus 069-Eltanin 080 Izar 099 Arneb 081-Enif 199 Kappa Centauri 101 Ascella 173 Epsilon Aurigae 215 Kappa Ophiuci 072 Aspidiske 261 Epsilon Cassiopeiae 084 Kappa Scorpii 144 Atik 075 Epsilon Centauri 095 Kappa Velorum 259 Atlas 174 Epsilon Corvi 037-Kaus Australis 043-Atria 090 Epsilon Cygni 134 Kaus Borealis 040-Avior 293 Epsilon Gruis 117 Kaus Media 278 a Carinae 262 Epsilon Hydrae 059-Kochab -19- Star Names Alphabetically (cont) 125 Kornepheros 152 Pherkad 233 Skat 276 Lambda Aquilae 208 Phi Sagittarii 016-Spica 198 Lambda Centauri 206 Pi Herculis 224 Sulafat 066-Lambda Velorum 231 Pi Hydrae 204 Talitha 115 Lesath 118 Pi Puppis 188 Tania Australis 091-Markab 155 Pi Sagittarii 279 Tania Borealis 163 Matar 153 Pi Scorpii 119 Tarazed 169 Mebsuta 213 Pi-3 Orionis 294 Tau Ceti 242 Megrez 296 Pi-5 Orionis 162 Tau Puppis 226 Meissa 051 Polaris 246 Tau Sagittarii 042 Menkalinam 017-Pollux 136 Tau Scorpii 092-Menkar 121 Porrima 221 Theta Aquilae 055-Menkent 008-Procyon 104 Theta Aurigae 079 Merak 236 Propus 102 Theta Carinae 029-Miaplacidus 285 Psi Aquarii 297 Theta Ceti 019 Mimosa 240 Psi Geminorum 232 Theta Ophiuci 070 Mintaka 251 Psi Puppis 036 Theta Scorpii 181 Mira 178 Psi Ursa Majoris 147 Theta Tauri 054 Mirach 245 p Carinae 211 Theta Ursa Majoris 035-Mirfak 264 q Carinae 109 Unukalhai 047 Mirzam 190 Rasalgethi 168 Upsilon Carinae 058 Mizar 060-Rasalhague 291 Upsilon Librae 185 Mu Centauri 128 Rastaban 005-Vega 150 Mu Geminorum 021-Regulus 139 Vindemiatrix 271 Mu Herculis 263 Rho Persei 197 Wazn 243 Mu Leporis 135 Rho Puppis 223 Yed Posterior 186 Mu Scorpii 007-Rigel 120 Yed Prior 113 Mu Velorum 111 Ruchbah 166 Zaurak 112 Muphrid 086-Sabik 172 Zeta Aquilae 249 Muscida 283 Sadalbari 200 Zeta Arae 202 N Velorum 167 Sadalmelik 094 Zeta Centauri 286 Nekkar 159 Sadalsuud 252 Zeta Cephei 141 Nihal 065 Sadr 216 Zeta Cygni 267 Nu Centauri 056 Saiph 207 Zeta Draconis 193 Nu Hydrae 085 Scheat 133 Zeta Herculis 250 Nu Ophiuci 067-Schedar 196 Zeta Hydrae 210 Nu Puppis 183 Segihus 268 Zeta Lupi 050-Nunki 025-Shaula 098 Zeta Ophiuci 244 Omega Carinae 281 Sheliak 071 Zeta Puppis 258 Omega Scorpii 106 Sheratan 229 Zeta Sagittarii 184 Omicron Canis Majoris 282 Sigma Canis Majoris 177 Zeta Tauri 277 Omicron Cygni 237 Sigma Librae 256 Zeta Virginis 045-Peacock 227 Sigma Puppis 097 Zosma 107 Phact 154 Sigma Scorpii 123-Zubenelgenubi 087 Phecda 001-Sirius 103 Zubeneschamali The 57 Navigation Stars are indicated by a dash between the Star number and the name. -20- Alphabetical Command Summary A Toggle Auto-Increment Mode On/Off Sh-A Toggle Auto-Increment Direction Forward/Backward Alt-A Toggle Auto-Increment Type Time/Date B/Sh-B Increase/Decrease Brightness (Number of stars shown) Alt-B Reset Brightness Index to 1 C/Sh-C Increase/Decrease Constellation Label Display Index Alt-C Reset Constellation Label Display Index to 0 D/Sh-D Add/Subtract 1 day from Date Alt-D/Sh-Alt-D Add/Subtract 1 day from Date speed E Change View Direction to EAST Alt-E Move location 1 minute east F/Sh-F Faster This command adjusts the Auto-Increment speed. The change only affects the Type of Increment currently in effect. Alt-F Flip between North and South hemispheres G Goto New Location Menu Use this command to change the Viewing Location H/Sh-H Add/Subtract 1 Hour from Time Alt-H/Sh-Alt-H Add/Subtract 1/2 Hour from Time I Initialize all program parameters to defaults K Save current program Konfiguration as .KFG or .KF0-KF9 L/Sh-L Increment/Decrement Star Label Display Index M/Sh-M Add/Subtract 1 Month from Date Alt-M/Sh-Alt-M Add/Subtract 1/2 Month from Date N Change View Direction to NORTH Alt-N Move location 1/4 degree north O Object find To find Stars and Constellations, press O. Then use the cursor keys to choose the object to find. Then press one of these: S or Enter=Find Best Spot to display Star Sh-S =Find Best Time to display Star Alt-S =Find Best Date to display Star C =Find Best Spot for Constellation Sh-C =Find Best Time for Constellation Alt-C =Find Best Date for Constellation Pressing any Number Key (0-9) also enters this mode. P/Sh-P/Alt-P Print screen, either to dot-matrix or laser printer Laser printouts are identical landscape displays For dot-matrix printers, P and Shift-P are landscape displays, while Alt-P is a portrait display Sh-Alt-P Change print parameters, (use F2 to see), including DOT-LAS Q Quit Exit to DOS R Real-Time Set Auto-Increment Type to Real-Time Sh-R sideReal Set Auto-Increment Speed to 1 sidereal day S Change View Direction to SOUTH Alt-S Move location 1/4 degree south T/Sh-T Add/Subtract 1 minute from Time Alt-T/Sh-Alt-T Increment/Decrement Auto-Increment Time Speed V Toggle Daylight SaVings Time flag In Summer/Never W Change View Direction to WEST Alt-W Move location 1 minute west X Toggle between Normal and Mirror-image display Y/Sh-Y Add/Subtract 1 Year from date Z/Sh-Z Zoom In/Zoom Out Alt-Z Reset Zoom Index to 1 -21- Function and Control Key Commands SPACE/Sh-SPACE Add/Delete Constellation Lines Alt-SPACE Reset Constellation Line Index to 0 Cursor Right/Left Change View Direction 10 degrees Right/Left Cursor Up/Down Change View Elevation 5 degrees Up/Down Home Change View Elevation to zenith (90 degrees) End Change View Elevation to horizon (0 degrees) Ctrl-Right/Ctrl-Left Change View Direction 30 degrees Right/Left PgUp/PgDn Change View Elevation 15 degrees Up/Down ESC Set Help display index to maximum value F1/Sh-F1 Increase/Decrease Help display index F2/Sh-F2 Increase/Decrease Parameter display index F3/Sh-F3 Increase/Decrease Planets display index F4/Sh-F4 Increase/Decrease Messier Object display index F5/Sh-F5 Increase/Decrease Milky Way display index These Display setting keys roll through the maximum setting back to zero F6 Toggle Ecliptic display flag F7 Toggle RA-Dec display flag F8 Toggle Horizon, Hash-mark and Zenith display flags F9 Toggle Star Labels and Constellation Names display flag F10 Toggle Constellation Line display flag Alt-F1 Reset display to Stars and Lines only Alt-F2 Reset display to Stars only Alt-F3 Maximize all display settings Alt-F4 On EGA/VGA color systems, toggle Background color Alt-F5 On EGA/VGA color systems, toggle Constellation Star color Alt-F10/Sh-Alt-F10 Increment/Decrement Constellation Cheat Index Enter Load planet data for current year, if available