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/--------------------------------------------------------------\ | | | | | COSMOS | | | | Planetarium Simulator | | | | User Guide | | | | by Gene W. Lee | | | | Copyright 1988,1989,1990 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Document Revision 14.11 | | | | Printed March 3, 1991 3:37 PM | | | | | | | \--------------------------------------------------------------/ Table of Contents Introduction 1 Horizon Display Description 2 Zenith Display Description 3 Star Map Display Description 4 Orbital (zenith) Display Description 5 Orbital (ecliptic) Display Description 6 Planet Size Display 7 Planet Position Display 7 Planet Distance Display 7 Planet Rise Times Display 8 Pick Mode 8 Find Mode 10 Menu Screen Descriptions 10 Main Menu 11 Setup Menus 12 Time Setup Menu 13 Star Setup Menu 13 Planet Setup Menu 14 Location Setup Menu 14 Trails Setup Selection 15 View Direction Setup Selection 15 Zenith View Angle Setup Menu 15 Star Map Window Setup Menu 16 Save Setup Selection 16 Restore Setup Selection 16 Files used by Cosmos 17 STARFILE 17 COMETFIL 17 MENU.SAV 18 COSMOS.DOC 18 COSMOS.WS 18 COSMOS.EXE 18 Technical Notes 18 Program Call 18 COSMOS Environment Variable 20 GMT / Local Time /Daylight Savings Time 20 Phase 21 Altitude and Azimuth 21 AU Astronomical Units 21 Formulas used by the program 21 Development System 22 Program Accuracy 22 Astronomical Experiments 22 Caveats 24 History of Enhancements 25 Terms of License 36 Copyright Notice 36 Index 38 Introduction COSMOS is a program which provides astronomical simulations the same way a planetarium does. COSMOS will show the past, present and future skies as viewed from Earth. It also shows the position of the planets and comets in orbit around the Sun and gives specific data about the celestial bodies. Program options allow the user to select date/time of display, direction of view, viewer's latitude and longitude on Earth, screen updating parameters and much more. Using the display updating parameters COSMOS can display a com- plete day's movement of the heavens, or demonstrate the retro- grade motion of the planets. COSMOS was written on a UNISYS IT with EGA/VGA graphics and a 80287. The program is intended to run on any DOS system that has VGA, EGA, CGA or Hercules graphics. Although the program will run in CGA mode, the display quality is poor because of the lack of resolution and colors. The program will run with or without a math co-processor, howev- er, it can be very slow without one because of the intense float- ing point arithmetic involved. If the version number displayed on the first screen ends with '(Limited),' this version of COSMOS is being distributed as a Limited Demonstration version. Its only limitations are that it will work for a limited date range and that it includes fewer stars/objects in the data base. The Full Function version will work between the years 1700 and 2500. The full function version also includes over 11,000 stars and messier objects. The Full Function version can be requested by sending a support donation using the form at the end of this document. Horizon Display Description The Horizon display attempts to show the sky as seen from Earth when looking in a specified direction at a specific time of day. The left side of the display is what would be seen over your left shoulder as is the right side over your right shoulder. The top of the display shows what you would see directly over your head. Because of the transformation from 3-dimensions to 2-dimensions, the distortion increases as you approach the edges of the arc. Another way to think of what the display is representing is image you are sitting in the middle of the planetarium. You see in front of you half of the dome. The difference is that at the planetarium your field of view would not be large enough to see the complete half dome all at one time. With the program the complete half dome is compressed onto the flat screen. The Moon is drawn in its approximate phase with the New Moon represented with an empty circle. The drawing of the phase of the Moon is rounded to the nearest quarter (New, First Quarter, Half, Third Quarter, Full, etc.). By using menu selections you can control the brightness/size of the stars/objects, direction of view, select Real Time display or a User Defined time, change the update rate of the display and much more. Note that the time and date displayed at the top of the screen represent Local Time and assume that the system clock is set to daylight savings time when applicable (see technical notes for more details on daylight savings time). When 'Leave Trails' is turned on the time/date displayed on the left is the start time and the time/date on the right is the current time. CONTROL KEYS for this display are: p : Pause the updating of this display and put the display in PICK mode (See Pick Mode) Escape: Exit Pause/Pick Mode. Enter : Pick Star (hile in Pick Mode). Any key press releases pick. t : Toggles whether objects leave a trail as they move s : Toggles between Local Time and Sidereal Time o : Outline the Constellations (In Pick Mode) l : Dump current screen to an IBM compatible printer (Best results are obtained in EGA Mode) left/right arrows: scroll display view to the left/right. (changes view direction) Zenith Display Description The Zenith display attempts to show the sky as seen from Earth when looking directly over head at a given time of day from a specified location on Earth. The top of the displayed circle represents the compass direction of North, the bottom of the screen is South, Right is to the West and the left side of the circle is toward the East horizon. Keep in mind that distortion increases as you approach the edges of the circle, especially for wide View Angles. The Zenith View Angle specifies the lowest altitude an object may be at and still be plotted on the display. For example, if Zero is entered, then all object whose altitude is currently above the horizon will be plotted. If 89 is entered, only objects whose current altitude is greater than 89 degrees will be display. Thus only objects within one degree of vertical to be displayed. The Moon is drawn in its approximate phase with the New Moon represented with an empty circle. The drawing of the phase of the Moon is rounded to the nearest quarter (New, First Quarter, Half, Third Quarter, Full, etc.). By using menu selections you can control the brightness/size of the stars, direction of view, select Real Time display or a User defined time, change the update rate of the display and much more. Note that the time and date displayed at the top of the screen represent Local Time and assume that the system clock is set to daylight savings time when applicable (see technical notes for more details on daylight savings time). When 'Leave Trails' is turned on the time/date displayed on the left is the start time and the time/date on the right is the current time. CONTROL KEYS for this display are: p : Pause the updating of this display and put the display in PICK mode (See Pick Mode) Escape : Exit Pause/Pick Mode. Enter : Pick Star while in Pick Mode. Any key press releases pick. t : Toggles whether objects leave a trail as they move s : Toggles between Local Time and Sidereal Time o : Outline the Constellations (In Pick Mode) l : Dump current screen to an IBM compatible printer (Best results are obtained in EGA Mode) Sky Map Display Description This display is used to create a Sky Map located at given Right Ascension/ Declination coordinates. All objects within the boundaries of the window are displayed. This display is useful for 'zooming' in on a region of the sky the same way a more telescope would be able to zoom in on a particular area of the sky. The initial center and width of the display are determined from the values entered into the menu. The width is interpreted as the amount of right ascension covered from the left side of the window to the right. The amount of declination covered in the display is calculated automatically to give the correct scaling. The scaling factor also takes into account the aspect ratio of the display device. While viewing the sky map, the center of the display can be shifted in Right Ascension using the left/ right arrow keys and can be shifted in Declination using the up/ down arrow keys. The window width can also be increased or decreased using the '-' and '+' keys. Note that star brightness/size is controlled as described for the Horizon and Zenith displays and the time/date are displayed as described for the Horizon and Zenith displays. CONTROL KEYS for this display are: Left / Right Arrows : Pan Display Window Left / Right Up / Down Arrows : Pan Display Window Up / Down + : Zooms in on the Center of the Window - : Zooms out from Center of the Window m : Toggle Between Current View and Full-Sky View p : Pause the Updating of the Display and Enter Pick mode. Enter : Select Object at Cursor (Pick Mode) t : Toggles whether objects leave a trail as they move s : Toggles between Local Time and Sidereal Time f : Finds object matching user entered name (Object Find) o : Outline the Constellations (In Pick Mode) l : Print Current Display to Print Device ESC : Exit the Display Orbital (zenith) Display Description This attempts to show the position of the planets and comets as they orbit the Sun. The view is from above the plane of the solar system with planets moving counter clockwise around the Sun. By using the control keys you can zoom in toward the Sun or back away from it. The 't' key toggles whether the planets leave a trail as they move. The control keys will also allow you to freeze motion. Note that the time and date displayed at the top of the screen represents Local Time and assumes system clock is set to day- light savings time when applicable (see technical notes for more details on daylight savings time). When 'Leave Trails' is turned on the time/date displayed on the left is the start time and the time/date on the right is the current time. CONTROL KEYS for this display are: p : Pause the updating of this display and enter Pick Mode Enter : Select Object at Cursor (Pick Mode) t : Toggles whether planets leave a trail as they move + : Zooms in on the Sun - : Zooms out from the Sun * : Zooms out from the Sun (x10) r : Restore Default Zoom value l : Dump current screen to an IBM compatible printer (Best results are obtained in EGA Mode) Orbital (ecliptic) Display Description The Ecliptic Orbital Display attempts to show the position of the planets and comets as they orbit the Sun. The perspective of this view is the ecliptic plane of the solar system. It is viewed edge-on as seen from a position at the bottom of the screen on the Orbital (zenith) Display. By using the control keys you can zoom in toward the Sun or back away from it. The 't' key toggles whether the planets leave a trail as they move. The control keys will also allow you to freeze the motion of the planets. As in all displays, the Escape key exits from the display. Note that the time and date displayed at the top of the screen represents Local Time and assumes system clock is set to daylight savings time when applicable (see technical notes for more de- tails on daylight savings time). When 'Leave Trails' is turned on the time/date displayed on the left is the start time and the time/date on the right is the current time. CONTROL KEYS for this display are: p : Pause the updating of this display t : Toggles whether planets leave a trail as they move + : Zooms in on the Sun - : Zooms out from the Sun * : Zooms out from the Sun (x10) r : Restore Default Zoom value l : Dump current screen to an IBM compatible printer (Best results are obtained in EGA Mode) Planet Size Display The Size display allows the user to visualize the difference in size between any two planets, the Sun, Moon and other bodies. The display draws the two bodies to relative scaled size and labels them at the bottom of the display. Above each of the bodies is their diameter in Miles. The figures which appear between the two bodies show the ratio of the size of the larger to the smaller one. Note: If the ratio of size is written in Red, then the size dif- ference was beyond the resolution of the screen. Pressing the Esc key will exit the display. * Refer to Update Mode description of the Setup Time Menu. Planet Position Display This screen provides numerical information about the planets, Sun and Moon's position as viewed from Earth. The Right Ascension and Declination for each body are given along with its Altitude and Azimuth. Each time a key is pressed (excluding the Escape key and the 'A' key) or the Left mouse button is pressed, the display time is updated according to the Update Mode and the fields are recalcu- lated and redisplayed. Pressing the 'A' key or the Right Mouse button will cause the display to continuously update until another key is pressed. Pressing the Esc key or pressing the mouse Left and Right button will exit the display. * Refer to Update Mode description of the Setup Time Menu. Planet Distance Display This screen provides numerical information about the distance of the planets from the Earth and Sun. It displays the distance from the Earth to each of the Planets and the distance from each of the Planets to the Sun. The dis- tance is measured in Astronomical Units (AUs) and in Millions of miles. AUs are equal to 149.6 Million Kilometers or 92.96 Million Miles. Each time a key is pressed (excluding the Escape key and the 'A' key) or the Left mouse button is pressed, the display time is updated according to the Update Mode and the fields are recalcu- lated and redisplayed. Pressing the 'A' key or the Right Mouse button will cause the display to continuously update until another key is pressed. Pressing the Esc key or pressing the mouse Left and Right button will exit the display. * Refer to Update Mode description of the Setup Time Menu. Planet Rise Times Display This screen provides numerical information about the rise and set times of the planets, Moon and Sun. This display shows the rise and set time of each of the planets, the Sun and the Moon. The Total Rise column gives the amount of time the body is above the horizon. The Phase and Apparent Magnitude of each of the bodies are also listed. Each time a key is pressed (excluding the Escape key and the 'A' key) or the Left mouse button is pressed, the display time is updated according to the Update Mode and the fields are recalcu- lated and redisplayed. Pressing the 'A' key or the Right Mouse button will cause the display to continuously update until another key is pressed. Pressing the Esc key or pressing the mouse Left and Right button will exit the display. * Refer to Update Mode description of the Setup Time Menu. Pick Mode When in the HORIZON, ZENITH, SKY MAP or ORBITAL (zenith) display modes, the user has the option of picking an object on the dis- play to identify it. The object to be identified is selected using a graphics cursor. If the cursor is positioned within the capture range of an object, and the Retrn key is pressed, it will lock on to that object and display information about it. If the cursor is not within the capture range of an object, the Alti- tude/Azimuth and Right Ascension/Declination of the location selected is displayed. During Pick Mode, the user has the option of outlining the con- stellations (Asterisms) by pressing the 'o' key. These outlines can be left on during the 'Picking' process. To turn off the outlines simply press the 'o' key again. HOW TO USE THIS FEATURE: While in a display which supports Pick Mode, press the 'p' key to enter Pick mode. After all objects on the display have been updated to reflect the displayed time, Pick Mode will be entered. Move the cursor around the screen by pressing the arrow keys. For finer cursor movement press the SHIFT or NUM LOCK key along with an arrow key. When the cursor is pointing at the desired object, press the Retrn key to select it. If the cursor is within the capture range of an object the cursor will first be repositioned to point at the object. A pop up window will then appear which will provide details about the object. Depending on display type being viewed, the following information may be included: ? Altitude and Azimuth (See Technical notes for definition). ? Right Ascension and Declination. ? Distance from Sun and Earth ? Phase of the object. ? Apparent Magnitude of the object. ? Constellation the object is part of. ? Meaning of Constellation name. Ie. Orion, "THE HUNTER" ? Name of the object. ? Spectral Type of the object. ? Object Type (Planet,Comet,Star,Double Star,Nebula,etc.). A Microsoft Compatible Mouse can also be used in pick mode. While viewing one of the dsplays that supports pick mode, press- ing the left mouse button will enter pick mode, just as the 'p' key does. Once in pick mode, the mouse can be used to position the pointer the same way that the arrow keys do. When the pointer has been positioned to the desired object, the left button of the mouse can be used to select the object just as the Retrn key will. Pressing the right button of the mouse while in picked mode, with nothing currently selected, will exit pick mode the same way the Escape key will. Pressing the center mouse button in pick mode will toggle con- stellation drawing just as the 'o' key does. Pressing the Left and Right mouse buttons together, while not in pick mode, will exit the display and return to the main menu. Find Mode Find Mode will allow the user to select an object by name. If a matching name is found among the planets, comets, stars or other objects, the matching object will be displayed. Pick Mode will automatically be entered with the cursor preset to point at the selected object. This feature is available on the Horizon, Zenith and Sky Map displays. To use this feature, select the Horizon, Zenith or Sky Map dis- play from the main menu. A press of the 'f' key will display a pop-up menu. The name of the object to be located is entered at the cursor. The entered name may contain letters, numbers and wild-cards (discussed next). Pressing return accepts the input name and the search begins. As ojects are being search, matches to the input name are display whenever found. The user is asked whether this is the object they were looking for. If not, the search continues. If the object found is correct, the display boundaries will be adjusted if necessary to display the object. At this point, Pick Mode will automatically be entered and the cursor will appear pointing at the selected object. Pick mode will work the same as previously described at this point. On the Sky Map display, the display can always be adjusted to display the matched object. On the Horizon and Zenith displays, the display direction (or view angle) will only be adjusted if the object is above the horizon. Wild-cards are the '*' and the '?' characters. They can be placed anywhere in the search string when the exact name is not known. The '*' will match any amount of characters and the '?' will match any single character. Say we are looking for the star Betelgeuse in Orion but you're not quite sure how to spell it. Just enter bet*. Any object with its name starting with 'bet' followed by any other charac- ters will be a match. Another example is, you're looking for messier object M40-something. Enter the search string of m4?. This will match any three character string with the first two characters being m4. Menu Screen Descriptions This section describes the purpose and function of each of the menu screens. The overall layout consists of a main screen which has selections for each different displays on the upper half. Along the bottom of the menu are the sub-menu selections. Each of these allows the default parameters of COSMOS to be 'Tuned' to fit your specific application. The Color of the COSMOS menu screens may be altered to suit your individual taste. The default screen color starts out as Blue but can be changed per execution by using the '-C' program call option (see program call options for more details). The default of Blue can also be changed. Anytime the 'Save Setup' selection is made, the screen color currently in use becomes the new default color. Remember, the default screen color is used anytime the '-C' call option is not present. Main Menu The main menu is basically made up of two parts. One part allows the user to select a display to view. These graphic and table displays are listed below. Refer to description of each display type in the previous sections. To select one of the following display types, simply press the corresponding key to the display you wish to view. Provided that all user entered parameters from the setup menus are valid, a display will appear. If a mouse is active, a block cursor will appear within the Display Selection boundaries. Position- ing the block cursor near the display to be selected and then press the left button. This will have the same effect and pressing the selection key itself. Key Display See Page ___ _______ ________ 1 Horizon Display pg. 2 2 Zenith Display pg. 3 3 Sky Map Display pg. 4 4 Orbital (zenith) Display pg. 5 5 Orbital (ecliptic) Display pg. 6 6 Relative Sizes Display pg. 7 7 Distance Data pg. 7 8 Rise/Set Data pg. 8 9 Position Data pg. 7 0 Information for Display Controls Esc Exit Program Setup Menus The second part of the main menu is the Setup Sub- menu selections. These are found on the bottom two lines of the main menu. Using these setup menus, COSMOS can be configured simulate different events. To activate one of the setup menus, use the tab or arrow keys to cause the desired sub-menu box to blink. Pressing return will then cause a pop up menu to appear where new parameters can be entered. If a mouse is installed, pressing the right button will simulate the TAB key being pressed. Pressing the left/right button combination will simulate the RETURN key being pressed. To change the values in a setup menu, begin by using the Tab key to position the cursor to the field to be changed. Enter the new value and press the Return key. The back space key may be used during value entry. When all fields are changed as desired, the Esc key is pressed to return to the Main Menu. If a mouse is installed, the left and right buttons can be used instead of the Tab and Esc keys respec- tively. If a field in the setup menu was being entered and the Return key has not yet been pressed, the Esc key will treat the field as though the Return key had been pressed before exiting back to the main menu. The 'Trails' and 'View Direction' setup selections do not have sub-menus. Instead they toggle/advance the current value with each press of the Return key. Time Setup Menu This menu is used to define the time for which the display is drawn and to define how much time each consecutive display is advanced. UPDATE MODE- If System Clock (0) mode is selected then the system's clock is used to derive the time for each consecutive display and the value of Update Rate is ignored. The value of User Defined time is also ignored. Values other than 'System Clock' use the User De- fined Time described below. Incrementing each consecutive display is done by adding the Update Rate to the displayed time according to the display mode. A Sidereal Day is one revolution of the Earth with reference to the stars ( instead of the Sun). It is approximately equal to 23 hours and 56 minutes. A Lunar Day is one revolution of the Earth with reference to the Moon (instead of the Sun). It is approximately equal to 1 day and 50 minutes. UPDATE RATE defines how much time is added to each consecutive display. It is used whenever the 'System Clock' Update Mode is NOT selected. See Update Mode definition. MONTH, DAY, YEAR, HOUR, MIN, SEC are used to set the User Defined Time. See Update Mode. * NOTE *: User defined time is specified in Local Time including Daylight Savings Time when applicable. Star Setup Menu This menu is used to configure how stars will be displayed when viewing the Horizon, Zenith and Sky Map displays. Stars can be turned on or off and the viewable magnitude limits can be adjusted. DISPLAY STARS selects whether or not stars are displayed on the Horizon, Zenith and Sky Map dis- plays (Note: our Sun is not considered to be in the set of stars but is treated more like a planet) ENLARGE STARS, If set, brighter stars will be drawn larger than dimmer stars and comets will be drawn as a cross. Although this selection creates stars which are not true to size, it may be helpful for Non-EGA/VGA monitors which can not show different star intensities. It may also be useful for creating more readable printouts on the print device. The CUTOFF values used for determining intensities are the same values used to determine plotting size. FIRST CUTOFF, Stars with magnitudes between minus infinity and the First Cutoff are displayed in a high intensity white or largest size. SECOND CUTOFF, stars with magnitudes between the first cutoff and the second cutoff are displayed in a medium intensity white or a medium size. THIRD CUTOFF, stars with magnitudes between the second cutoff and the third cutoff are displayed in a low intensity white or a small size. Stars with magnitudes dimmer than the third cutoff are not displayed at all. These cutoff values allow the user to limit the stars displayed, to the stars that can actually be seen due to the amount of ambient city lights where they are located. Planet Setup Menu This menu is used to select which bodies will appear on the displays and which bodies will be listed in the tables. Select 'Yes' to enable the display of each body and 'No' to disable it. Yes, Carl Sagan, I know, the Sun, Moon and Comets are not really planets, but this is where you select them. Location Setup Menu This menu allows the user to define where they are located on the planet Earth. This information is not used in the Orbital or sky map Displays. Nor is it used on the Planet Distances display. LONGITUDE is the observer's longitude on Earth. This value is used in the Horizon and Zenith Dis- plays and Positions Table. West of the Prime Merid- ian is positive and East is negative. Example: Mpls, Mn. is approximately +90 Columbus, Ohio is approx. +80 LATITUDE is the observer's latitude on Earth. North of the Equator is positive and South is negative. Example: Mpls, Mn. is approximately +45 Columbus, Ohio is approx. +40 TIME ZONE describes the difference between Greenwich time and local time. Example : Central Time is a +6. Eastern Time is a +5. New Zealand is in -12. Trails Setup Selection LEAVE TRAIL selects whether the bodies on the graph- ical displays leave a trail behind them as they move. This is useful for examining the paths they are following. View Direction Setup Selection VIEW DIRECTION is used to select which direction you are looking when using the Horizon Display. Direc- tion is the same as it's measured using a magnetic compass. The full 360 degree circle is broken into eight directions; North, North East, East, South East, South, South West, West, and North West. Zenith View Angle Setup Menu ZENITH VIEW ANGLE defines the lowest Altitude that an object can currently be at, and still appear on the Zenith display. The smaller the value, the narrower the imaginary cone of view above you will be. A value of zero provides a fish eye view of the looking up, including the whole horizon around the edge of the circle. Sky Map Window Setup Menu The values entered here define the location about which the Sky Map will be centered and how much Right Ascension will be included between the left and the right edges of the window. CENTER (RA) defines the value of right ascension that the sky map display will begin at. CENTER (DEC) defines the value of the declination that the sky map display will begin at. WIDTH (RA) defines the amount of right ascension that will be displayed between the left and right edge of the sky map display. Save Setup Selection SAVE MENU SETUP will save the current state of the menu selections and definitions. NOTE: The saved menu configuration is read in at program startup. This will enable you to set items such as your longitude, latitude and time zone, then have them come up as the default every time you run the program. Example, Go through all the menus setting up the parameters the way they apply to your specific situation. Then select the Save Menu Setup option by moving the flashing-option cursor to the Save Menu Setup box followed by pressing the Retrn key. A pop up window will appear confirming the save. From now on the menus will be setup this way every time you start the program. Restore Setup Selection RESTORE MENU SETUP will reread the MENU.SAV file and reload the default menu setup parameters that the program starts up with. Files used by COSMOS This section describes the files used by COSMOS. It explains their usage and where applicable, their format. STARFILE This file contains the star data used by COSMOS. COSMOS will read as many of the stars from STARFILE as will fit into the available memory on your sys- tem. The chime tone will sound if the number of stars read in was limited due to lack of available memory. This file is in binary format and contains the following information, which can be seen when an object is PICKED in Pick Mode. ? Right Ascension of the object. ? Declination of the object. ? Magnitude (apparent) of the object. ? Which constellation the object belongs to. ? The name of the object. ? Spectral Type of the object. ? Object Type, Ie. - Star, Double Star, Nebula, etc. COMETFIL This file contains the orbital elements for periodic comets. The file has the format field 1: Comet Type (p-periodic , n-nonperiodic *-comment line) **** for Periodic Comets **** field 2: Perihelion Epoch field 3: Perihelion longitude (degrees) field 4: Longitude of ascending node (degrees) field 5: Period (years) field 6: Semi-major axis of orbit (AU) field 7: Eccentricity ( only values < 0.98 ) field 8: Inclination of orbit (degrees) field 9: Name of comet (no spaces, less than 20 chars) ***** for Non-Period (Parabolic) Comets **** field 2: Perihelion Epoch data field 3: Perihelion Distance (AU) field 4: Argument of Perihelion (degrees) field 5: Longitude of ascending node (degrees) field 6: Inclination (degrees) field 7: Name of comet (no spaces, less than 20 chars) Any line with an asterick (*) in the first column is treated as a comment line. *NOTE: ALL fields must be filled in for the particu- lar comet type. Currently, minimal verification is performed on the data. MENU.SAV This is the file used to save the current setup of the menus. Refer to its definition under the Save Setup section of the Setup-Menus description. Every time COSMOS is started, this file is read (if it exists) and the menu default parameters are loaded from it. This file is also read to Restore the default menu parameters on the 'Restore Menu' option. COSMOS.DOC This document in a format suitable for printing on a standard draft printer. COSMOS.EXE The executable program. Technical Notes Program Call After moving to the directory which contains the COSMOS.exe, starfile. and optional menu.sav files, the program should be called as follows: COSMOS {-options} Where current options are: s -Do not pause during title display. n -Do not correct for Daylight Savings Time. ( For Countries which do not use DST ) d -Use European Daylight Savings Time Dates. A -Use Australian Daylist Savings Time Dates. v -Force VGA display mode. (640x480, 16 colors) e -Force EGA display mode. (640x350, 16 colors) E -Force EGA MONO display mode. (640x350, 2 colors) c -Force CGA display mode. (320x200, 4 colors, palette 1) m -Force Monochrome display mode. (640x200, 2 colors) h -Force Hercules display mode. (720x348, 2 colors) l# -Limit the stars loaded into the program to those whos magnitude is greater than #. x# -Limit the Maximum number of stars loaded from STARFILE to # C# - Use the color # for menu screens where 1-Blue 2-Green 3-Cyan 4-Red 5-Violet 6-Brown 0-Black M -Do Not invert the Foreground/Background colors on sub-menu screens. P# - Number of passes over the paper when printing ( default is One ) Examples: COSMOS -d -C2 { Would use European DST correction and would use Green for the Menu Color } COSMOS -v -n { Would turn off DST correction AND force the program to override the detected graphics mode and use VGA graphics display mode instead. *** NOTE ***: OPTIONS ARE CASE SENSITIVE. COSMOS Environment Variable If there is an environment variable named COSMOS set, the program will use its value as the path to access the files used by the program and you will no longer have to change to your COSMOS directory for the COSMOS program to find its files. As an example, add the line SET COSMOS=C:\COSMOS to the autoexec.bat file (assuming the directory c:\COSMOS contains the COSMOS program and all it's related files). Reboot your system. Now change to any other directory, say the root directory. Execute the COSMOS program (c:\COSMOS\COSMOS). COSMOS will still be able to find its working files even though you are not in the COSMOS directory. GMT Time / Local Time /Daylight Savings Time COSMOS thinks in terms of Greenwich Mean Time, but interfaces with the user in their Local Time. COSMOS uses the value you set in TIME ZONE (see the Location Menu) to make this correction. Your system clock should always be set to the cor- rect local time. This includes daylight savings time if applicable. If daylight savings time is not instituted where you are located or you do not want to set your system's clock in daylight saving time, COSMOS can be called with the 'n' option. This will instruct the program not to make any corrections for daylight savings time and will expect the clock to be set to Local Standard time. NOTE: Daylight Savings Time is assumed to begin on the FIRST Sunday in April and end on the LAST Sunday in October (U.S. DST). European DST (see the 'd' program call option) is assumed to begin on the LAST Sunday in March and end on the LAST Sunday in Sep- tember. Australian DST (see the 'A' program call option) is assumed to begin on the last Sunday in October and end on the First Sunday in March. Phase The phase of a body is defined as follows: (using the Moon phases as an example) 0 or 360 degrees is the New Moon. 270 degrees is the first half (Waxing half). 180 degrees is the full Moon. 90 degrees is the last half (Waning half). This applies to all other solar system bodies. Altitude and Azimuth Altitude and Azimuth describe the elevation and compass direction an object is from the observer. Altitude is measured in degrees above the horizon. 0.0 is on the horizon and 90.0 is straight up at zenith. A negative altitude implies that the object is below the horizon. Azimuth is measured in degrees from North. 0.0 is North, 90.0 is East, 180.0 is South and 270.0 is West. AU Astronomical Units Astronomical Units are a measure of length which are roughly equal to the radius of the Earth's orbit around the Sun at its farthest point. 1 AU = 149.6 Million kilometers. Formulas used by the program The formulas used by this program were derived using the book 'Practical astronomy with your calculator' written by Duffet Smith, Peter. Published by Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge 1979, 1981. Development System This program was written using Turbo-C++ 1.01 on a Unisys IT with an EGA/VGA display and a 80287. Program Accuracy The accuracy of the positions calculated and plotted vary by a couple of minutes of arc at most. This will produce plots that are well within the needs of an amateur astronomer. COSMOS, however, should not be used for the purpose of Interstellar Navigation (you may get lost). Astronomical Experiments These are just some of the ways you can use COSMOS to watch the heavens move. Many more are possible, it's up to your imagination. ? Watch a complete day go by in minutes. To see the Sun, Moon and the planets traverse the sky while you watch it a simple task. To see this motion set the Update Mode to "Increment by minutes" and set the Update Rate to four or five. Turn off the stars to increase the display update speed. Look at the southern horizon and watch the days go by. ? Watch the stars circle the North Star as the Earth rotates through a day. The North Star is approximately aligned with the Earth's axis of rotation. If you photograph the northern sky with long exposures you will get a picture with the stars forming concentric circles around the North Star. To create this picture using COSMOS, set up the horizon display to view the northern sky from a northern latitude. Turn on "Bodies Leave Trails." Set the Update Mode to "Increment Minutes" and the Update Rate to about 5. As you watch each frame of the display progress the concentric circles appear. ? Watch the Sun's height in the sky at noon change through out the year. As the Earth travels around the Sun, the angle between an observer on the Earth and the Sun changes. On the Winter Solstice the Sun is low in the sky at noon and on the Summer Solstice it reach- es its high point. To see this you can use the program to display the position of the Sun every day at noon. Set the "Bodies Leave Trails" to YES. Set the Update Mode to Increment Day and set the Update Rate to one. Turn off the display of stars. Displaying the southern horizon you will see the Sun Rise as Summer ap- proaches and then began to fall as Fall leads to Winter. ? Watch the movement of the Sun during a Summer day above the Arctic Circle. At latitudes above the Arctic Circle the Sun will not set on the longest day of the year, June 21. To recreate this 24 hour day, set the viewer's latitude to a value between 66.5 and 90.0. Set the time of display to be June 21 of any year. This can be accomplished by setting the Update Mode to Increment Minutes and the Update Rate to about five. Turn off the display of stars to increase the update speed. If you watch the Suns movement during one full day you will notice that the sun did not rise and set but rather that it followed a path of equal height around the horizon. If you display Planetary Data (from the main menu) you will notice that the Rise/Set time for the Sun is "Never Sets." ? Watch the retrograde motion of the planets. The retrograde motion of the planets refers to the way they wander through the constellations from night to night. In fact, the word planet means wanderer. To see this motion, set the Update Mode to "Incre- ment Sidereal Day" and set the Update rate to two or three. This mode updates the display by the same amount of time it takes the stars to return to the same position in the sky each consecutive night. Turning off the display of the Moon and Sun is recommended for this experiment. If you set "Bodies Leave Trails" the planets will draw their paths through the stars as they move. A recommended Date/Location setup for this display is; look at the southern horizon from North America at Midnight on September 1. With Stars displayed it can take up to fifteen minutes (with math co-processor) to get an interesting display. Caveats Since this program was written on an EGA/VGA system, the displays were optimized to look best in EGA and VGA modes. Although the program does run in CGA mode, the display is of lower quality (due to the low resolution) and is limited in usefulness if any detail is required. The program is very math intensive and needs a math co-processor to run effectively, especially on systems with slow clock speeds. The program will run without math co-processor support. However, the program becomes limited in its display updating due to the long calculation times of the math emula- tion routines. If you have a math co-processor and are interested in seeing just how slow this program will run with- out it, do the following. Before executing COSMOS (at the DOS prompt), type "set 87=n". The program, when run, will detect this value and use floating point emulation routines instead of the math chip. Now that you have seen what a good investment your math co-processor is, you can enable it by exiting COSMOS and typing "set 87=y." NOTE: The " (Quotes) were not supposed to be typed in. History of Enhancements Revision 5.73 5-9-88 First Public Release Revision 5.74 5-25-88 New Memory Model allows all stars in STARFILE to fit into memory. Problem with program stating "Rename program to COSMOS.exe" when DOS switch char is changed has been fixed. Attempted fix for intermittent math error on some systems was made. Revision 5.75 6-1-88 Program uses expanded star file which now includes star names/descriptions and also has more stars. Revision 5.76 6-11-88 Added menu selection to reread the default menu setup from file MENU.SAV. Revision 5.77 6-14-88 Fixed two coding errors which caused floating point math errors. Revision 5.78 6-20-88 Test of Star Pick functions (UNRELEASED) Revision 5.79 6-22-88 Changed format of STARFILE to binary file. Stars load in 1/4 the old load time. Revision 5.80 6-24-88 Fixed error in program that incorrectly rounded star magnitude cutoff values to integers. Revision 5.81 6-25-88 Added constellation highlighting feature when a star is Picked (See horizon display for details). This new menu option causes old menu.sav files to become invalid. Execute Menu Save option again. Changed the color of Neptune so that it is different than Jupiter. Revision 5.82 6-26-88 First version to have Pick cursor working. Cursor shape needs more work. Revision 5.83 6-29-88 Method for highlighting constellations changed; no longer use menu option to determine whether to highlight. Instructions on how to use Pick Modeare now given interactively to the user. Revision 5.84 7-2-88 Program now uses and displays constellation names instead of IAU designation. Revision 5.85 7-3-88 Fixed problem that stars which are already plotted on the horizon display are erased because another star tries to plot on top of it. Fixed problem in pick display where it left out the negative sign on negative declinations. Revision 5.86 8-7-88 Combined Program Logo screen and the star reading screen into one Logo screen. Revision 5.87 8-14-88 Added 'Up' field to Planetary Data Display. This field contains an up-arrow if the body is above the horizon at the displayed time. Revision 5.88 8-18-88 First TEST version released with print out option on the horizon screen. Revision 5.89 8-29-88 Made changes to the horizon printout routine. Other Internal changes. Revision 5.90 9-6-88 Changed time printout on Horizon display to show start time and current time when 'leave trails' is on. This then shows how long it took to make the trails on the screen. Revision 5.91 9-9-88 Made same change as 5.90 to the Orbit display. Revision 6.00 9-10-88 Fix to compiler now allows program to be compiled using Huge memory model. This allowed the following enhancements. Put 'Display Help' function back in to program. Did more work on Horizon display printout feature. Added screen dump function to the Orbit display. Incorporated .BGI and .CHR files into the program, they no longer needed to be external. Added update increment of 'Lunar Day' to time setup menu. Revision 6.01 9-12-88 Added 'Planet Distances' display. Revision 6.02 9-13-88 Changed 'Planet Distances' display to show distance of planets from Sun and from Earth. Revision 6.03 9-15-88 Added distance measurement of Miles on the 'Planets Distances' display. Revision 6.04 9-16-88 Fixed memory allocation problem on systems with 256k of memory. Added messages to confirm writing and reading of the menu save file. Revision 6.05 9-17-88 Split out Planetary data display into three separate displays. 1-Planet Positions 2-Planet distances and 3-Planet rise/set times. Revision 6.06 9-18-88 Added check in display printout routine to check for printer being off line. Revision 6.07 9-21-88 COSMOS now displays the update mode and rate at the bottom of the horizon display. Revision 6.08 9-23-88 Total-Rise-Time column added to the Rise-Times display. Revision 6.09 10-1-88 Cursor (in pick mode) now wraps around instead of stopping at the screen edges. Revision 6.10 10-22-88 Enhanced program to use COSMOS environment variable. (See Program Call section of document) Revision 6.11 11-1-88 Added Monochrome (640x200) mode as a valid display mode. Revision 6.12 11-6-88 Fixed potential problem with program selecting non- supported advanced graphics modes. Revision 6.13 11-29-88 Fixed problem of not plotting N.East stars when viewing N.West on the horizon display. Fixed program so it is now possible to PICK (see pick mode) the North Star. Revision 6.14 11-30-88 Added support for European Daylight Savings Time. Revision 7.00 12-06-88 Added display to show the size difference between planets (see Size Display description) Revision 7.01 12-07-88 Upgraded compiler for program to Turbo-C 2.0 Revision 7.02 12-12-88 Fixed problem with program crashing when dumping display to printer in VGA mode. Revision 7.03 12-13-88 Fixed a rare bug in displaying the setting times of bodies when latitude is AT the Arctic Circle. Revision 7.04 12-17-88 Added Reset-Zoom function to Orbit Display. Fixed error on the Help Display. Revision 7.05 12-22-88 Added support for Hercules Display mode. Revision 7.06 12-23-88 COSMOS now displays the update mode and rate at the bottom of the Orbit display. Revision 7.07 12-24-88 Enhanced PICK Mode to allow a Planet, the Sun or the Moon to be selected. Revision 7.08 12-26-88 Added Planet Magnitude information to the Rise- Times display and the Pick Mode pop-up windows. Revision 7.09 12-28-88 Fixes made to better support Hercules Monochrome Mode. Revision 7.10 12-30-88 Fixed problem with selecting the Moon in Pick Mode on Horizon Display. Revision 7.11 1-3-89 Changed program to list all valid options if program is started with an invalid option. Revision 7.12 1-7-89 Fixed a bug that would not allow -10,-11 or -12 to be entered into the TIME ZONE field on the LOCATION menu. Revision 7.13 1-10-89 Removed check that would not let user enter Pick Mode when no stars had been plotted. Related to change in version 7.07 Revision 7.14 1-23-89 Fixed error that caused intermittent program crashes due to floating point math errors. Revision 8.00 2/7/89 Added Zenith Display Mode. Revision 8.01 2/8/89 Added Zenith View Angle control from the main menu. MENU.SAV file must be recreated. MENU.SAV file created from previous version can not be used. Revision 8.02 2/8/89 Fix to Zenith display to catch PICKS being made outside the display circle. Revision 8.03 2/9/89 Changed layout of Zenith display to make it appear more as the sky would if looking up. Labeled West and East sides of Zenith display. Revision 8.04 3/8/89 Starfile fixed to label Cancer constellation cor- rectly. No actual changes to program. Revision 8.05 3/17/89 Added automatic updating feature to the data dis- plays -Rise Time display, Distance display, etc. Revision 8.06 4/28/89 Added scroll functionality to the HORIZON display. Revision 8.07 4/30/89 Added the Ecliptic Orbit Display. Revision 8.08 7/04/89 Fixed program to force 80 column mode for text displays. Starfile enhanced to include names for over %75 of the stars and messier objects. Revision 8.09 7/20/89 Improved accuracy of display on small bodies on the Size Display screen. Added Auriga-Beta and Betel- geuse to the size-display. Revision 8.10 7/22/89 Change displaying of large numbers to include commas to increase readability. Revision 8.11 7/23/89 Enhanced graphics initialization to improve speed. Added the -l# command line option, which will limit the minimum magnitude of stars loaded into the program from the STARFILE. Revision 8.12 7/23/89 Enhanced the program to handle the Ega Monochrome display mode. See command line option "-E". Revision 8.13 7/24/89 Enhanced environment variable check so COSMOS environment no longer needs to end with a backslash. (See COSMOS Environment Variable section for more details). Revision 9.01 7/26/89 Added sky map display mode. Revision 9.02 7/27/89 Enhanced sky map display to allow pick mode func- tions. Revision 9.03 7/31/89 Optimized drawing of the sky map display to increase update speed on panning and zooming. Revision 9.04 7/31/89 Added option to allow user to specify that they want larger stars drawn to emulate brighter stars. ( see Star Setup Menu section for details ). This version requires that the old menu.sav be deleted and re- generated. Add check in program to watch for old (incompatible) menu.sav files. Revision 9.05 7/31/89 Added menu inputs for Centering the sky map Display on a given coordinate. COSMOS is now archived for delivery and installation programs are provided. Revision 9.06 8/3/89 Corrected program error in highlighting constella- tion stars on sky map display during pick mode. Revision 9.07 8/4/89 Corrected the scaling of the declination on the sky map display. Revision 9.08 8/6/89 Fixed error occurring on sky map display when window width value caused window to span the 0h/24h Right Ascension point. Enhanced sky map to fill in the last viewed coordinate into main menu. Revision 10.00 8/19/89 Finally, what everyone has been asking for, New Menu Displays. Revision 10.01 8/21/89 Fixed some range checking errors created by version 10.00. Revision 10.02 8/30/89 Added other planetary moons to the Size Display. Revision 10.03 8/30/89 On size display, size ratio is now written in Red if the Relative size difference is beyond the resolu- tion of the screen. Revision 10.04 9/3/89 Changed Restore-Menu function to reset Update-Mode value back to 'Use System Clock'. Revision 10.05 9/6/89 Made minor changes to the appearance of the menus. Revision 10.06 9/7/89 Fixed problem which prevented user from entering values between 00h 00m and -01h 00m for the Center Declination value on the sky map sub-menu. Revision 10.07 9/8/89 Changed the size defined for Pluto on Size Display. Enhanced a weak point in memory management section of program. Revision 10.08 9/23/89 Fixed error in routine that puts commas into large numbers which are printed on the display. Revision 11.01 9/30/89 Added Mouse control for Microsoft Compatible mice on star displays and orbital displays. Revision 11.02 10/1/89 Added mouse control on data displays to update screen and exit display. Added audible signal when errors occur. Revision 11.03 10/1/89 Added program call option '-C' which allows user to select the color of the menu screens. The current value of menu screen color was also added to the MENU.SAV file which will require deletion and recre- ation of the MENU.SAV file. Revision 11.04 10/1/89 Added the ability to select a display type from the main menu via the mouse. Added mouse control to aid in viewing the Help screens. Revision 11.05 10/1/89 Reversed Left and Right Mouse button usage to make the Left button the 'main' button. Revision 11.06 10/2/89 Improved routines which read mouse button presses and now use the LEFT & RIGHT mouse button combina- tion as an effective third button. Revision 11.07 10/6/89 Fixed problem introduce when mouse interface was added in 11.06. Revision 11.08 10/7/89 Added extra mouse control for three button mice. Revision 11.09 10/8/89 Added mouse support to access setup menus on main menu screen. (See Menu Description for details) Revision 11.10 10/8/89 On Setup Menus, the Left mouse button can be used as the Tab key and the Right button can be used as the Retrn key. Revision 11.11 10/9/89 Fixed a problem with right scroll function using mouse buttons. Added 't' function key on all star displays to toggle 'leave trails' mode on/off. ( The same way that the orbital displays have worked ) Revision 11.12 10/12/89 Fixed problem with scrolling left/right on Horizon display (with mouse) after selecting up/down mode on sky map display. Revision 11.13 10/25/89 Fixed problem with toggling Trails On/Off using the 't' key on the star displays. Revision 11.14 10/29/89 Changed 'm' key press on sky map display to resume last window parameters on second press of 'm'. Revision 11.15 11/01/89 Fixed a problem with the implementation of version 11.14. Revision 12.00 11/5/89 Added 'outline' feature to draw in the constellation asterisms on star displays. This feature works while the display is paused in Pick Mode. Removed old highlight stars option in pick mode. Revision 12.01 11/10/89 Added more asterisms to the constellation drawing feature. Revision 12.02 11/11/89 Added 'Meaning' of constellation name, ie. Orion "THE HUNTER", to the object description during pick mode. Revision 12.03 11/19/89 Cosmetic changes only. Revision 12.04 12/1/89 Added more stars to starfile. Starfile now a version 4.0. Enhanced COSMOS to enable it to load more stars from starfile into available memory. Revision 12.05 12/1/89 Added program call option '-x#' to allow user to limit the number of stars COSMOS will load from starfile. Revision 12.06 01/4/90 Corrected problem with drawing horizon outline when display was in a monochrome mode. Revision 12.07 01/6/90 COSMOS now watchs for the Ctrl-Break Key and exits program promptly and cleanly. Revision 12.08 01/19/90 A Bug in the C-compiler caused COSMOS to intermit- tently hang the computer while displaying the Rise/Set screen. This only happened when a math co- processor was NOT present. The problem has been circumvented artificially for now and is waiting for a fix to the compilier bug. Revision 12.09 01/26/90 Changed COSMOS to default to 640x200 monochrome mode instead of 320x200 4 color mode when only a CGA graphics card is detected. The -c option will still force the 320x200 4 color mode if desired. Revision 12.10 03/24/90 Made changes to help improve the accuracy of the Sun's rise and set times. Revision 12.11 04/18/90 Added Pick Mode to the Orbital (Zenith) Display. Revision 13.00 04/19/90 Added the ability to display Periodic Comets on the Orbital Displays. Added Pick Mode the the Orbital (zenith) display. Revision 13.01 04/23/90 Added Parabolic Comets (non-periodic) to the Orbital Displays. Revision 13.02 04/23/90 Corrected problem with showning height of planets above the ecliptic on the Orbital (ecliptic) dis- play. Revision 13.03 04/24/90 Added the values of Right Ascension and Declination to the data in the Pick Mode pop-up window for the Orbital (zenith) display. Revision 13.04 04/25/90 Added Comets to the Horizon, Zenith and Map dis- plays. Revision 13.05 04/27/90 Added the ability to turn off the display of comets. Revision 13.06 04/27/90 Added Phase and Approximate Magnitude information on Pick Mode pop-up windows when selecting a comet. Revision 13.08 05/15/90 Added the -M and -C0 program startup options. This will allow Monochrome Graphics users more compati- bility. Revision 13.09 05/26/90 Improved accuracy of comet magnitude calculation. Revision 13.10 05/30/90 When an object has been 'picked' and the pop-up information window is being displayed, pressing the 'l' key dumps the screen to the printer. Revision 13.11 06/10/90 Added Daylight Savings Time adjustment for Austra- lia. Revision 13.12 06/17/90 Corrected a problem which caused areas of the 'DOS Prompt Background Color' to show up on the Planet Data (Position, Rise/Set, Distance) Displays. Revision 13.13 08/03/90 Fixed problem which prevented Pluto from being disabled on the PLANETS menu. Revision 13.14 08/03/90 Added the -P command line option for Printer Con- trol. Revision 13.15 08/10/90 Enhanced 'Enlarged Stars' setting to distinguish comets by drawing them as a cross shape. Revision 13.16 09/23/90 Added the ability to display Sidereal time as well as local time on the Horizon, Zenith and Map dis- plays. Revision 13.17 10/06/90 When picking 'open space' on the Horizon, Zenith and Map displays, the Right Ascension and Declination of that point are displayed. Revision 13.18 10/15/90 COSMOS is now aware that Daylight Savings Time was not instituted until 1967. Revision 13.19 11/14/90 When toggling between Sidereal time and Local time, the display is updated immediately. Revision 14.00 12/11/90 Added Find Mode on Map Display. Finds stars,planets,comets by name. Revision 14.01 12/12/90 Fixed problem with character echo in graphics mode caused by Version 14.00 Revision 14.02 12/13/90 Fixed problem with Find Mode in locating Comets. Revision 14.03 12/18/90 Internal Changes, using Turbo C++ version 1.01 Revision 14.04 12/22/90 COSMOS now uses OVERLAYS to allow more stars to be loaded into memory by swapping out portions of the program. Added the -X option to control use of Expanded and Extended memory overlay swapping. Revision 14.05 12/23/90 Added the 'Program Information' window as an option on the main menu. Revision 14.06 12/30/90 Added the FIND function to the Zenith Display. Revision 14.07 01/01/91 Added the FIND function to the Horizon Display. Revision 14.08 01/12/91 Cosmetic Fixes Only. Revision 14.09 01/26/91 Fixed problem that intermitently caused floating point math errors when "picking" a Planet. Revision 14.11 02/10/91 Corrected problem which displayed incorrect Ra/Dec values when an open area was Picked on the sky map display. Terms of License As the licensee of the Full Function Version (ex- clude limited version) of this program, you may use the program on one computer. If you are an individ- ual (but not a company or an institution), you may use the program on any other computer(s) that you own personally. Companies and Institutions must register one copy per computer or obtain a site license. Copyright Notice If the version number displayed on the first screen ends with '(Limited),' this version of COSMOS is being distributed as a Limited Demonstration ver- sion. Its limitations are that it will work only for a limited date range and that it includes fewer stars in the data base. The Full Function version will work between the years 1700 and 2500. The full function version also includes over 10,000 stars and messier objects. The Full Function version can be requested by send- ing a support donation using the form at the end of this document. Limitations on distribution and use include the following: No responsibility for the operation of COSMOS is assumed or implied by its author. The user of COSMOS uses the program at their own risk. The author assumes no responsibly for damages caused by use of this program. This program and its documentation may not be dis- tributed if any changes have been made. The copyright notice and statement of authorship must not be modified or removed. All copies of the Full-Function (Unlimited) version must be registered and may not be distributed. COSMOS may not be distributed for profit. Use the following form to purchase the Full-Function (Unlimited) version of COSMOS. Remit to: Gene W. Lee Order Form 7500 Colorado Ave N. 14.11 Brooklyn Park, Mn 55443-2905 Please send: ____ COSMOS Disk (Full-Function Version).... @ $31.50 ea. $ ____ (includes program and manual on disk) ____ COSMOS Upgrade to Latest Version ( Indicate Ser. Number ) (If Diskette is returned with Request Form) $16.50 $ ____ (If New Diskette is Desired) $18.00 $ ____ ____ Floppy Format: 5.25" or 3.5" ( Add $2.50 for 3.5" ) $ ____ (Minnesota residents add 6.0% sales tax) Tax $ ____ Total $ ______ Payment by: ( ) Check drawn on US Bank ( ) Money Order Name: ____________________________________________________________ Organization: _______________________________________________________ Address: ____________________________________________________________ : ____________________________________________________________ : ____________________________________________________________ Day Phone: (___) _________________ Eve: (___) ___________________ ORDERS OUTSIDE THE US: Use check or Money Order drawn on US BANK in US DOLLARS. Add $5 for non-US shipping except when upgrading. Sorry, no C.O.D. orders will be accepted. (T) WARNING: YOU MAY NOT USE COSMOS WITHIN YOUR ORGANIZATION WITHOUT A PURCHASE OR LICENSE ARRANGEMENT. WARNING: The author assumes no responsibility for damages caused by uses of this program. System-Type Survey Computer Type _______________________________________ Speed ____Mhz System Memory _______ Monitor Type ____________ Math Chip _______ Index Ability, 31, 33, 34, 35 Able, 4, 20 Accepted, 37 Accepts, 10 Access, 20, 32 Accomplished, 23 According, 7, 8, 13 Account, 4 Accuracy, 22, 29, 33, 34 Activate, 12 Active, 11 Actual, 29 Actually, 14 Add, 20, 30, 37 Added, 13, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Adding, 13 Address, 37 Adjusted, 10, 13 Adjustment, 34 Advance, 13 Advanced, 13, 27 Aid, 31 Aligned, 22 Allocation, 27 Allow, 1, 5, 6, 10, 14, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35 Allowed, 26 Allows, 7, 10, 11, 14, 25, 26, 31 Altered, 10 Altitude, 3, 7, 8, 9, 15, 21 Amateur, 22 Ambient, 14 America, 23 Amount, 4, 8, 10, 14, 16, 23 Angle, 3, 15, 23, 29 Anytime, 11 Apparent, 8, 9, 17 Appear, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, 22, 29 Appearance, 31 Applicable, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 17, 20 Application, 10 Applies, 21 Apply, 16 Approach, 2, 3 Approaches, 23 Approx, 15 Approximate, 2, 3, 34 Approximately, 13, 15, 22 April, 20 Arc, 2, 22 Archived, 30 Arctic, 23, 28 Area, 4 Areas, 34 Argument, 18 Arithmetic, 1 ARRANGEMENT, 37 Arrow, 4, 9, 12 Arrows, 2, 4 Artificially, 33 Ascending, 17, 18 Ascension, 4, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 30, 34, 35 Asked, 10 Asking, 30 Aspect, 4 Assume, 2, 3 Assumed, 20, 21, 36 Assumes, 5, 6, 36, 37 Assuming, 20 Asterick, 18 Asterisms, 9, 32 Astronomer, 22 Astronomical, 1, 7, 21, 22 Astronomy, 22 Ation, 31 Attempted, 25 Attempts, 2, 3, 5, 6 AU, 17, 18, 21 Audible, 31 Auriga-Beta, 29 AUs, 7 Austra, 34 Australian, 19, 21 Author, 36, 37 Authorship, 36 Autoexec, 20 Automatic, 29 Automatically, 4, 10 Ave, 37 Aware, 35 Axis, 17, 22 Azimuth, 7, 8, 9, 21 A' key, 7, 8 Back, 5, 6, 12, 26, 31 Background, 19, 34 Backslash, 30 Base, 1, 36 Basically, 11 Bat, 20 Become, 25 Becomes, 11, 24 Began, 23 Begin, 12, 16, 20, 21 Begins, 10 Behind, 15 Being, 1, 9, 10, 12, 27, 29, 34, 36 Belongs, 17 Best, 2, 4, 5, 6, 24 Bet, 10 Betel, 29 Betelgeuse, 10 Better, 28 Bility, 34 Black, 19 Blink, 12 Block, 11 Blue, 11, 19 Bodies Leave Trails, 22 Boundaries, 4, 10, 11 BRIGHT, 14 Brighter, 14, 30 Brightness, 2, 3, 4 Bring, 10 Brown, 19 Button, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 32 Buttons, 10, 12, 32 Calculated, 4, 22 Calculation, 24, 34 Calculator, 22 Call, 1, 11, 18, 21, 24, 27, 31, 33 Called, 19, 20 Cambridge, 22 Can, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 24, 29, 32, 36 Cancer, 29 Capture, 8, 9 Card, 33 Carl, 14 Catch, 29 Cause, 7, 8, 12 Caused, 25, 28, 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37 Causes, 25 Caveats, 24 Celestial, 1 Center, 4, 16, 31 Centered, 16 Centering, 30 Central, 15 CGA, 1, 19, 24, 33 Change, 2, 3, 12, 20, 23, 26, 28, 29 Changed, 11, 12, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 32, 33 Changes, 2, 23, 26, 29, 31, 33, 35, 36 Char, 25 Character, 10, 35 Characters, 10 Chars, 17, 18 Check, 27, 28, 30, 37 Checking, 30 Chime, 17 Chip, 24, 37 Circle, 2, 3, 15, 16, 22, 23, 28, 29 Circles, 22 Circumvented, 33 City, 14 Cleanly, 33 Clock, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 20, 24, 31 Clockwise, 5 Clock' Update, 13 Clude, 36 Co, 33 Coding, 25 Color, 10, 11, 19, 20, 25, 31, 33, 34 Colorado, 37 Colors, 1, 19 Columbus, 15 Column, 8, 18, 27, 29 Combina, 32 Combination, 12 Combined, 26 Come, 16 Comet, 9, 17, 18, 34 COMETFIL, 17 Comets, 1, 5, 6, 10, 14, 17, 18, 33, 34, 35 Command, 29, 30, 34 Commas, 29, 31 Comment, 17, 18 Companies, 36 Company, 36 Compass, 3, 15, 21 Compati, 34 Compatible, 2, 4, 5, 6, 9, 31 Compiled, 26 Compiler, 26, 28 Compilier, 33 Complete, 1, 2, 22 Compressed, 2 Computer, 33, 36, 37 Con, 34 Concentric, 22 Cone, 16 Configuration, 16 Configure, 13 Configured, 12 Confirm, 27 Confirming, 16 Consecutive, 1, 13, 23 Considered, 14 Consists, 10 Constella, 30 Constellation, 9, 17, 25, 26, 29, 32 Constellations, 2, 3, 5, 23, 25 Contain, 10 Contains, 17, 18, 20, 26 Contents, 2 Continues, 10 Continuously, 7, 8 Control, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 29, 31, 32, 35 Controlled, 4 Controls, 12 Coordinate, 30 Coordinates, 4 Copies, 36 Copy, 36 Copyright, 1, 36 Cor, 20, 29 Correct, 4, 10, 19 Corrected, 30, 33, 34 Correction, 20 Correction and, 20 Corrections, 20 Corresponding, 11 Cosmetic, 33 Cosmos, 1, 10, 12, 17, 18, 19, 20, 22, 24, 25, 27, 28, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37 Counter, 5 Countries, 19 Couple, 22 Covered, 4 Co-processor, 1, 24 Crashes, 28 Crashing, 28 Crease, 30 Create, 4, 22 Created, 29, 30 Creates, 14 Creating, 14 Cross, 14, 34 Ctrl-Break, 33 Current, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 13, 16, 18, 19, 26, 31 Currently, 3, 10, 11, 15, 18 Cursor, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 25, 27 Cyan, 19 C-compiler, 33 Damages, 36, 37 Data, 1, 12, 17, 18, 23, 26, 27, 29, 31, 34, 36 Date, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 23, 36 Dates, 19 Day, 1, 2, 3, 13, 22, 23, 26, 37 Daylight, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 19, 20, 27, 34, 35 Daylist, 19 Days, 22 Day's, 1 De, 13, 14 DEC, 16 December, 1 Declination, 4, 7, 8, 9, 16, 17, 30, 31, 34, 35 Declinations, 26 Decreased, 4 Default, 5, 6, 10, 11, 16, 18, 19, 25, 33 Define, 13, 14, 16 Defined, 2, 3, 13, 21, 31 Defines, 13, 15, 16 Definition, 9, 13, 18 Definitions, 16 Degree, 3, 15 Degrees, 3, 17, 18, 21 Deleted, 30 Deletion, 31 Delivery, 30 Demonstrate, 1 Demonstration, 1, 36 Depending, 9 Derive, 13 Derived, 21 Describe, 21 Described, 4, 10, 13 Describes, 10, 15, 17 Description, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 18, 27, 32, 33 Descriptions, 10, 25 Designation, 26 Desired, 9, 12, 33, 37 Detail, 24 Details, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 25, 30, 32 Detect, 24 Detected, 20, 33 Determine, 14, 25 Determined, 4 Determining, 14 Development, 22 Device, 4, 5 Diameter, 7 Differ, 14 Difference, 2, 7, 15, 27, 31 Different, 10, 12, 25 Dimmer, 14 Direc, 15 Direction, 1, 2, 3, 6, 13, 15, 21 Directions, 15 Directly, 2, 3 Directory, 18, 20 Dis, 15, 29, 34, 35, 36 Disable, 14 Disabled, 34 Discussed, 10 Disk, 37 Diskette, 37 Display, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Displayed, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 24, 26, 34, 35, 36 Displaying, 1, 23, 28, 29, 33 Displays, 4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Distance, 7, 9, 12, 18, 26, 27, 29, 34 Distances, 15, 26, 27 Distinguish, 34 Distortion, 2, 3 Distributed, 1, 36 Distribution, 36 Document, 1, 18, 27, 36 Documentation, 36 Dome, 2 Donation, 1, 36 Done, 8, 13 Driver, 11, 12 DST, 19, 20, 21 Dumps, 34 Ea, 37 Earth, 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 22, 23, 26 Earth's, 21, 22 East, 3, 15, 21, 27, 29 Eastern, 15 Eccentricity, 17 Echo, 35 Ecliptic, 6, 12, 29, 34 Edge, 16 Edges, 2, 3, 16, 27 Edge-on, 6 Effect, 11 Effective, 3, 32 Effectively, 24 Eight, 15 Elements, 17 Elevation, 21 Empty, 2, 3 Emula, 24 Emulate, 30 Emulation, 24 Enable, 14, 16, 24, 33 End, 1, 20, 21, 30, 36 Ends, 1, 36 Enhanced, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 33, 34 Enhancements, 25, 26 Enlarged, 34 Enough, 2 Ent, 14 Enter, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, 28 Entered, 3, 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 28 Entering, 31 Entry, 12 Envi, 30 Environment, 20, 27, 30 Epoch, 17, 18 Equal, 7, 13, 21, 23 Equator, 15 Erased, 26 Error, 25, 28, 30, 31 Errors, 25, 29, 30, 31 ESC, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13 Escape, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 10 Especially, 3, 24 Etc, 2, 3, 9, 10, 17, 29 European, 19, 20, 21, 27 Eve, 37 Events, 12 Every, 16, 18, 23 Everyone, 30 Ex, 36 Exact, 10 Examining, 15 Example, 3, 10, 15, 16, 20, 21 Examples, 20 Excluding, 7, 8 Execution, 11 Extended, 35 Extra, 32 Fact, 23 Factor, 4 Fall, 23 Familiar, 18 Farthest, 21 Fewer, 1, 36 Filling, 9 Finds, 4, 35 Floppy, 37 Foreground, 19 Full-Function, 36, 37 Functionality, 29 GMT, 20 Graphic, 11 Green, 19, 20 Greenwich, 15, 20 Hang, 33 Happened, 33 Height, 23, 34 Hercules, 1, 19, 28 Highlight, 25, 32 Highlighting, 25, 30 Hile, 2 Horizon, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 32, 33, 34, 35 HOUR, 13, 23 HUNTER, 9, 33 Ian, 15 Ie, 9, 32 Immediately, 35 Implementation, 32 Inclination, 17, 18 Indicate, 37 Individ, 36 Initialization, 29 Input, 10 Installed, 12 Instructions, 25 Inten, 14 Intensities, 14 Interface, 32 Intermit, 33 Interstellar, 22 Introduce, 32 Introduction, 1 Invert, 19 Items, 16 Jupiter, 25 Key, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 16, 32, 33, 34 Label, 29 Labeled, 29 Labels, 7 Lack, 1 Lar, 18 Large, 2, 29, 31 Larger, 7, 14, 30 Largest, 14 Latest, 37 Latitude, 1, 15, 16, 22, 23, 28 Letters, 10 Lia, 34 License, 36, 37 Limitations, 1, 36 Locating, 35 Location, 3, 8, 14, 16, 23, 28 Longitude, 1, 15, 16, 17, 18 Lunar, 13, 26 Made, 11, 25, 26, 28, 29, 31, 33, 36 Magnetic, 15 Magnitude, 8, 9, 13, 17, 19, 25, 28, 29, 34 Magnitudes, 14 Main, 10, 11, 12, 23, 29, 30, 31, 32, 35 Make, 20, 26, 29, 31 Management, 31 Manual, 37 Many, 17, 22 Map, 4, 8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35 March, 21 Match, 10 Matches, 10 Matching, 4, 10 Math, 1, 24, 25, 29, 33, 37 Maximum, 19 May, 3, 9, 10, 12, 14, 22, 36, 37 Mean, 20 Meaning, 9, 32 Means, 23 Measure, 21 Measured, 7, 15, 21 Measurement, 27 Medium, 14 Memory, 17, 25, 26, 27, 31, 33, 35, 37 Ment, 23 Menu, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35 Menus, 11, 12, 16, 18, 31, 32 Merid, 15 Messages, 27 Messier, 1, 10, 29, 36 Method, 25 Mhz, 37 Mice, 31, 32 Microsoft, 9, 31 Middle, 2 Midnight, 23 Miles, 7, 27 Million, 7, 21 Millions, 7 Minimal, 18 Minimum, 29 Minnesota, 37 Minor, 31 Minus, 14 Minutes, 13, 22, 23, 24 Mn, 15, 37 Mode, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 13, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35 Modeare, 25 Model, 25, 26 Modes, 8, 24, 27 Modified, 36 Money, 37 Monitor, 37 Monitors, 14 Monochrome, 1, 19, 24, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34 Moon, 2, 3, 7, 8, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 28 Moons, 31 Motion, 1, 5, 6, 22, 23 Mouse, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 31, 32 Name, 4, 9, 10, 17, 18, 32, 35, 37 Named, 20 Names, 25, 26, 29 Narrower, 16 Navigation, 22 Near, 11 Nearest, 2, 3 Nebula, 9, 17 Necessary, 10 Needed, 26 Needs, 22, 24, 25, 30 Neptune, 25 Never, 23 New, 2, 3, 11, 12, 15, 21, 25, 30, 37 Next, 10 Night, 23 Node, 17, 18 Non, 27 Non-EGA, 14 Non-Period, 18 Non-periodic, 33 Non-US, 37 Noon, 23 North, 3, 15, 21, 22, 23, 27 Northern, 22 Note, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 24 Notes, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 18 Nothing, 10 Notice, 23, 36 N-nonperiodic, 17 Object, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 15, 17, 21, 33, 34 Objects, 1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 29, 36 Observer, 21, 23 Observer's, 15 Obtain, 36 Obtained, 2, 4, 5, 6 Occur, 31 Occurring, 30 October, 21 Ohio, 15 Old, 25, 30, 32 Once, 9 One, 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 19, 23, 26, 36 Open, 35 Operation, 36 Optimized, 24, 30 Option, 8, 9, 11, 16, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Optional, 19 Options, 1, 11, 19, 20, 28, 34 Orbit, 1, 4, 5, 6, 17, 21, 26, 28, 29 Orbital, 5, 6, 8, 12, 14, 17, 31, 32, 33, 34 Order, 37 Orion, 9, 10, 32 Outline, 2, 3, 5, 32, 33 Outlines, 9 Overall, 10 Overlay, 35 OVERLAYS, 35 Override, 20 Page, 12 Painfully, 1 Palette, 19 Pan, 4 Panning, 30 Paper, 19 Parabolic, 18, 33 Parameters, 1, 10, 11, 12, 16, 18, 32 Park, 37 Part, 9, 11, 12 Particu, 18 Particular, 4 Parts, 11 Passes, 19 Past, 1 Path, 20, 23 Paths, 15, 23 Pause, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 19 Paused, 32 Payment, 37 Per, 11, 36 Performed, 18 Perihelion, 17, 18 Period, 17 Periodic, 17, 33 Personally, 36 Perspective, 6 Peter, 22 Pg, 12 Phase, 2, 3, 8, 9, 21, 34 Phases, 21 Phone, 37 Photograph, 22 PICK, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 25, 26, 27, 28, 30, 32, 33, 34 Picked, 10, 17, 25, 34 Picking, 8, 9, 35 PICKS, 29 Picture, 22 Placed, 10 Plane, 5, 6 Planet, 7, 8, 9, 14, 15, 23, 26, 27, 28, 34 Planetarium, 1, 2 Planetary, 23, 26, 27, 31 Planets, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 14, 22, 23, 26, 27, 34, 35 Play, 34 Plays, 15, 29, 34, 35 Please, 37 Plot, 26 Plots, 22 Plotted, 3, 22, 26, 28 Plotting, 27 Pluto, 31, 34 PM, 1 Point, 1, 9, 10, 21, 23, 24, 25, 29, 30, 31, 35 Pointer, 9 Pointing, 9, 10 Poor, 1 Pop, 9, 12, 16 Pop-up, 10, 28, 34 Portions, 35 Position, 1, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 23, 34 Positioned, 8, 9 Positioning, 11 Positions, 15, 22, 27 Positive, 15 Possible, 22, 27 Potential, 27 Practical, 22 Present, 1, 11, 33 Preset, 10 Press, 2, 3, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 22, 32 Pressed, 7, 8, 12, 13 Presses, 32 Pressing, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 16, 34 Prevented, 31, 34 Previous, 11, 29 Previously, 10 Printer, 2, 4, 5, 6, 18, 27, 28, 34 Printouts, 14 Process, 9 Processor, 33 Promptly, 33 Puts, 31 P-periodic, 17 Quite, 10 RA, 16 Radius, 21 Rate, 2, 3, 13, 22, 23, 27, 28 Ratio, 4, 7, 31 Reaches, 23 Read, 16, 17, 18, 32 Readability, 29 Readable, 14 Reading, 26, 27 Real, 2, 3 Realize, 2, 3 Really, 14 Reboot, 20 Recalculated, 7, 8 Recommended, 23 Recre, 31 Recreate, 23 Recreated, 29 Rect, 20 Rectly, 29 Red, 7, 19, 31 Redisplayed, 7, 8 Refer, 7, 8, 11, 18 Reference, 13 Refers, 23 Reflect, 9 Region, 4 Register, 36 Registered, 36 Related, 20, 28 Relative, 7, 12, 31 Release, 25 Released, 26 Releases, 2, 3 Reload, 16 Remember, 11 Remit, 37 Removed, 28, 32, 36 Rename, 25 Repositioned, 9 Represent, 2, 3 Represented, 2, 3 Representing, 2 Represents, 3, 5, 6 Request, 37 Requested, 1, 36 Require, 31 Required, 24 Requires, 30 Reread, 16, 25 Reset, 31 Reset-Zoom, 28 Residents, 37 Resolu, 31 Resolution, 1, 7, 24 Respectively, 12 Responsibility, 36, 37 Responsibly, 36 Restore, 5, 6, 16, 18 Restore-Menu, 31 Results, 2, 4, 5, 6 Resume, 32 Retrn, 8, 9, 12, 13, 16, 32 Retrograde, 1, 23 Return, 10, 12, 23 Returned, 37 Reversed, 31 Revision, 1, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35 Revolution, 13 Revsion, 35 Rise, 8, 12, 23, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34 Rise-Times, 27 Sagan, 14 Sales, 37 Same, 1, 4, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 23, 26, 32 SAV, 16, 18, 19, 25, 29, 30, 31 Saved, 16 Saving, 20 Savings, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 19, 20, 27, 34, 35 Say, 10, 20 Scaled, 7 Scaling, 4, 30 Screen, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 17, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36 Screens, 10, 19, 31 Scroll, 2, 29, 32 Scrolling, 32 Search, 10 Section, 10, 17, 18, 27, 30, 31 Sections, 11 See, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 27, 30, 32 Seeing, 24 Seen, 2, 3, 6, 14, 17, 24 Select, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 31 Selected, 8, 10, 11, 13, 28 Selecting, 27, 28, 32, 34 Selection, 11, 14, 15, 16, 25 Selections, 2, 3, 10, 12, 13, 16 Selects, 14, 15 Semi-major, 17 Send, 36, 37 Sending, 1 Sep, 21 Separate, 27 September, 24 Ser, 37 Set, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 16, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 33, 34 Sets, 23 Setting, 16, 23, 28, 34 Setup, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 18, 23, 25, 26, 30, 32 Setup-Menus, 18 Shape, 25, 34 Shifted, 4 Shipping, 37 Should, 19, 20, 22, 24 Shoulder, 2 Show, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 14, 26, 27, 34 Shown, 17 Showning, 34 Shows, 1, 2, 8, 26 Side, 2, 3, 4 Sidereal, 2, 3, 4, 13, 23, 35 Sides, 29 Sign, 26 Signal, 31 Simple, 22 Simply, 9, 11 Simulate, 12 Simulations, 1 Simulator, 1 Single, 10 Sion, 36 Site, 36 Sities, 14 Sitting, 2 Situation, 16 Size, 2, 3, 4, 7, 14, 27, 29, 31 Sizes, 12 Size-display, 29 Skies, 1 Sky, 1, 2, 3, 4, 22, 23, 29 Slow, 1, 24 Small, 3, 14, 29 Smaller, 7, 15 Smith, 22 Solar, 6, 21 Solstice, 23 Something, 10 Sorry, 37 Sound, 17 South, 3, 15, 21 Southern, 22, 23 Space, 12, 35 Spaces, 17, 18 Span, 30 Specific, 1, 2, 10, 16 Specified, 2, 3, 13 Specifies, 3 Specify, 30 Spectral, 9, 17 Speed, 22, 29, 30, 37 Speeds, 24 Spell, 10 Split, 27 Standard, 18, 20 Star, 2, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 22, 25, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32 STARFILE, 17, 19, 25, 29, 33 Stars, 1, 2, 3, 10, 13, 14, 17, 19, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36 Start, 2, 3, 5, 6, 16, 26 Started, 18, 28 Starting, 10 Starts, 11, 16 Startup, 16, 34 State, 16 Statement, 36 Stating, 25 Still, 3, 15, 20, 33 Stopping, 27 Straight, 21 String, 10 Sub, 12 Sub-menus, 13 Suit, 10 Sun, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 21, 22, 23, 26, 28 Sunday, 20, 21 Suns, 23 Supports, 9 Sure, 10 Swapping, 35 Sys, 17 Systems, 24, 25, 27 System-Type, 37 Tab, 12, 32 Tables, 14 Taste, 11 Technical, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 18 Tem, 17 Tently, 33 Time, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 34, 35 TIME ZONE, 20 Tions, 30 Toggle, 4, 13, 32 Toggling, 32, 35 Tone, 17 Total-Rise-Time, 27 Trail, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 15 Trails, 2, 3, 5, 6, 13, 15, 23, 26, 32 Tributed, 36 Trol, 34 Tuned, 10 Turbo, 35 Ual, 36 Units, 7, 21 University, 22 Unlimited, 36 Update, 2, 3, 7, 8, 13, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 30, 31 Update Mode, 7, 8 Update-Mode, 31 Upgrade, 37 Upgrading, 37 Upper, 10 Up-arrow, 26 Users, 34 Ver, 36 Verification, 18 Vertical, 3 VGA, 1, 14, 19, 20, 24, 28 Via, 31 Vice, 14 Viewable, 13 Violet, 19 Waiting, 33 Wander, 23 Wanderer, 23 Waning, 21 Want, 20, 30 Watchs, 33 Weak, 31 Whole, 16 Whos, 19 Width, 4, 16, 30 Wild-cards, 10 WordStar, 18 Worked, 32 Works, 32 WS, 18 YEAR, 13, 23 Years, 1, 17, 36 Zenith, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12, 13, 14, 15, 21, 29, 33, 34, 35 ZONE, 15, 16, 28 Zoom, 4, 5, 6 Zooming, 4, 30