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- ║ What's New with Artificial Intelligence? ║
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- ║ (c) 1991 Thinking Software ║
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- Is there a Personal Robot lurking in your future?
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- Very likely, and when you finally buy him (or her),
- it will be Artificial Intelligence running on the Robot's onboard
- computer that will get your car shined perfectly and effortlessly.
-
- Or your whole house cleaned, the lawn mowed, and the laundry
- washed and ironed! While you are out for the day!
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- Artificial Intelligence is computer software that allows
- a computer (or Robot) to perform tasks we would consider intelligent
- if done by a person. These tasks include giving expert advice,
- understanding natural language, speaking intelligently and
- recognizing complex patterns such as handwriting. The three
- most important types of AI Programs today are Expert Systems,
- Natural Language Programs and Neural Networks.
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- This exciting software is moving in several new directions
- in the 1990's:
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- * Embedded Artificial Intelligence - A.I. within
- otherwise conventional database software.
-
- * Robotics - insect like electronic creatures with simple
- intelligence are being created at the MIT Robotics Lab.
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- * Intelligent Vision - Robot Eyes that can identify various
- components on an assembly line, for example.
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- * CASE - Computer Aided Software Engineering - using software
- to write new software.
-
- * CAI - Computer Aided Instruction, tutorial software that
- automatically adjusts to your level of knowledge.
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- There is substantial interest in moving A.I. out of the
- factory and lab, and into the Office and home. Work Group Software
- and complex Electronic Mail and Filing Systems are already starting
- to reflect this trend and become more intelligent.
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- A.I. Visionaries are talking about "Agents", very
- intelligent PC Based programs that can accept and carry out a long
- series of complex instructions, and report back to you when all
- tasks are completed.
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- Some software designers are even experimenting with primitive but
- fascinating forms of Artificial Life (software that mimics growth and
- reproduction), and a new field called Virtual Reality.
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- Virtual Reality Software, along with special goggles and gloves,
- allows you to seemingly enter an artificial world that exists only
- within the computer, and even move and touch objects that appear in
- the 3-D view provided by the goggles.
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- The new generation of super high-speed 486 PC's now becoming
- available from IBM, Compaq, and other compatible builders have become
- the platform of choice for the development of A.I. Software. Could
- the 586 PC running at 100 Megahertz be already in the wings?
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- EXPERT SYSTEMS
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- An Expert System is computer software that can solve real
- world problems requiring logic, decision making and knowledge
- processing. Expert Systems can also categorize, consult, analyze,
- and diagnose. These software tools are useful in areas that
- formerly required a human expert. Expert Systems use deductive
- reasoning to solve problems that are often unstructured, and
- would be impossible to approach with conventional procedural
- computer techniques.
-
- You might think that when consulting an Expert System, you ask
- the Expert System a question, and receive a solution. Actually,
- its the other way round. The vast majority of Expert Systems in use
- today ask YOU the questions, and arrive at a solution based on your
- responses - and the IF/THEN rules in their knowledgebase.
-
- Here's a extremely simplified example:
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- EXPERT QUESTION 1: Do you have a bad cough?
- YOUR ANSWER: Yes.
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- EXPERT QUESTION 2: Do you smoke?
- YOUR ANSWER: No.
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- EXPERT SOLUTION: You have a cold.
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- If you had answered Yes to the second question, the
- Expert Solution would be: You have smoker's cough.
-
- Naturally, an Expert System that you could question
- would be preferable, but this has been very difficult
- to program with current technology, because of the extreme
- difficulty of programming a computer to extract MEANING
- from a sentence or question. However, there is little doubt
- that this will eventually be accomplished, most likely through
- Knowledge Frames.
-
- One large Knowledge Frame project manager likens
- building Knowledge Frames on a computer to teaching the
- Encyclopedia to a small child. He has also called the
- process "teaching by brain surgery", as every single
- fact, relationship and idea must be manually typed into
- the computer in just the right way. It is hoped that building
- millions of linked Knowledge Frames will result in a computer
- with enough "common sense" to understand and respond to questions.
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- THE DOMAIN OF THE KNOWLEDGEBASE
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- An Expert System Shell is an Expert System minus its
- knowledgebase and domain. It is an Expert System ready to be
- taught the rules of knowledge in a particular field. An
- "Expert System Ready to Consult" is an Expert System that has
- been given knowledge rules for a specific domain or subject,
- such as Medical Diagnosis, Car Repair or virtually any organized
- body of knowledge.
-
- Some of the most famous Expert Systems can be found
- in the area of Medical Diagnoses and Computer Configuaration,
- and surpass human experts in their specific areas of expertise.
- In one specific area of expertise - playing chess - a domain
- specific computer called Deep Thought has won against GrandMaster
- human players, and most experts believe that Deep Thought will
- eventually become the world chess champion, perhaps within five
- years.
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- NATURAL LANGUAGE
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- Natural Language Software is the branch of AI that focuses on
- getting computers to understand spoken or typed english. English has proven
- itself as the most useful tool for people communicating with people.
- It is now starting to emerge as a viable alternative for people
- communicating with computers. Someday, desktop PC's will routinely respond
- to our spoken requests with answers in perfectly spoken English - or any
- other language!
-
- There is now software that can speak any file or text screen on your PC,
- (Monlogue, from First Byte), and software that can type your slowly spoken
- words (Dragon Dictate, $9000.00). There is also software to automatically
- translate from one language to another. One A.I. goal is to provide
- automatic real-time language translation as you speak during a
- Trans-Atlantic phone conversation. The SoundBytes Toolkit
- (Thinking Software, $59.95) allows programmers to add Speech to any
- PC Program. The PC Therapist (Thinking Software, $29.95) is an advanced
- update of Eliza, the famous talking psychiatrist first developed
- at M.I.T.
-
- There is absolutely no doubt that Encylopedia sales will soon
- be replaced by Enclopedias on CD-ROM Disks, with powerful Natual
- Language software "front-ends" that can accept a school child's
- typed question, and turn it into a correct search-and-retrieval
- procedure to answer any question from the Encyclopedia.
-
- Can you imagine a child telling his computer to "Prepare
- a report on the History of Artifical Intelligence", or - more likely -
- on the Presidents of the United States?
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- NEURAL NETWORKS
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- A Neural Network is a biological model of a human brain, simulated in
- the binary memory of your PC. It is made up of artificial Neurons,
- connected to each other by Axions. Each Neuron can have many inputs,
- but only one output. As a Neuron gets energized by input, it fires, sending
- energy along axions to other nearbye Neurons. If another Neuron receives
- enough energy it will also fire, propagating the excitation to others.
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- There are hundreds or even thousands of such Neurons, arranged in layers,
- and all together they form a Neural Network, capable of learning from
- experience though a self correcting technique called back-propogation.
- Today, Neural Networks are the most exciting area in Artificial
- Intelligence, and these real operational computer models of the brain
- routinely perform outstanding feats of pattern recognition such as reading
- scribbled handwriting at high speed with incredible accuracy, learning to
- identify male versus female faces, and even learning to speak almost
- without human assistance.
-
- There is also a lot of excitement on Wall Street where high
- level programmers have created Neural Networks that can predict the
- Stock Market quickly enough to place buy and sell orders based on the
- Networks output. A number of small companies have been formed around
- the idea of using Neural Networks to predict the result of horse races
- and other sporting events based on past history.
-
- Some claim that Neural Network Software will lead us to a new
- "Age of Artificial Intelligence". When the first Personal Robot
- goes on the market (for the price of...let's say...about the
- price of a Cadillac or Mercedes...at first...) will its brain
- be an Expert System, a Neural Network, or Natural Language
- Software, or perhaps some exotic high-tech combination of the
- three still to be invented?
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