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Text File | 1991-12-04 | 208.9 KB | 6,211 lines |
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- SolveIt!
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- The Financial Calculator
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- (Shareware Edition)
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- (Printed Manual for)
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- (Registered Users has Sample Screen Shots)
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- (Bond routines are documented at the end)
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- Pine Grove Software
- 67-38 108th Street, Suite D-1
- Forest Hills, New York 11375
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- (800) 242-9192
- (718) 575-9192
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- COPYRIGHT NOTICE
-
- (c) 1990, 1991 by Pine Grove Software, All Rights Reserved.
-
- SolveIt! is copyrighted software and as such is protected
- by the laws of the United States. You may distribute a
- shareware version (currently 4.2s) of this software to others
- but you may not sell it. If you are a distrib- utor of
- shareware software, you may charge up to $10 for your disk
- duplication services. This product may NOT be distributed
- along with any other product that is being sold for profit
- without the expressed, prior written permission of Pine Grove
- Software.
-
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- SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENT
-
- The registered user of SolveIt! is entitled to make backup
- copies of the software for the sole purpose of protecting his
- investment. This license allows you to use one copy of SolveIt!
- on one computer at a time. You may use your copy of SolveIt! on
- different computers provided that there is NO POSSIBILITY of it
- being used on two computers at the same time.
-
- Do not confuse this copyright notice with the user
- supported method of distribution. If you use this program, you
- are honor bound to pay the licensing fee. The method that we
- choose to use to distribute version 4.2s of this software is
- simply on a "try-before-you-buy" basis. SolveIt! is NOT FREE
- SOFTWARE. And if you paid a fee to anyone other than Pine
- Grove Software (or an authorized retail distributor), you did
- not pay for a license. (NOTE: versions 3.1(B) and 4.1(B) are
- specifically not to be distributed via the shareware method.)
-
- If you have any questions concerning this license agreement,
- please call us at (800) 242-9192 or (718) 793-4622.
-
- ******************
-
- We don't mean to be hard nose about this. But lets face it,
- if you like this software and use it, and you want to see it
- get even better, we need to have you support us financially.
- We trust that you will register it with us. This enables us to
- continue to improve the program and to offer you support. We
- think that this is ultimately fairer than having you buy the
- software, and then trying it. We trust, that are trust is well
- placed!
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- WARRANTY
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- While these routines are easy to use, financial planning
- requires careful study. Therefore, Pine Grove Software specifi-
- cally disclaims all warranties, expressed or implied, including
- but not limited to, implied warranties of merchantability and
- fitness for a particular purpose or use. In no event shall Pine
- Grove Software be liable for any loss of profit or any other
- commercial damage, including but not limited to, special, inci-
- dental, consequential, or other damages. We suggest that you
- obtain professional guidance when making any major financial
- decisions. We are NOT responsible for your interpretations of the
- results obtained with these routines, even if it is shown that
- there is an error in the programming of a routine.
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- While great care has been taken with regards to the accuracy
- of these routines. And the results that these routines produce
- have been checked against a number of sources, it is still
- possible that you may get different results than what you had
- expected. Some of these differences are caused by internal
- rounding of the calculations (usually off by no more than 1/10 of
- 1% over say 20 years), by the way interest and periods are
- calculated, by an error in using the program, or by possibly, in
- an extreme case, by an error in programming. Therefore, when
- using this program, please use common sense. And if you are about
- to make what could be for you an important financial decision,
- triple check the results obtained with this or any calculator.
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- ii
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- TABLE OF CONTENTS
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- COPYRIGHT NOTICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i
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- LICENSE AGREEMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .i
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- WARRANTY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
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- Five Manuals in One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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- Installing SolveIt! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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- Initial Install . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
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- Starting SolveIt! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
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- Selecting From the Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
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- Important Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
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- Help with Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
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- Entering/Editing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
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- The Routines of SolveIt! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- Future Value Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
- Present Value Routine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
- Net Present Value . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
- Internal Rate of Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
- Time to Withdrawal or Annuity Payout . . . . . . . . . . 19
- Required Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
- Interest Rate Earned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
- Equivalent Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
- Purchasing Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
- Loan Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
- Loan Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
- Remaining Balance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
- Balloon Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
- Accelerated Payment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
- Interest Due . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
- DEPRECIATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
- Gross Profit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
- Weighted Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
- Break-Even . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
- EOQ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
- Affordable Property . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
- Second Mortgage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
- Rental Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
- NET WORTH: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
- BUDGET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
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- The Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
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- Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
- File Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
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- Some Relationships Between the Routines . . . . . . . . . . . 77
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- APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
- MESSAGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
- Printing to Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
- Local Menus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
- Setting Other Options, The Install Menu . . . . . . . . . 89
- Pine Grove Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
- Other Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
- Subscription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
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- References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
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- COMING FEATURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
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- INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
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- Bond Routines (appended to the end of the document)
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- Introduction
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- Thank you for selecting SolveIt!, The Financial Calculator.
- We believe that you have chosen a program second to none in its
- application class. SolveIt! performs more calculations faster and
- with less effort than any other program we have seen. SolveIt! is
- easy to use. There is never any programming needed to solve a
- problem. All you have to do is answer each question in a routine
- and press <F9> and, in most cases, the results will be displayed
- instantly.
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- SolveIt! 4.0 is a major upgrade from 3.1. The program sports
- a new interface along with several new routines. EVERY routine
- has been upgraded since the last release. Each routine has been
- made more powerful and yet there has been no sacrifice in terms
- of ease of use.
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- Much of what is found in this manual is also available
- through the program's help function. If you do get stuck at any
- time, press the <F1> key and a detailed help window will be
- displayed. If you are at the main menu and need information about
- a routine, simply highlight the routine's name and press <F1> and
- a description of the routine will be displayed.
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- Since the help system is so extensive, much of this manual is
- used to discuss how these routines can be used. After we review
- several of the basics of the program, we will discuss the inter-
- relationships of the routines that may not be so obvious. These
- examples are not meant to be exhaustive. Rather they are meant to
- illustrate several ideas and to get you thinking about the power
- of the program that you are about to use.
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- While SolveIt! is widely used by professionals who work in
- many industries, we also hope that with this new version that we
- have made it more useful for the non professional as well. We
- have made every effort possible to make SolveIt! an educational
- program. If you are not familiar with different ways to amortize
- a loan or with the concept of present value, we believe that if
- you play with this program and read the help screens, you will be
- better informed because of it.
-
- One final item. Like all software publishers, we hope that
- you take the time to at least browse through the manual. No
- matter how easy a program is to use, you will undoubtedly learn
- something by doing this. We want you to get the most from our
- software as you possible can.
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- Five Manuals in One
-
- Pine Grove Software presently markets five programs. This
- manual is used for all 5 of them. AmortizeIt!, MoneyCalc!,
- RentIt!, and Budget Plus! are subsets of the program SolveIt!.
- The instructions for the routines are marked accordingly.
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- 1
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- INSTALLING SOLVEIT! on a Hard Disk from a 5.25" Original
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- SolveIt! is easy to install. It is not copy protected. (We
- ask that you respect our license agreement which states that you
- can only use a copy of SolveIt! on one machine at a time.) The
- program, as it is distributed on 5.25" disks, is compressed in
- order to save disk space. Therefore, the program can not be run
- from the original disk. To prepare for use, follow these steps
- (we assume you are putting the program on a hard drive):
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- Type this: Press This: Comments:
- Place the original SolveIt! disk in
- drive A: (or B:)
- c: <enter> log on to the hard drive, your hard
- drive may be a different letter
- cd \ <enter> change to the root directory
- md Slvit4 <enter> make a directory for SolveIt!
- cd \slvit4 <enter> make the slvit4 directory the default
- directory
- copy a:*.* <enter> copy all files from the distribution
- disk to your hard drive
- if you put the original disk in drive
- b: change the a: to b: in this step
- slvit <enter> this is the decompress step
- slvit4 <enter> this starts the program so you can
- set it for your system
- during this step, you will enter your
- name and tell the program if you have
- a color monitor. When you are done
- press <F9> and you will exit
- slvit4 <enter> The program starts with this command
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- Installing SolveIt! on a Hard Disk from a 3.5" Original:
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- Follow the steps above, except ignore the "Slvit" command. As
- the program is distributed on a 3.5" disk it does not need to be
- decompressed.
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- NOTE: SolveIt! can only be run from a hard disk or a floppy
- disk with 720k (3.5") capacity or higher.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Initial Install
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- This step assumes all files are decompressed and that Solve-
- It! is on your hard drive or a working copy is on a 720k capacity
- or higher diskette. If this is not the case see "Installing
- SolveIt! on a Work Disk."
-
- The first time you run SolveIt!, you will be asked to enter
- your name and to tell the program whether or not you are using a
- monochrome monitor or a color monitor. Simply enter the name that
- you will want to have printed on the reports and answer the
- question "Y" or "N" as to whether or not you see colors on your
- screen.
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- Once you are have done this, press <F9> to set the software
- for your computer. Now, restart the program.
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- With some versions of the program, you may be also asked to
- enter the current date. If you are asked to do this, the date
- must be entered in a MM/DD/YY format. Please be sure to set the
- correct date so that SolveIt! can do it's date calculations
- correctly.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Starting SolveIt!
-
- If you have installed SolveIt! on a hard drive according to
- the instructions under "Installing SolveIt! on a Work Disk",
- change to the drive that you loaded it on. For example, if
- SolveIt! is on drive c: do the following:
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- Enter: Comment:
- c: changes to drive SolveIt! is on if you have
- loaded it on another drive substitute the
- appropriate drive letter
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- cd \slvit4 change to the suggested directory that S-
- olveIt! is
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- Slvit4 this starts the program
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- or
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- Slvit4 /G when program starts, initial graphics screen
- is suppressed
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- Slvit4 /I starts SolveIt! in install mode so that you
- can customize settings
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Selecting From the Menus
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- When the program starts you will see the SolveIt! logo. You
- may pass by this screen quickly by pressing the space bar. Once
- you have done this you will see the opening menu. This menu is
- refereed to in this manual as the main menu.
-
- You may pick a menu item two ways. You may use your cursor
- keys to move the highlight bar up and down. When the bar is over
- the menu item that you want, press <Enter>. Or secondly, you may
- type the highlighted letter (or capital letter) of a menu item
- and that item will be selected.
-
- In this manual, we use the convention of indicating a menu
- choice in capital letters. So when you are reading about the
- routines, each routines name is preceded by the menu hierarchy.
- Example: FINANCE:EVALUATION:npv tells you that the Net Present
- Value routine can be located under the FINANCE menu, submenu
- EVALUATION.
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- While the cursor bar is on a menu item, if you press <F1> a
- help window will describe what the routine does.
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- See also the appendix for a diagram of the menu structure. In
- addition, see "Local Menus", else where in this manual.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Important Keys
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- Throughout the SolveIt!'s instructions and help screens, you
- will see symbols such as <F1> or <Esc>. This means, find the keys
- on your keyboard that have an F1 or Esc written on them and press
- them to activate the feature.
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- Often you will also see a symbol such as <^Y>. This means to
- hold the <Ctrl> key while pressing the <Y> key. The technique is
- like using the shift key to produce a capital "Y". This symbol
- <^Y> is called "Control Y".
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- While the help lines at the bottom of a routine's screen will
- remind you about some of the keys that you may use at any given
- moment, it is impossible to list all of the keys available. It is
- VERY IMPORTANT for efficient use of SolveIt! to remember the
- options that are available to you. In selected fields, these keys
- will produce the following:
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- <Esc> exits what you are doing and restores the original value to
- the field. This is the "I don't want to be here key!". This is
- particularly useful when printing.
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- <F1> brings up the help system. Press <F1> a second time and you
- will see a help index. Use the cursor keys to high light a topic
- of interest and then press <Enter> to display the help informa-
- tion for that topic.
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- <F2> (File Key) saves and retrieves client data.
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- <F3> starts printing. In some routines you will have the option
- of sending the report to the printer, disk drive or screen. When
- appropriate, simply select the destination from the menu.
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- <F4> sends a line feed to the printer. Use this key (rather than
- the line feed on the printer) to advance the paper so that you
- can have the desired spacing between the print outs for the
- routines.
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- NOTE: By using this key instead of the printer's line feed key,
- you will keep the program's internal line counter synchronized
- with the printer. This will prevent a print out from being split
- across two pages.
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- <F5> sends a form feed to the printer. This will eject the
- current page and IF the paper has been correctly set in the
- printer, it will align the printer to print at the top of the
- next sheet of paper. Use this key INSTEAD of the form feed button
- on the printer. (See the note on the <F4> key.)
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- <F9> performs the action. Usually calculates. While in copy mode,
- it performs the copy. When a screen is asking you for informa-
- tion, such as before a printout, <F9> is used to complete the
- data input. (Consider this to be the "DO-IT!" key.)
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- <F10> Local Menu. When the cursor is on selected input fields the
- user will have access to local menus via the <F10> function key.
- Some of these local menus are: Extra Payments, Fiscal Month and
- Additional Interest Rates. Watch the help lines at the bottom of
- a routine's screen to know when <F10> is an option.
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- <tab> moves the cursor from one field to the next field.
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- <shift><tab> moves the cursor back one field.
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- <PgUp> moves the cursor to the top of the column.
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- <PgDn> moves the cursor to the bottom field of the column.
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- <^PgUp> moves the cursor to the first field on screen.
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- <^PgDn> moves the cursor to the last field on screen.
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- <^Y> clears the field. That is, it deletes the contents of a
- field. If you are having trouble entering data and SolveIt! is
- beeping at you, try clearing the field using <^Y>. Then start
- entering the data again.
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- <^R> restores the original contents of the field
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- <Home> moves the cursor to the beginning of the field.
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- <End> moves the to the end of the field.
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- <^ > (Ctrl left arrow) moves cursor a word at a time to the left.
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- <^ > (Ctrl right arrow) moves cursor a word at a time to the
- right.
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- <Del> deletes character at the cursor.
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- <BackSpace> deletes character to left of the cursor.
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- <^Home> deletes from beginning of subfield to cursor. Example:
- When entering a date in the 'MM/DD/YY' format, using <^Home>
- while on the second 'D' of the 'DD' part of the date will delete
- just the 'DD' part of the entry. In other words, the 'DD' is the
- subfield.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- <^end> deletes from cursor to end of the subfield. This is the
- opposite of the <^Home> key.
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- <^T> deletes word to right of the cursor.
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- <Ins> toggles insert mode on and off.
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- <Alt><F1> will display the previously called help topic.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Help with Help
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- Press the <F1> key at any time to bring up a context sensi-
- tive help window. If <F1> is pressed again when help is being
- displayed, a list of help topics will be shown. You may use the
- cursor keys to move to any topic. Press <Enter> and then help on
- that topic will be displayed.
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- <Alt><F1> will display the previously called help topic.
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- <Esc> will exit a help window.
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- While in some help windows, one or more related help topics
- may be shown. Use the cursor to move the highlight bar to one of
- these topics and press <ENTER> to read the help information on
- the related topic.
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- Also, always note the bottom right corner of the help window
- to see if there is additional help information. This will be
- indicated by the PgUp/PgDn indicators.
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- 9
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Entering/Editing Information
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- There are three basic types of data or information that
- SolveIt! will allow you to enter. The first data type is numeric.
- Simply enter the appropriate value and press enter. If you need
- to clear a value press <Y> while holding the <Ctrl> key. <^Y>
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- The second type of entry is a date type. Enter any valid date
- in a MM/DD/YYYY format. Do not type in the </>'s. The program
- provides them automatically. Also, with a date you can use the
- <Tab> key to move to any one of the three fields (month, day or
- year). Once at a field, enter the correct value and press enter.
- When in the year field, it is possible to enter just the last two
- years of a date and SolveIt! will fill in the missing first two
- numbers if the year is in this century. In the month or day field
- it is NOT necessary to supply a leading zero. You may enter 2 for
- February. You do not need to enter 02. If you use this technique,
- you must move to the next field by pressing the <Tab> key.
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- NOTE: If you do not enter a valid date, SolveIt! will beep
- when you press enter.
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- The third data type is when you are limited to a few specific
- choices. An example of this is Compound Period in the loan table
- routine where the range of input is limited to 8 or so choices.
- To change from one acceptable value to another, press either the
- <space bar> or the dark gray <+> or <-> keys located on the right
- side of the keyboard. Once the correct value is selected, you may
- move on to the next field by pressing <Enter> or using the
- appropriate cursor key or the <Tab> key.
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- 10
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- The Routines of SolveIt!
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- *** IMPORTANT ***
-
- There are many questions or inputs that are common to several
- routines. For example, Compounding Period needs to be set in many
- of the routines. An explanation of questions that are used in
- more than one routine are explained in the section of the manual
- under the heading "The Questions". This section of the manual
- looks at what a routine does and the questions unique to that
- routine.
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- FINANCE:Future Value Routine
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- If an amount (either a single deposit or a series of depos-
- its) is invested for a particular number of periods, what will it
- be worth at the end of those periods?
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- The Technical Definition: The Future Value of a sum of cash
- is the amount to which that sum will grow if it is invested at a
- specified interest rate for a specified period of time. (From
- Shillinglaw, Gordon, and Ronen)
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- Future Value of an Amount
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- If you are calculating the future value of a single deposit,
- enter that deposit in the Present Value field. An amount should
- also be entered in the Present Value field if you are calculating
- the future value of a series of deposits when there is an initial
- value greater than the first deposit.
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- The duration of the investment is controlled with the Total
- Periods and Payment Period. If you want to find the FV of a
- single deposit over several full years, set Payment Period to
- ANNUALLY and then enter the number of years in the Total Periods
- field. On the other hand, if you need to find the future value
- for 8.15 years, you can enter 212 for Total Periods and set the
- Payment Period to biweekly. (There are 212, two week periods in
- 8.15 years.) When you calculate the results, you should check the
- Total Years field to verify that the duration is what you expect
- it to be.
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- While the above method will produce an accurate result, note
- that it is not possible to calculate the FV for a fractional
- period. (That is, the future value cannot be calculated for 242.5
- months, or 20.16 years, since this equals more than 480 two week
- periods.) If you need to know the exact future value and interest
- earned for a specific number of days, you should use the Interest
- Due Routine. The advantage that this routine has over the
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- Interest Due routine is that you can change rates, and print a
- schedule besides calculating the FV of a series.
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- You should note that the changing the method of payment from
- advance to arrears (or vise versa) has no affect on the result
- when calculating the FV of a single deposit. Nor should it.
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- Example: In 10 1/2 years your eight year old son will be
- starting college. He has a money market fund with $8,500 in it
- earning 7% compounded daily. How much will it be worth when he
- heads off to the ivy halls? Enter $8,500 for present value and 21
- for Total Periods. The starting date is 02/10/91. Set the Payment
- Period to semiannually and the compounding period to daily. Enter
- $0 in the deposit field and 7% for the Annual Rate. At the end of
- the 10 1/2 years the money will grow to $17,725.33. Note that the
- results confirm that 21 semiannual periods is 10 1/2 years.
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- Future Value of a Series
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- Deposit Amount
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- To calculate the future value of a series of deposits, enter
- the deposits here. Unless you specifically change the deposit
- amount or frequency, deposits are automatically made on each
- payment date. That is, if the Payment Period is set to Quarterly,
- then deposits are made every three months commencing three months
- from the starting date.
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- When calculating the future value of a series you are limited
- in the use of the Total Periods/Payment Period term technique
- described above for establishing the term since the Payment
- Period determines how often a deposit is made. (Of course if you
- need a frequency of Biweekly and you only want to make monthly
- deposits, you can manually skip deposits.)
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- To change the amount of a deposit or skip a deposit just
- press <F10> when in the Deposit Amount field. Follow the on
- screen prompts and make a selection from the menu. Once amounts
- are changed, press <Esc> to return to the main Future Value
- Screen. (If you enter a negative value, this will effectively
- allow you to calculate the affects of a withdrawal from a savings
- plan.)
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- Payment Method
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- Deposits made in advanced will be credited at the beginning
- of the payment period BEFORE interest is calculated and will
- therefore accumulate more interest than a deposit made in arrears
- or at the end of the payment period.
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- You can also change the interest rate that the funds are
- invested at. Press <F10> when in the Annual Rate field to make
- changes. (You may clear all deposits using this option as well.
- Select No Extra Payment from the menu.)
-
- NOTE: All calculations in this routine are based upon a 365
- day year.
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- Example: (From the H.P. Business calculator's manual.) What
- is the value, after 7 years, of a series of $25 deposits com-
- pounded daily at 5%? Enter 0 for the Present Value. Next enter 84
- for the Total Periods, set the Payment Method to advance, set the
- Payment Period to monthly and the compounding period to daily.
- Enter $25 for the Deposit Amount and 5% for the Annual Rate.
- Press <F9> and the result will be $2,519.61.
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- Future Value Schedule
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- To display or print a schedule, press <Alt><S>. The destina-
- tion menu will be displayed giving you the option of sending a
- schedule to the screen, printer or to a disk file. The schedule
- will display the future value at the end of each period. In
- addition, it will show the accumulated interest and principal.
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- FINANCE:Present Value Routines
-
- Present Value is the opposite of Future Value. If an amount
- is to be received in the future (Future Value), what would it be
- equal to today (Present Value)?
-
- The Technical Definition: Present Value is the amount if
- invested now at the specified compound rate will yield the future
- amount at the chosen future date OR will grow to equal the sum
- value of the specified series of future payments. (From
- Shillinglaw, Gordon, and Ronen)
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- From the FINANCE MENU two submenus are available. Select
- either amount or series.
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- FINANCE:PRESENT VALUE:Amount
-
- If you were owed $10,000 that is due in five years, what
- amount should you accept as being of equal value today?
-
- You are prompted for the future dollar amount, the term, com-
- pounding period and the nominal interest rate.
-
- Example: (From Accounting, A Management Approach Shillinglaw,
- Gordon, and Ronen) What is the present value of $10,000 to be
- received five years from now, assuming annual compounding at 8%.
- Enter $10,000 in the Future Value field. Enter 5 for Total
- Periods, set Compounding Period to Annually and enter 8% for the
- Annual Rate. The result is $6,805.83.
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- FINANCE:PRESENT VALUE:Series
-
- If you are seeking a lump sum as settlement for a series of
- future payments, this routine will tell you what lump sum amount
- would be of equal value.
-
- For example, if you won a court settlement that dictated that
- you were to be paid 3 annual payments of $10,000, compounded
- annually at 8%, you could accept $25,770.97 today as being of
- equal value to the 3 annual payments. (Example taken from Ac-
- counting, A Management Approach Shillinglaw, Gordon, and Ronen,
- p. 797)
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- See "Some Relationships Between the Routines" for the
- technique to use to find the present value of a series of cash
- flows when the cash flow doesn't start until some future date.
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- When you are being prompted for payment amount, you can press
- <F10> and you will be allowed to change the payment amount. In
- other words, SolveIt! will calculate the present value of a
- future series of irregular payments.
-
- Present Value Schedule
-
- Pressing <Alt><S> while in this routine will bring up the
- destination menu. You have the three usual options of sending a
- schedule to the screen, printer or to a disk file. The schedule
- will show the series of payments and both the future value of the
- series and the present value of the series.
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- FINANCE:EVALUATIONS:Net Present Value
-
- One method of evaluating the feasibility of a capital expen-
- diture decision is to use the Net Present Value (NPV) method of
- evaluation. The present value of the cash flows (both positive
- and negative values can be entered) are determined using the
- MINIMUM rate of return (discount rate) on an investment that you
- will accept. The calculated result, if positive, tells you that
- you are exceeding your minimum requirements and a negative value
- tells you that you are not achieving your objective.
-
- After the initial amount, discount rate and year are entered,
- press <F10> to enter the cash flows. Press <F10> again to change
- one of the three initial values.
-
- Note that you can use <F9> to calculate only when the cursor
- is in one of the three fields at the top of the screen.
-
- Example: (Example taken from Accounting, A Management Ap-
- proach Shillinglaw, Gordon, and Ronen) An Initial Amount of
- $34,000 with cash flows of $10,000 in each of the first 5 years
- equals a Net Present Value of $3,907.87 with a Discount Rate of
- 10%. Since the result is positive, the return is greater than
- your minimum requirements.
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- FINANCE:EVALUATIONS:Internal Rate of Return
-
- The Internal Rate of Return (IRR) will take you to the bottom
- line of a deal. It tells you the rate of return on a complex
- series of cash flows. Measure this against what you can earn in a
- risk-free investment to determine the desirability of the invest-
- ment.
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- In technical terms, IRR is the discount rate that sets the
- cash inflow and outflow to 0. More weight is given to the earlier
- cash flow than to the later cash flow because of the time value
- of money.
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- IMPORTANT NOTE: It is possible to get a technically correct
- IRR result that has the value of garbage. If your investment
- involves money out in the early years and money back in the later
- years, you should get a useful result. However, if the cash flow
- changes frequently from positive to negative OR if you actually
- MAKE money in the first year (therefore having a negative invest-
- ment), you will have to trust your judgement on the value of the
- calculated IRR.
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- FINANCE:Time to Withdrawal or Annuity Payout
-
- The Annuity Payout Routine will tell you how long an amount
- will last and display a pay out schedule assuming a withdrawal at
- some regular interval. The withdrawal amount may be increased by
- an inflation factor.
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- Enter the starting amount (Present Value) and the amount that
- you want to withdraw. If you want this amount to increase because
- of inflation, enter an inflation factor at the "Inflation"
- prompt, otherwise the withdrawn amount will remain constant.
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- Withdrawal Amount
-
- This is the amount that you would like to withdrawal each
- payment period.
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- Note, this amount can automatically be increased by an infla-
- tion factor. This is done, of course, so that you can project the
- time it will take to deplete the funds while maintaining a
- constant standard of living.
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- Annuity Paid
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- Annuities can be calculated using one of two payment methods.
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- Annuity Due is the more common payment calculation method,
- with payment made at the end of the period in which interest is
- earned.
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- Annuity in Advance has payments made before the next interest
- is earned (calculated), so interest is earned only on the balance
- remaining after the payment is subtracted.
-
- Thus, Annuity Due yields higher total payout with the differ-
- ence being greater with less frequency of payment.
-
- Example: You are now thinking about retirement. You have cash
- accounts totaling $400,000. Your monthly take home pay is pres-
- ently $3,328.68, so this is the amount that you use for Withdraw-
- al Amount. Set the payment and compounding period to monthly. Set
- the Annuity Paid to advance, Inflation to 0%, and the Annual Rate
- to 10%. Under this scenario, the 400,000 will last 50.8 years.
- There will be 601 monthly payments and the total amount returned
- will be $1,997,262.88. (This example was taken from the H.P.
- Calculator's manual.)
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- Annuity Schedule
-
- SolveIt! will print or display an annuity schedule. Press
- <Alt><S> any time from within this routine, you will see the
- usual destination menu. Pick the destination, and SolveIt! will
- prepare the schedule. The schedule will show the withdrawal
- amount and the interest earned for each period. It will also show
- the remaining balance, total interest paid and the total princi-
- pal and interest paid.
-
- Solving for Payment Amount
-
- At times, you may wish to solve for the payment amount. That
- is, instead of having SolveIt! tell you how long funds will last
- assuming a particular withdrawal amount, you may want to assume
- that you will need your principal to last for a specified number
- of payments and you will want SolveIt! to be able to tell you how
- much you can withdrawal.
-
- This can easily be accomplished. Simply use the Loan Calcula-
- tor routine and solve for Periodic Payment. If you cross check
- this with the Time to Withdrawal Routine, you will see that there
- may be a slight difference in results. This is due to the fact
- that when you solve for the term using the Time to Withdrawal
- routine, the program will calculate a fractional final payment.
- The loan calculator, on the other hand, assumes that all payments
- are equal.
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- FINANCE:Required Payment
-
- What payment amount is needed to reach some future sum?
-
- You supply the Future Value, the Total Periods (term), Pay-
- ment Period, Compounding Period and Annual Interest rate. Press
- <F9> and SolveIt! will calculate the Payment Amount needed, the
- Total Invested and the amount returned above principal (Gain).
-
- This is a particularly handy routine when used in conjunction
- with the "Purchasing Power Routine". For example, if the College
- of your choice currently costs $12,000 per year, use the Purchas-
- ing Power routine (effects of inflation) to see how much it will
- cost in the future when your kids actually start to go to school.
- You can then use this routine to see how much you will need to
- save to reach the new amount, after inflation.
-
- For example: You have determined that your daughter's college
- education will cost $55,000. You want to start a regular savings
- plan so that you will have the $55,000 when she starts school in
- fourteen years. Enter $55,000 for Future Value, 168 for Total
- Periods. Set the Payment Period to monthly and the Compounding
- Period to daily. Enter 7% for Annual Rate. You will have to save
- $193.33 each month to meet your goal. Also note that at 7%
- interest, it takes 9.9 years for your money to double.
-
- The same procedure can be used to plan for retirement or for
- any large purchase for that matter.
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- FINANCE:Interest Rate Earned
-
- Routine calculates the compound rate of return on an invest-
- ment liquidated at the end of the specified period.
-
- Example: Assume that the Amount Invested is $14,500 and that
- the Amount Returned is $23,303. Assume that you want to compare
- this to an investment that compounds monthly and that the term is
- 5 years. (Enter 60 for Total Periods since 60 monthly periods is
- equal to 5 years.) This scenario is the same as having money
- invested in a monthly compounding instrument at an annual rate of
- 9.53%.
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- FINANCE:Equivalent Rate
-
- Which nominal rate yields a higher return, 9.25% compounded
- quarterly or 9.10% compounded daily? Use this routine to find the
- answer.
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- Actual Periods
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- This is how the investment is actually compounded.
-
- Desired Periods
-
- This is how you want it to be compounded.
-
- The calculated result will give you the rate equal to the
- rate entered but compounded at the desired frequency.
-
- Example: The local bank is advertising money market accounts
- paying a nominal annual rate of 8.5% compounded daily. Enter 8.5%
- in the Annual Rate field and set the Actual Periods to Daily. For
- different reasons you want to invest in an instrument through
- your stock broker that compounds semiannually. Set the desired
- periods to Semiannually. The investment compounding semiannually
- has to have a nominal rate of 8.68% to equal the return that the
- bank is paying.
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- FINANCE:Purchasing Power
-
- The purchasing power of a dollar is calculated in two ways:
-
- The equal value (Equivalent Purchasing Power) will calculate
- how much you will need in the future to have the equivalent value
- as the amount today.
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- Example: It will take $1,276.28 five years in the future to
- buy what $1000 will buy today if the average rate of inflation is
- 5%. You can use this result to know how an investment is doing in
- terms of "Constant Dollars."
-
- The actual value (Declining Purchasing Power) shows what the
- starting amount will buy in current dollars at some point in the
- future. For example, $1000 will buy $773.78 worth of goods or
- services in five years with an average rate of inflation of 5%.
-
- Inflation rates can be adjusted for each annual period. Just
- press <F10> when on the Annual Rate field and enter the rates. To
- change the Starting Amount or Year, press <F10> again.
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- Press <F9> to calculate. (<F9> is only active when you are in
- the Present Value or First Year field.)
-
- This is a handy routine when used in conjunction with other
- routines. For example, suppose you are financing a home using a
- standard 30 year fixed rate mortgage. If you paid $150,000 for
- the home, calculate what the home will be worth at the end of the
- 30 years assuming some rate of inflation. Then look at the
- Amortization Schedule to see what the house actually cost you
- (principal plus interest). The difference will be the profit or
- loss. (Not considering any tax consequences.)
-
- Note: if the result of this calculation is in excess of
- $999,999,999 (999 million), an "Out of Range" error message is
- displayed in the upper left corner of the screen. Change a value
- and recalculate.
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- LOAN ANALYSIS:Loan Calculator
-
- The Loan Calculator routine will solve for any one of the
- following: Amount of Loan, Total Payments (term), Annual Rate or
- Periodic Payment. Enter the known values for any of the three and
- 0 (that is the number "0" not the letter "O") for the unknown.
- Press <F9> to calculate. The payment method may be either payment
- in advanced or payment in arrears. To change, move the cursor to
- that field and press the space bar. Payment and compounding
- periods may be set the same way.
-
- While the calculator will solve for the annual rate it is
- technically an approximation. There is no mathematical formula to
- solve for rate and therefore it must be accomplished via interpo-
- lation. To see how close the result is, repeat the problem, but
- use the rate that SolveIt! suggests and enter a zero (0) for
- Periodic Payment. Press <F9> to calculate. If the payment does
- not change, then the interest rate calculation was very accurate.
- If is reasonable to expect that the payment amount will change by
- several cents.
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- NOTE: While solving for the rate, it is possible for SolveIt!
- to take longer than other calculations. Therefore it will display
- intermediate results. WAIT FOR THE ASTERISK TO APPEAR TO BE SURE
- THAT THE CALCULATION IS DONE.
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- NOTE: The compounding period must be either shorter in dura-
- tion or equal to the payment period.
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- LOAN ANALYSIS:Loan Table
-
- SolveIt! will display a classical loan table. That is, it
- will show how each payment is applied to interest and principal.
- You can display a table for a loan year, calendar year or a
- fiscal year. The table will calculate a total for payments,
- interest and principal for both the year displayed (YTD Totals)
- and from the beginning of the loan through the last payment of
- the particular year (Running TTLS).
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- Enter loan data as you do for all routines.
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- See the section "The Questions" for an explanation of the
- inputs that are common to other routines. The following inputs
- are uniquely applicable to the Loan Table.
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- Payment Method
-
- A loan may be calculated using one of two payment methods,
- Payment in Arrears or Payment in Advanced. Payment in Arrears is
- the most common method of payment calculation. Simply stated,
- payment in arrears is when the first payment is due exactly one
- pay period after receipt of the borrowed funds. Since there was
- use of the funds for that one period, interest is due for that
- period when the first payment is made.
-
- Payment in Advance is when the first payment is due on the
- first day that the funds are available (origination date of the
- loan). Therefore, since there has been no use of the funds when
- the first payment is made, the entire first payment is applied
- toward reducing the principal. Leases are usually written using
- the payment in advance method.
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- Display Year
-
- SolveIt! can be set to display an amortization table by the
- loan year, calendar year or fiscal year. A loan year is used to
- see the cost of the loan for any complete 12 month period from
- the first payment date. A fiscal year display is used to coincide
- the display with a tax year. If a tax year is the calendar year,
- use the calendar year display.
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- To set the FIRST month of a fiscal year, press <F10> and
- select the month from the menu by typing the capital letter in
- the month's name or move the bar to the month's name by using the
- up and down cursor keys and then select by pressing <Enter>.
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- Amortizing Method
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- There are 5 ways that SolveIt! can apply a payment. Normal is
- the most common method used for a mortgage. It is also known by
- the names of Equal Payment or Level Payment Mortgage. Under the
- normal payment method the payment amount is the same (except for
- possibly the last one) for the duration of the loan as long as
- the interest rate does not change.
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- Under the US Rule the payment amount is the same and payments
- are applied in exactly the same way as under the normal method
- EXCEPT when interest is being accrued (during negative amortiza-
- tion). The US Rule does not allow for interest to be charged on
- accrued interest.
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- The Rules-of-78 applies interest faster than the normal
- method. This is often used by banks for short term consumer loans
- on items such as cars. NOTE: When payments are made on schedule
- for the entire duration of the loan, the total interest paid will
- be the same whether the Rules-of-78 or the Normal method is used.
-
- The Fixed Principal Method applies the same amount of each
- payment to the principal. The payments get smaller as the princi-
- pal is paid down and less interest is due for each period.
-
- The Interest Only Method calculates a payment amount so that
- only the interest is paid on the loan up until the last payment
- is due. At that time a balloon is due equal to the original
- amount of the loan plus the last period's interest.
-
- Days Per Year
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- Payments and amortization may be calculated using either a
- 360 or a 365 day year. The 360 day year is the most commonly used
- value, and this is the default for SolveIt!. This setting only
- affects the results when compounding is set to daily.
-
- Annual Rate
-
- The value that is enter will be the effective rate for the
- entire loan unless <F10> is pressed to change the rate for
- different periods.
-
- CAUTION: Entering a rate in this field will NOT set that rate
- for the entire loan unless this is the first time a rate is being
- entered. To set the same interest rate for the entire term of the
- loan, press <F10> and select Paid Interest Rate from the menu. If
- you pick FIXED from the next menu, you will be prompted to cancel
- all adjustable rate entries.
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- HINT: If you need to enter additional (adjustable) rates,
- enter those rates BEFORE filling in this field by pressing <F10>.
- This saves you the trouble of entering a rate, pressing <Enter>
- and then finding yourself in the Amount of Loan field. However,
- if you are in the Amount of Loan field and wish to go back to
- Annual Rate field, hit the UP arrow.
-
- Extra Payments Applied Toward Principal
-
- To enter extra payments, press <F10> while being asked for
- the Amount of Loan. You will be shown a menu that will give you
- the opportunity to enter extra payment amounts annually on the
- anniversary date of the loan OR periodically when any payment is
- made. Make the appropriate selection. Then using SolveIt's
- standard editing techniques, enter any extra payments that are
- made.
-
- Press <F10> while entering extra payments, to copy an extra
- payment over several consecutive payment periods. This is much
- faster than keying in a regular extra payment. If you want to pay
- an extra $100 every payment period, enter the $100 amount, then
- enter the first period that it will be paid in and the final
- period that you expect to make the payment in. Press <F9> to
- execute the copy over the periods.
-
- A word of CAUTION. If you enter an extra payment for the last
- period of the loan when the REGULAR PAYMENT is equal to or
- greater than the remaining balance, it will confuse SolveIt!.
- SolveIt! will not understand why you want to make an extra
- payment when the regular payment would be more than the remaining
- balance. (And in fact, neither can we.) If you did this, simply
- adjust the extra payment.
-
- Of course this method can be used to zero out extra payments.
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- Setting the Payment Amount
-
- Using the above procedure for entering extra payments, you
- can set any payment you want to use to amortize the loan. For
- example, suppose SolveIt! calculates a monthly payment of $835.50
- and you want to amortize a loan using an $800 payment instead.
- Enter -$35.50 in the extra payment fields (use the copy feature
- to copy it across all periods) to reduce the monthly payment to
- $800.
-
- This is the technique used to display an amortization sched-
- ule with a balloon payment. Use the Balloon Payment routine to
- calculate the needed periodic payment. Then return to this
- routine and enter the DIFFERENCE between what the Loan Table
- calculates and what the Balloon Payment routine calculates.
-
- Once all data is entered press <F9> to calculate and display
- the loan table.
-
- The Loan Table Display
-
- WHEN A TABLE IS DISPLAYED, pressing the <Esc> key will exit
- the routine. Pressing <R> will allow you to enter new or edit
- existing data. Pressing <N> will display the next year. If you
- are at the last year pressing <N> will redisplay the first year.
- Pressing <A> will allow you to display any year. When prompted
- enter a four digit year. For example 1990 or 2001.
-
- The <S> key will open a summary window. You can summarize the
- loan through any period. See Summary Window below for details.
-
- WHEN A LOAN TABLE IS DISPLAYED, you can print a schedule for
- any range of periods by pressing <F3>. Just follow the on screen
- prompts. Also, all data for a loan can be saved by pressing <F2>.
-
- THE SAVING AND PRINTING FEATURES ARE AVAILABLE ONLY IN VER-
- SION 4.1.
-
- When an asterisk (*) appears in the payment column, that
- indicates that an extra payment was made on that payment date.
-
- When an asterisk (*) appears in the date column, that indi-
- cates that the interest PAYMENT changed on that date.
-
- NOTE: If the loan is calculated in arrears, then the RATE
- actually changed on the preceding payment date.
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- Negative Amortization
-
- Negative Amortization occurs when the payment being made does
- not cover the interest due for the period. The amount owed is
- growing. (If you are using normal amortization, interest is
- charged on accumulated interest. If you are using the U.S. Rule,
- then interest will not be charged on accumulated interest.)
-
- Negative Amortization most often occurs during the early
- years of a mortgage. Banks will make a loan and collect interest
- based upon a lower rate than what is actually being charged. This
- gives them a competitive edge and allows the borrower to make a
- lower payment during the early years of a loan. All the while
- though, interest is accruing (the balance is growing) due to the
- artificially low rate.
-
- To amortize a negative loan, you must first enter both the
- Paid Rates and the Accrued Rates (see below). The paid rate is
- the LOWER rate that the payment is actually being based upon. The
- Accrued Rate is the HIGHER rate that is actually being charged.
- (For a negative amortizing loan, the rates would never be fixed.)
- Once both the accrued and paid rates are entered, the loan is
- ready to be amortized. Hit <ESC> once from either rate entry
- screen and you will be back at the main SolveIt! screen. Press
- <F9> to calculate.
-
- One thing. To amortize the loan correctly, at some point
- the Accrued Rate must be 0% and the Paid Rate must be equal to or
- higher than the previously entered Accrued Rate.
-
- Paid Rate
-
- The paid rate is the rate that payments are actually based
- upon during the early years of a negative amortizing loan. This
- rate is lower than the Accrued Rate.
-
- Press <F10> while on the annual rate field to bring up the
- local Paid/Accrued menu.
-
- Accrued Rate
-
- The accrued rate is the rate that is actually used to deter-
- mine the interest that will be due on the outstanding balance.
-
- To set the accrued rate, put the cursor on the Annual Rate
- Field and press <F10>. Follow the on screen prompts.
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- Summary Window
-
- One of the unique features of SolveIt! is the Summary Window.
- This window will detail the total principal and interest paid
- through any period as well as the interest saved as the result of
- extra payments paid to principal. The remaining balance will be
- shown if there is any.
-
- To use this feature, simply press <S> when an amortization
- schedule is displayed on the screen. A window will appear and you
- will be asked for the period number that you want the loan
- summarized through. Enter that value and press enter. The loan
- will then be summarized (this may take a while, depending upon
- the number of periods) and a window will be displayed with the
- summary details.
-
- A word of CAUTION when using this feature. If you had entered
- a series of extra payments through the ending period, the summary
- window will add all of those extra payments up and include them
- in the total of extra payments paid even though the loan is paid
- off. (After all, you did tell the program that you were making
- those extra payments, didn't you!).
-
- The way to avoid this problem is simple. Enter (or use the
- copy feature) all of the extra payments that you might make
- through the last period, then run the amortization schedule on
- the screen and note at what period the loan is paid off as the
- result of the extra payments. Then go back to the extra payment
- screen and cancel or zero out all of the extra payments from the
- new last payment period on. Now, when you look at the summary
- screen, the extra payment total will be accurate.
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- LOAN ANALYSIS:Remaining Balance
-
- This routine, as it says, will calculate the remaining bal-
- ance of a loan. The result is calculated after the payment is
- made. So if you want to pay off a loan when you are making the
- 100th payment, you will want to know the balance due after the
- 99th payment is made.
-
- Balance After Payment
-
- Enter the payment period number that you want the remaining
- balance calculated up to. That is, this routine assumes that the
- payment was made for this period, and that you want to know what
- the balance is after this payment is made.
-
- Example: Assume that you have a mortgage for $176,500, with
- 360 monthly payments at a rate of 9.25% compounded monthly.
- Payment is set to arrears. To find the remaining balance of the
- loan after 5 years, enter 60 in the Balance After Payment #
- field. The result is $169,553.27.
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- LOAN ANALYSIS:Balloon Payment
-
- This routine works differently from earlier versions of the
- program. You now tell the program how much of a balloon you want
- to pay or collect (Balloon Payment field) after which payment
- number (Payment # Balloon Due), and SolveIt! will calculate what
- the regular payment would be in order to have the balloon amount
- that you desire.
-
- The balloon is actually the remaining balance of the loan at
- a particular point. This routine will allow you to structure a
- loan so that an amount due is paid off in a relatively short
- period of time, but at a payment amount that would be less than
- required to amortize the entire loan in a short time span. By
- setting the balloon amount, you can control the rate at which the
- principal is paid down. Often, this will be faster than if the
- loan were amortized over the longer period of time.
-
- Balloon Payment
-
- The remaining balance of the loan at the point that you want
- to collect that balance.
-
- Payment # Balloon Due
-
- The payment number you want to collect the balloon on. The
- value must be less than the total number of payments.
-
- Example: Assume that you want to borrow $250,000 for a house
- but you cannot find a lender willing to lend you this amount for
- a term that is long enough to give you an affordable payment. If
- you structure a loan with a balloon of $225,000 after 5 years,
- you may be able to swing a deal. Assuming an interest rate of
- 9.75%, your monthly payment would be $2,356.23 or a great deal
- less than the payment for a five year loan. (This assumes monthly
- payments and compounding with payments made in arrears.)
-
- To print an amortization schedule with a balloon see "setting
- the payment amount" under Loan Table.
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- LOAN ANALYSIS:Accelerated Payment
-
- This is a very fast and easy routine to use to show how much
- interest you will save if you make extra REGULAR payments. You
- will be able to set the extra amount you want to have applied
- toward the principal starting after whatever payment number you
- wish.
-
- If you want to make IRREGULAR payments or you want to vary
- the amount of each payment, use the Amortization Routine to key
- in the extra payments. Then use the summary feature to show the
- interest saved.
-
- Increase After Payment
-
- Enter the payment number after which the extra payment is to
- be applied. If you have a 48 month loan, and you want to start
- sending an extra $100 after the first year, then enter 12 since
- you will send the first extra amount with the 13th payment.
-
- Extra $ Paid
-
- How much extra money are you going to send along with each
- payment. Enter the dollar amount.
-
- Periods to Pay Off
-
- This result tells you how many TOTAL periods it will actually
- take to pay the loan off as the result of the extra payments.
- Don't become confused. This is NOT the number of periods of extra
- payments.
-
- Example: In the early years of a normal mortgage, most of the
- payment amount goes toward paying interest. (If you don't believe
- this, just look at the Loan Table routine.) You can save yourself
- a lot of this interest expense by paying a small extra amount to
- be applied toward principal early in the loan. Take a 30 year
- $250,000 mortgage at 10.5%. If, after the fifth year (Increase
- AFTER Period 60) you want to send an extra $150 with each pay-
- ment, you will pay the loan off in less than 25 years and you
- will save $116,055.89 in interest. This $150 is only about a 7%
- increase in the monthly payment. (This example is assuming
- payment in arrears, along with monthly payments and monthly
- compounding.)
-
- The effects of accelerated payments will be greater the
- higher the interest rate, the sooner they are begun and the
- longer the term.
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- SUGGESTION: If you are making extra payments to principal on
- a loan, we suggest that you do so by making the payment with a
- separate check, and plainly writing on the check that it is a
- principal payment.
-
- After you mail the payment, follow it up with a phone call to
- the lender to make sure that the payment was applied toward
- principal. Even though we have clearly stated in letters that
- were included with these checks that we were making a payment to
- be applied toward principal, our bank has used it to pay the next
- payment early in more than half the cases that we sent in the
- extra payments. (That is they use the extra payment to pay the
- next payment due, rather than to apply the entire check toward
- principal. Of course this does not save the borrower any money!)
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- LOAN ANALYSIS:Interest Due
-
- It is often necessary to know how much interest is due when
- 1) a loan is being paid off on other than a payment due date or
- 2) to check the interest being paid on an investment. The Inter-
- est Due routine will calculate the interest that is due between
- any two dates or for any number of days. Enter the first date
- (usually the day the last payment was made) and then enter either
- the date that the loan is being paid off or skip to the next
- field and enter the number of days for calculating the interest.
-
- Start/Last Date
-
- Enter the Start and Last Dates for the period that the money
- is outstanding.
-
- NOTE: It is not necessary to enter a Start or Last date. If
- you enter a Start Date and enter a positive number for the Number
- of Days, then the Last Date is automatically calculated. If you
- enter the Last Date and enter a negative number for the Number of
- Days, then the Start Date is automatically calculated. Using the
- above procedure, it is possible to determine the date X days from
- a specific date.
-
- Number of Days
-
- The number of days for which interest is due.
-
- NOTE: It is not necessary to enter a value for the Number of
- Days. If you enter both a Start Date and a Last Date, then the
- number of days is automatically calculated for you. This, of
- course, is the classic days between dates routine.
-
- The range of acceptable values here is from -9,999 to 32,000.
- If you enter a negative number of days, SolveIt! will calculate
- the Start Date. If you enter a positive number, the Last Date
- will be calculated.
-
- Compounding Period
-
- This routine supports 10 compounding periods. Besides the
- normal daily, weekly, biweekly etc., this routine supports simple
- interest and continuous compounding as well.
-
- "None" is to be selected when you want to calculate simple
- interest. That is, there is no compounding.
-
- "Continuous" compounding assumes that funds are earning
- interest constantly. This is a higher frequency of compounding
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- than daily and of course will result in the largest return on a
- deposit. (Or the highest interest bill if you are paying inter-
- est!)
-
- Further Note: The last two fields on the Interest Due screen
- tells you the day of the week for the Start and Last Date.
-
- Enter the amount that is outstanding on the loan and the
- interest rate. Select the compounding period and days per year.
- Press <F9> to calculate the results.
-
- Example: If you need to find the interest due for 45 days and
- you are assuming monthly compounding enter the Start Date, skip
- the Last Date, and enter 45 for the Number of Days. Enter $20,000
- for the Amount. Enter an interest rate, say 7.675% and set the
- compounding period to monthly and the days per year to 360. The
- result will be $20,187.99
-
- While this routine is designed to find the interest due and
- future value of a single amount, it is possible to calculate both
- for a series of payments. The method is simple but tedious.
- Calculate the results for each payment and then sum the results.
- (You should use the future value routine under the finance menu
- to calculate the FV of a series. The only reason you would use
- the Interest Due Routine is to achieve a higher degree of
- accuracy needed because of fractional periods.)
-
- This routine uses a technique that converts the nominal rate
- at the compounding frequency that you select to an equal nominal
- rate for daily compounding. Interest is then calculated for the
- exact number of days. This MAY result in a SLIGHTLY different
- amount of interest due if the rate had not been converted but
- rather interest was figured using a fractional period technique
- at the compounding frequency selected.
-
- NOTE: The calendar math routine from version 3.0/3.1 has been
- incorporated into this routine.
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- DEPRECIATION
-
- NOTE: What ever appears in quotes, is a quote from IRS Publi-
- cation 534 Depreciation, For Use In Preparing 1989 Returns. Pine
- Grove Software makes no attempt to interpret the regulations and
- laws governing depreciation. Please consult your accountant, tax
- advisor or another specialist regarding the application of these
- routines. You should also have a copy of Publication 534.
-
- "Depreciation is the annual deduction you can take to recover
- the cost of business or income producing property that is used
- for more than one tax year. The section 179 deduction lets you
- deduct in the tax year you first use certain business property a
- limited amount of the cost of that property." Certain limits
- apply.
-
- "Before ACRS was enacted, other methods were used to figure
- depreciation if you placed your property in service before 1981,
- or if your property does not qualify for ACRS or MACRS, you must
- still use these methods. However, you cannot use these methods
- for property that qualifies for ACRS or MACRS."
-
- "There are many different methods of figuring depreciation
- that are acceptable. You may use any acceptable method that is
- reasonable if you apply it consistently. It is your responsi-
- bility to show that your method is reasonable. The conditions at
- the end of your tax year during which you depreciate a piece of
- property determine whether or not your method is reasonable."
-
- Five Depreciation Methods Defined
-
- 1) MACRS
-
- "The modified accelerated cost recovery system (MACRS), also
- referred to as the 'General Depreciation System' or 'GDS,'
- applies to all tangible property placed in service after 1986.
- You could have made a property by property election to use MACRS
- for tangible property placed in service after July 31, 1986, and
- before January 1, 1987."
-
- NOTE: Currently, SolveIt! does NOT support a MACRS deduction
- in a short tax year.
-
- 2) ACRS
-
- From the IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "ACRS (accelerated cost recovery system) was mandatory for
- most tangible depreciation assets placed in service after 1980
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- and before 1987. You must continue to figure your depreciation
- under ACRS for assets placed in service after 1980 and before
- 1987. You must use MACRS for assets placed in service after 1986
- except for transition property and certain excluded property."
-
- "You cannot use ACRS for property you placed in service
- before 1981 or after 1986. ACRS also cannot be used for intangi-
- ble depreciable property."
-
- NOTE: ACRS deduction in a short tax year is NOT supported
-
- 3) Sum-of-Years
-
- This depreciation method multiplies the remaining book value
- by the ratio of the number of remaining years to the sum of the
- years of life. If the life of the asset is five years, the sum of
- the years of life is:
-
- 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15
-
- 4) Straight Line
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "You may use this method for every kind of depreciable prop-
- erty. It lets you deduct the same amount of depreciation each
- year."
-
- "To figure your deduction, first determine your property's
- adjusted basis, salvage value, and estimated useful life..."
-
- "If in the first year, you use the property for less than a
- full year, your depreciation deduction must be prorated for the
- number of months in use."
-
- "This calculation is automatically made for your and is
- determined by the date that you enter for the 'placed in service
- date.'
-
- 5) Declining Balance
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "For certain type of property, the declining balance method
- allows you to use a speeded-up rate of depreciation. The rate may
- be one and one-half times or one and one-quarter times the
- straight line rate."
-
- Enter either 125 or 150 for the acceleration percentage.
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- Questions/Terms common to the Depreciation Routines:
-
- Declining Balance Acceleration Percentage
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "One and one-half times the straight line rate. Under the
- declining balance method, you may use a rate of depreciation
- equal to 150% of the straight line rate for certain types of
- property. To use this rate the property must be used tangible
- personal property (used section 1245 property other than MACRS or
- ACRS property) with a useful life of 3 or more years."
-
- "One and one-fourth times the straight line rate. Under the
- declining balance method, you may use a rate of depreciation of
- 125% of the straight line rate of certain used residential rental
- property... To qualify, the property must have a useful life of
- 20 years or more..."
-
- Enter either 125 or 150. DO NOT enter a percent sign.
-
- Recovery Period
-
- Enter values from 1 to 42. For the Straight Line, Sum-of-
- Years and Declining Balance methods, this is also known as the
- useful life. It is an estimate of how long you can use a piece of
- property in your trade or business.
-
- Book Value or Basis
-
- Your original basis is usually the purchase price of the
- item. You may enter values from $1 to $99,999,999.
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- DEPRECIATION:MACRS Methods
-
- Per IRS Publication 534 for the 1989 Tax Year:
-
- Accelerated (Declining Balance) Method:
-
- "For property in the 3-,5-,7-, or 10-year class, you use the
- double (200%) declining balance method over 3, 5, 7, or 10 years
- and a half-year convention (defined later). For property in the
- 15- or 20-year class, you use the 150% declining balance method
- over 15 or 20 years and a half-year convention. For these classes
- of property, you change to the straight line method for the first
- tax year for which that method when applied to the adjusted basis
- at the beginning of the year will yield a larger deduction. You
- always use the straight line method and a mid-month convention
- for nonresidential real property and residential rental property"
-
- NOTE: This program will automatically make the switch to the
- straight line method when appropriate.
-
- Alternate MACRS Method ("Alternative Depreciation System" or
- "ADS"):
-
- "If you choose, you may use the alternate MACRS method...for
- most property. Under this method depreciation is figured using a
- straight line method..." (S/L) "... of depreciation with no
- salvage value. The recovery periods for property under the
- alternate MACRS method are as follows:
-
- Personal property with no class life 12 years
-
- Nonresidential real and
- residential rental property 40 years
-
- Section 1245 property that is real property
- with no class life 40 years
-
- Automobiles and light duty trucks 5 years
-
- Computers and peripheral equipment 5 years
-
- Single purpose agricultural
- and horticultural structures 15 years
-
- Any tree or vine
- bearing fruit or nuts 20 years
-
- Most other property class life"
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- "The convention for nonresidential real and residential
- rental property is the mid-month convention. For all other
- property the half-year or mid-quarter convention is used."
-
- MACRS Basis/Book
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "Basis. To deduct the proper amount of depreciation each
- year, you must first determine your basis in the property you
- intend to depreciate. The basis used for figuring MACRS deprecia-
- tion is your original basis in the property reduced by any
- section 179 deduction claimed on the property. Your original
- basis is usually the purchase price. However, if you acquire the
- property in some other way, such as inheriting it, getting it as
- a gift, or building it yourself, you may have to figure your
- original basis in another way."
-
- NOTE: The 179 deduction is automatically handled by the program
- using MACRS but NOT using the ACRS method of depreciation.
-
- The range of values accepted is from $1 to $99,999,999.
-
- IRS Convention
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "A half-year convention is used to figure the deduction for
- property other than non-residential real and residential rental
- property. Under a special rule, a mid-quarter convention may have
- to be used as discussed later. For non-residential real and
- residential rental property, a mid-month convention is used in
- all situations."
-
- "Half-year convention. Under MACRS, the half-year convention
- treats all property placed in service, or disposed of, during a
- tax year as placed in service, or disposed of, on the midpoint of
- that tax year."
-
- "A half-year of depreciation is allowable for the first year
- property is placed in service, regardless of when the property is
- placed in service during the tax year."
-
- "Mid-quarter convention. If during any tax year the total
- bases of depreciable property placed in service during the last 3
- months of that tax year exceed 40% of the total bases of all
- depreciable property placed in service during that tax year
- (whether or not all of the property is subject to MACRS), you use
- a mid-quarter convention instead of a half-year convention. In
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- determining the total bases of the property, you do not include
- the basis of either:
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- Residential rental property,
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- Nonresidential real property, or
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- Property placed in service and disposed of in the same tax
- year."
-
- "Under a mid-quarter convention, all property placed in
- service, or disposed of, during any quarter of a tax year is
- treated as placed in service, or disposed of, on the midpoint of
- the quarter."
-
- "A quarter is a period of three months. The first quarter is a
- tax year begins on the first day of the tax year. The second
- quarter begins on the first day of the fourth month of the tax
- year. The third quarter begins on the first day of the seventh
- month of the tax year. The fourth quarter begins on the first day
- of the tenth month of the tax year. A calendar year is divided
- into the following quarters:
-
- First ........... January, February, March
-
- Second........... April, May, June
-
- Third ........... July, August, September
-
- Fourth .......... October, November, December"
-
- NOTE: SolveIt! only supports calendar year tax years!
- However, by using a date other than the actual "Placed into
- Service" date you can trick the program to give you the correct
- amount of depreciation for any year. Example: If your tax year
- ends on June 30 and you place a depreciable piece of property
- into service on May 15, you would tell the program that you place
- the item into service on November 15.
-
- "Mid-month convention. For nonresidential real and residen-
- tial rental property, a mid-month convention is used in all
- situations. Under a mid-month convention all property placed in
- service, or disposed of, during any month is treated as placed in
- service, or disposed of, on the midpoint of that month.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Placed Into Service
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "For depreciation purposes, property is considered placed in
- service when it is in a condition or state of readiness and
- availability for a specifically assigned function whether in a
- trade or business, in the production of income, in a tax-exempt
- activity, or in a personal activity. However, depreciation
- applies only to property placed in service in a trade or business
- or in the production of income. For example, if property is
- placed in service in a personal use, no depreciation would be
- allowable. If the use of the property is changed to a business or
- income producing activity, depreciation would begin at the time
- of the change in use."
-
- You must enter the date in a MM/DD/YYYY format. The program
- will not accept dates that are not allowable under a particular
- method of depreciation.
-
- IMPORTANT NOTE: While the program does, to some degree,
- restrict the range of allowable dates. It only does so for a
- particular method. While ARCS is from 1981 through 1986, the 18
- year recovery "is section 1250 class property placed in service
- after March 15, 1984." The program WILL allow you to pick a date
- before this date because ARCS, in general, is permitted prior to
- this date. Again, BE CAREFUL!!!!!
-
- MACRS Recovery Period
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "Under MACRS, tangible property that you place in service
- after 1986, or after July 31, 1986, if elected, falls into one of
- the following classes.
-
- 3-year property. This class includes property with a class
- life of 4 years or less....
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- 5-year property. This class includes property with a class
- life of more than 4 years but less than 10 years...
-
- 7-year property. This class includes property with a class
- life of 10 years or more but less than 16 years...
-
- 10-year property. This class includes property with a class
- life of 16 years or more but less than 20 years...
-
- 15-year property. This class includes property with a class
- life of 20 years or more but less than 25 years...
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- 20-year property. This class includes property with a class
- life of 25 years or more...
-
- Nonresidential real property. This class includes any real
- property that is not residential rental property and any real
- property that is section 1250 property with a class life of 27.5
- years or more. This property is depreciated over 31.5 years.
-
- Residential rental property. This class includes any real
- property that is a rental building or structure (including mobile
- homes) for which 80% or more of the gross rental income for the
- tax year is rental income from dwelling units. If any part of the
- building or structure is occupied by the taxpayer, the gross
- rental income includes the fair rental value of the part the
- taxpayer occupies. This property is depreciated over 27.5 years."
-
- 179 Deduction
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "You may elect to treat all or part of the cost of certain
- qualifying property as an expense rather than as a capital
- expenditure. You must decide for each item of qualifying property
- whether to deduct, subject to the yearly limit, or capitalize and
- depreciate the property's cost. If you make the election for a
- deduction, a limited amount of the cost of qualifying property
- you purchase for use in your trade or business is deductible in
- the first year you place the property in service."
-
- "Amounts to deduct. The total cost you may elect to deduct
- for a tax year may not exceed $10,000."
-
- "While the maximum amount that may be deducted is $10,000,
- there are certain provisions that can reduce the maximum."
-
- NOTE: The program recognizes this $10,000 limit and will not
- allow you to claim a larger amount. HOWEVER, there is no way we
- can determine whether or not you are entitled to the maximum
- amount. CHECK WITH YOUR TAX ADVISOR!
-
- FURTHER NOTE: The limit has not always been $10,000. In
- earlier years (prior to 1989) it was less. Again, check with an
- authority.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- MACRS Acceleration
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- Under MACRS and "for property in the 3-, 5-, 7-, or 10-year
- class, you use the double (200%) declining balance method over 3,
- 5, 7, or 10 years and a half-year convention... For property in
- the 15- or 20-year class, you use the 150% declining balance
- method over 15 or 20 years and a half-year convention..."
-
- Toggle between either 150 or 200 using either the <SpaceBar>
- or the <+> or <-> keys on the numeric keypad.
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- If the property is not used 100% for business, enter the
- percentage of business use.
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- DEPRECIATION:ACRS
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "You figure your ARCS deduction by multiplying your unadjust-
- ed basis in recovery property by its applicable percentage for
- the year. Unadjusted basis is the same amount you would use to
- compute a gain on a sale not reduced for any depreciation but
- reduced by the amount you properly amortize or by the amount you
- elect to deduct under section 179., as discussed earlier. If you
- buy property, your unadjusted basis is usually its cost minus any
- amortized amount and any section 179 deduction elected. If you
- acquire property in some other way, such as by inheriting it,
- getting it as a gift, or building it yourself, you must figure
- your unadjusted basis under other rules. See Publication 551."
-
- The range of values accepted is from $1 to $99,999,999.
-
- Accelerated Method:
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- The Accelerated Method "allows you to recover the unadjusted
- basis of recovery property over a recovery period... The deduc-
- tion is figured by multiplying your unadjusted basis in the
- property by the applicable recovery percentage."
-
- SolveIt! already knows the "applicable recovery percentage"
- so you are NOT prompted to key it in.
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- Alternate ACRS Method S/L
-
- "At your election you could have used a method for recovering
- the unadjusted basis of your recovery property that used a
- recovery percentage based on a modified straight line method.
- Generally, this alternate ACRS method uses percentages other than
- those from the tables."
-
- The program specifically supports the following Alternate
- ACRS Percentages:
-
- 3 years................33.333%
-
- 5 years................20.000%
-
- 10 years...............10.000%
-
- 12 years................8.333%
-
- 15 years................6.667%
-
- 25 years ...............4.000%
-
- 35 years ...............2.857%
-
- It specifically does NOT support any Alternate ARCS calcula-
- tions that are based upon the IRS tables. (These tables may be
- incorporated in a later version of the program.)
-
- From IRS Publication 534 for 1989 returns:
-
- "Each item of recovery property is assigned to a class of
- property. The classes of recovery property establish the recovery
- periods over which the unadjusted basis of items in a class are
- recovered. The classes of property are:
-
- 3-year property
-
- 5-year property
-
- 10-year property
-
- 15-year real property
-
- Low-income housing (not supported)
-
- 18-year real property
-
- 19-year real property"
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Tables I, IV, V, and VI are specifically incorporated into
- the program.
-
- Since the ARCS method of depreciation is history as they say,
- and therefore not likely to be changed, you can only select
- recovery periods that are allowed under the regulations. You
- change the periods by pressing the <+> or <spacebar> to increase
- the value and the <-> key to decrease the value. (The <+> and <->
- on the numeric keypad are used.)
-
- Salvage Value
-
- Per IRS Publication 534 for the 1989 Tax Year:
-
- "It is important for you to accurately, determine the correct
- salvage value of the property you want to depreciate. You may not
- depreciate property below a reasonable salvage value."
-
- "Salvage value is the estimated value of property at the end
- of its useful life. It is what you expect to get for the property
- if you sell it after you can no longer use it productively. You
- must estimate the salvage value of a piece of property below a
- reasonable salvage value."
-
- "Net salvage. Net salvage is the salvage value of a piece of
- property minus what it costs to remove it when you dispose of it.
- You may choose either salvage value or net salvage when you
- figure depreciation...Your salvage value can never be less than
- zero."
-
- NOTE: Under the declining balance method, salvage value is
- NOT subtracted when yearly depreciation is calculated. Under the
- straight line method and the sum-of-years method the salvage
- value IS deducted.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
-
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- GENERAL BUSINESS:Gross Profit
-
- This routine calculates the gross profit margin of a series
- of transactions. Enter quantities, purchase price (cost) and
- selling price. The routine reports not only the profit made, but
- also the total gross sales and cost. The gross profit margin and
- the return on investment (mark-up) are also calculated.
-
- A common use for this routine is to determine the profit made
- on a series of stock purchases. If you are a trader this routine
- is particularly useful. You can record up to 50 different pur-
- chases of a particular stock and 50 different sales of the stock,
- and SolveIt! will calculate the gross profit on the trades.
-
- NOTE: It is NOT necessary to have the purchases and sales
- "balance" on each line. That is, you can first make 3 different
- purchases and no sales on the first three lines and then 4
- different sales on the next 4 lines.
-
- Of course this routine can be used to find the profit made
- selling any item, not just stocks. For example, if you run a
- retail store and you purchase an item at three different volumes
- and prices and sell the inventory at different prices as the
- season changes, it is a fairly simple task to determine the gross
- profit on the item using this routine.
-
- Quantity
-
- This is the number of units bought or sold. Acceptable range
- of values is from 0 to 10,000.
-
- NOTE: to clear values, enter a 0 in the quantity column and
- press <F9>. All subsequent values will be cleared. To clear all
- values, enter a 0 for the first quantity and press <F9>.
-
- Unit Cost
-
- Enter your cost. The range of acceptable values is from 0 to
- 100,000. Note that by entering a 0 value here, you can record a
- sale of a previously purchased item.
-
- Selling Price
-
- Enter the selling price. The range of acceptable values is
- from 0 to 100,000. Note that by entering a 0 value here, you can
- record a purchase only.
-
- Example: In September of 1990 The Market was moving down. You
- decided to buy 1000 shares of a hot new software company at
-
- 50
-
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- $12.50. Enter the first transaction by entering 1000 for Quantity
- and $12.50 for Unit Cost. As the market began to turn around
- later in the year you bought 500 more shares at $13.50 a share.
- This is the second transaction.
-
- Then in January of 1991, when the market really took off, you
- decided to sell half of your position. Enter the third
- transaction by entering 750 for quantity and $18.00 for Selling
- Price. (If you press <F9> now, you will see that you are still in
- the hole.) Finally, in early February, when you think that things
- may have topped out, you liquidate the remaining 750 shares at
- $20 a share. Press <F9> for the bottom line result of these
- trades.
-
- You made $9,250 in four or five months for a total return of
- 48.05%. Congratulations! We only wish we had done as well!
-
- Of course, you are not limited to keying in transactions for
- one stock. The more you trade the more useful this routine
- becomes. Also, if does not matter if you key in gross prices or
- prices after commission. Just be consistent.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- GENERAL BUSINESS:Weighted Average
-
- This routine does an analysis of a series of purchases and
- sales. It determines the weighted average purchase and selling
- price as well as the high and low values for each.
-
- If you have keyed in data from the Gross Profit Margin rou-
- tine, you may use that data here without keying it in again.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- GENERAL BUSINESS:Break-Even
-
- This routine will determine the break-even point for a small
- business. The business can be either a service or manufacturing
- entity.
-
- Besides calculating a break even point, the routine also
- calculates the gross sales volume at break even. By knowing this
- figure, you can easily see if you are ahead or behind since it is
- often easier to track gross receipts than it is to track inventory.
-
- This routine also reports what the variable, fixed and prod-
- uct (if there is a product) costs are as a percentage of sales.
-
- We suggest that you calculate your break-even point based
- upon monthly data.
-
- Total Fixed Costs
-
- If you know your bottom line fixed costs, enter that amount
- here. The range of acceptable values is $1 to $99,999,999. Do not
- enter a dollar sign.
-
- If you do not know your total fixed costs, do not fret.
- Simply press <F10> and you will be given the opportunity to enter
- up to 20 individual fixed costs. Once these are entered, press
- <F10> again. And the total of your fixed costs will be calculated
- and inserted into the program.
-
- If 20 fixed costs are not enough. You can always calculate
- the total for the first twenty items. Then use that total for
- item 1 on a second go through and continue adding in your costs.
-
- As the name suggests, fixed costs are those business expenses
- that change very little over a course of some time. Examples of
- such items may be rent, utilities and insurance.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Total Variable Costs
-
- If you know your bottom line variable costs, enter that
- amount here. The range of acceptable values is $1 to $99,999,999.
- Do not enter a dollar sign.
-
- If you do not know your total variable costs, press <F10> to
- enter individual values. Use the same technique that is described
- under total fixed costs.
-
- Variable costs are those expenses that can vary from period
- to period. Examples of such items are, advertising, research,
- possibly legal fees and entertainment.
-
- Total Cost of Unit
-
- If you are running a break even for a service business, the
- value entered here would be $0. (Do not enter the $ sign.)
-
- If your business is either a manufacturing concern or a
- reseller, then this is the cost of goods sold (or manufactured)
- field. You may enter the total of all cost of goods, or you may
- press <F10> to add up individual costs. You may do a break even
- analysis for an individual item, for a series of items, for a
- department of for an entire company.
-
- Unit Selling Price
-
- Enter either the selling prices of the item or items sold. Or
- enter your hourly rate if you are a service company.
-
- The resulting calculation will tell you how many units you
- have to sell or how many hours you have to bill to break even.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- GENERAL BUSINESS:EOQ
-
- EOQ is Economic Ordering Quantity. If you are a large volume
- buyer, this routine will calculate the best quantity of an item
- to buy considering the costs to purchase and the value of money.
-
- Cost to Write PO
-
- Enter your estimated overhead costs to write a PO.
-
- Annual Units Used
-
- Enter an estimate for the number of units you expect to use
- over the next 12 months.
-
- Purchase Price
-
- Enter the cost of the item that you want to buy.
-
- Price Per Number of Units
-
- If the Purchase Price is for one unit, then enter 1. Other-
- wise, enter the number of units that the purchase price will buy.
-
- Example, if you have to buy bolts, and the price is $6.48 per
- dozen, then you would enter 12 for price per number of units.
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-
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- REAL ESTATE:Affordable Property
-
- How much can you afford to pay for a house or property?
-
- This routine looks at the Buyer's Annual Income, Cash
- Available, projected property taxes, maintenance, insurance and
- the Percentage of Income for Payments that is available for
- housing to determine the price of an affordable property.
-
- Besides reporting the price of an affordable house, SolveIt!
- also calculates what percentage the available cash is of the
- affordable price. This is calculated so that you can see if you
- meet the minimum down payment requirements of your lending
- institution.
-
- Annual Income
-
- Most banks look at your gross annual income.
-
- Cash Available
-
- How much cold, hard cash do you have for a down payment.
-
- Annual Interest Rate
-
- Enter the interest rate that you expect to finance your
- purchase at. You may enter from 1 to 49%.
-
- Number of Periods
-
- How many monthly periods do you want a mortgage for? The
- duration cannot be longer than 40 years or 480 months.
-
- Est Tax & Insurance
-
- How much do you expect to pay for property taxes as well as
- fire and liability insurance? This is an annualized figure. The
- range of acceptable values is from $1 to $99,999,999. Do not
- enter a dollar sign.
-
- Est Maintenance
-
- How much do you expect to pay for annual maintenance? This is
- an annualized figure. The range of acceptable values is from $1
- to $99,999,999. Do not enter a dollar sign.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Percent of Income
-
- What percent of your gross income do you want to commit to
- this purchase. Often banks will allow you to spend up to 28% of
- your gross income for housing. You may enter a range of 1% to 49%
- here. Do not enter the percent sign.
-
- Example: You are looking for your dream house. Your Annual
- Income is $95,000. You have $30,000 cash available and you are
- seeking a 30 year mortgage. Enter 360 in the Number of Periods
- field. Since the current mortgage rates are 10%, we will use that
- for an Annual Interest Rate. Home owners in the community you are
- looking in pay $4,000 annually for property taxes on homes that
- you like and you estimate that annual maintenance will run about
- $2,000. Your bank will allow you to carry a mortgage plus
- maintenance and taxes that is about 30% of your income.
-
- Using these assumptions, you will be able to afford a home
- that costs $243,657.79. Your mortgage will be $213,657.79 and the
- cash available is 12.3% of the house price. (This could signal a
- problem since while you have the income to afford the mortgage,
- you may not have enough cash to meet the down payment
- requirements of most banks.)
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- REAL ESTATE:Second Mortgage
-
- Determines the payment for a second mortgage. It is assumed
- that the second mortgage is an interest only mortgage. Besides
- the second mortgage payment, the size of the second mortgage is
- calculated as well as the total payment for both mortgages.
-
- The typical application for this routine is when you are
- planning to buy a home and you have a home on the market. If you
- go to closing on the new home before you have sold or closed on
- the home that is for sale, you may need to have a loan until you
- can tap the equity in the property that is for sale.
-
- If this is the case, you will often be offered an interest
- only mortgage for a small amount. Of course the idea being that
- you will pay off this second mortgage once you have the proceeds
- from your sale.
-
- You may wonder why this routine does not ask for the term of
- the second mortgage. The answer is simple, since it is an inter-
- est only mortgage, it has no duration. It goes on infinitely!
-
- This routine is assuming monthly payments in its calcula-
- tions.
-
- Purchase Price
-
- What is the purchase price of the house? Acceptable range is
- from $1 to $99,999,999 for this and all other dollar fields in
- this routine. As usual, do not enter a $ sign.
-
- Cash Available
-
- What is the amount of cash that is available to put down on
- the house. This is the actual cash available, and does not
- include the cash that may be available later from the sale of a
- home.
-
- First Mortgage
-
- What amount can you finance? This is primary mortgage.
-
- NOTE: if the cash available and the amount entered here for
- the first mortgage is equal to or greater than the purchase
- price, then there will be no need for a second mortgage, and
- SolveIt! will tell you so.
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- First Interest Rate
-
- What is the interest rate of the first mortgage? The accept-
- able range of values here is from 1% to 49%. Do not enter a %
- sign.
-
- First Term
-
- Enter the duration of the first mortgage. This is in terms of
- monthly periods. That is if it is a traditional 30 year mortgage
- then you would enter 360 here.
-
- Second Interest Rate
-
- Enter the rate for the second mortgage. The acceptable range
- of values here is from 1% to 49%. Do not enter a % sign.
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- REAL ESTATE:Rental Analysis
-
- SolveIt! will do a detailed analysis of rental income. It
- allows for an inflation adjustment on rents, expenditures and
- property taxes. The value of the property can also be increased
- annually by an inflation factor.
-
- An analysis of income with or without the effects of Federal
- Income taxes can be done. One or two mortgages are supported. And
- either mortgage can be normal, fixed principal, or of an interest
- only type. Points are also taken into account.
-
- Depreciation is calculated using the Alternate/MACRS method
- as defined by the 1986 Tax Code. You may show or not show the
- impact of depreciation on the cash flow.
-
- Press <F2> to save the data entered in this routine.
-
- Purchase Price
-
- Purchase price of the building and property. (This is not the
- figure used for depreciation.) The maximum value acceptable here
- is $99,999,999.00
-
- Date of Purchase
-
- Closing date of the purchase. The range of values acceptable
- here is from 01/01/1987 to 12/31/2049.
-
- Business Use
-
- If the property is not used 100 percent for business use,
- then you cannot depreciate the portion of the property that is
- used for personal use. Enter the percentage of the property that
- IS used for business. (Check with your tax advisor.)
-
- Useful Life
-
- This is the useful life of the building. This value is used
- for depreciation calculations. Check with the IRS publication
- #534 or your tax advisor for the acceptable life of your proper-
- ty. Presently, you can use 31.5 years for commercial property or
- 27.5 years for residential property.
-
- The acceptable range of input values here is from 0 to 39
- years. That is not to say that this is the range of values
- accepted by the IRS.
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- Selling Price
-
- You must enter EITHER an assumed selling price OR a projected
- annual appreciation factor. The projected profit from the sale of
- the property is reflected in the cash flow statement.
-
- The acceptable range is from $1 to $99,999,999.00
-
- Date of Sale
-
- Projected date of sale.
-
- The longest duration that you can hold a property for is 39
- years.
-
- Annual Appreciation
-
- If you do not enter a selling price, then you must enter an
- appreciation factor. It may be easier to assume that property
- will appreciate at an assumed rate of say 9% than to calculate a
- selling price 10 years out.
-
- The acceptable range is from 0 to 99 percent.
-
- Selling Costs
-
- When you sell property, you usually have to pay a commission.
- Enter a percentage here. The acceptable range is from 0 to 99
- percent.
-
- Mortgage
-
- The amount of the first or second mortgage. The acceptable
- range of values is from $0 to $99,999,999.00. Do NOT enter the $
- sign.
-
- Interest Rate
-
- This is the interest rate for the loan. The acceptable range
- of values is from 0 to 49%. If you enter a 0 then there is no
- calculations done for the mortgage.
-
- Term
-
- The term of the loan in months. Thus a 30 year mortgage has a
- term of 360 months. The range of acceptable values is from 0 to
- 480 months. If you enter a 0, then no mortgage calculations are
- done.
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- Type
-
- 1) The normal loan is where the monthly payments are equal
- and the amount applied toward principal increases slightly from
- one month to the next as the remaining balance of the loan is
- less and the interest due is reduced.
-
- 2) A fixed loan is when the amount of each payment varies but
- the amount applied toward principal is the same each month.
- Payments will decrease month to month.
-
- 3) Interest only is when the entire principal is due on the
- last payment date. Often second mortgages or bridge loans are of
- the interest only variety.
-
- Points
-
- Enter the origination points for the loan. If you are using
- "All Tax Advantages" for the analysis, then points are added to
- the basis of the property. Otherwise they are deducted in the
- first year. The acceptable range of values is from 0 to 49%.
-
- Tax Bracket
-
- Enter your federal income tax bracket here.
-
- Allowable Loss
-
- Presently, the allowable loss as set by the Tax Reform Act of
- 1986 is $25,000 per year. (This is NOT per property.) It is
- subject to a limitation of $1 for every $2 by which your adjusted
- gross income exceeds $100,000. Therefore, your allowable loss
- would be $0 if your adjusted gross income exceeds $150,000. Check
- with your tax advisor for the latest interpretation of the law.
- (This loss limitation is referred to as the Passive Activity Loss
- Limitation.)
-
- Suspended or unrecognized losses are NOT carried forward due
- to the complexity of the tax laws governing how such losses can
- be utilized.
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- Monthly Expense
-
- Enter the monthly maintenance expenses here. The acceptable
- range is from $0 to $9,999,999.00.
-
- Also note that expenses can be increased by an annual infla-
- tion factor.
-
- Monthly Rents
-
- This is the entire rental income that the property is expect-
- ed to generate each month. If the building has 100 rental units
- and each unit rents for $1,000. per month, you would enter
- $100,000. (Do not enter the $ sign.) The gross potential rental
- income is affected by the percentage of occupancy.
-
- Note that since rents are paid in advance. The cash flow
- statement does not consider any rents collected in the last
- fractional month of ownership. If a building is purchased on
- 10/05/90 and sold on 10/31/92, then the last month is considered
- a fractional month for the purposes of this program. The building
- would have to be sold on 11/05/92 to have the last months rent
- impact the cash flow statement.
-
- Also note that the rental income can be increased by an
- annual inflation factor.
-
- Annual Expense Increase
-
- This is the inflation factor that you expect expenses to
- increase by. If you set a percentage here (acceptable range is
- from 0 to 99%), the costs will go up on the anniversary date of
- the purchase.
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- Annual Rent Increase
-
- This is the inflation factor that you expect to be able to
- increase the rents by. If you set a percentage here (acceptable
- range is from 0 to 99%), the rents will go up on the anniversary
- date of the purchase.
-
- Initial Fix Up
-
- This is a figure for MAJOR improvements that you might make.
- This amount is NOT expensed but rather depreciated for tax
- purposes.
-
- Occupied
-
- Rental property is seldom 100% occupied. Enter the average
- occupancy percentage here. Acceptable range of values is from 0
- to 100%.
-
- Property Taxes
-
- Enter the annual property taxes that you expect to pay. You
- may increase this amount by an inflation factor if you wish.
-
- Tax Effect
-
- The cash flow analysis may be impacted by taxes in one of
- three ways:
-
- 1) All advantages. All tax deductions are taken including
- depreciation. Points on the mortgages are depreciated over the
- useful life.
-
- 2) No depreciation. The cash flow report does not take into
- account depreciation. Points and initial fix up costs are deduct-
- ed in the first year. This option allows you to see how the
- actual cash out affect your taxes.
-
- 3) Not Considered. If you want to analyze an investment on
- its own merits, use this option.
-
- Annual Property Tax Increase
-
- This is the inflation factor that you expect property taxes
- to go up by. If you set a percentage here (acceptable range is
- from 0 to 99%), the increase will be in effect as of the first of
- the year.
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- Depreciation Basis
-
- This is the figure that the depreciation calculations are
- based upon. Presently, land cannot be depreciated. Since it is
- very likely that the purchase price would include the price of
- the land that the building is sitting on, it is necessary to
- enter the value of the building only.
-
- Note that the initial fix up costs are automatically added to
- this figure for depreciation purposes in the cash flow statement.
-
- Cash Flow Report
-
- When all values are entered into the Rental Analysis work
- area, press <F9> to display an annual cash flow report. Press
- <F3> to print the report.
-
- This report will show the actual cash in, cash out, net tax
- effect, after tax cash flow and the cumulative cash flow.
-
- The cash in/cash out should be self explanatory. The net tax
- effect is the amount of taxes paid or saved. If the number is
- positive, you can expect to save that amount on your annual
- taxes. If the amount is negative, you will be paying that amount
- in additional taxes. After tax cash flow is the bottom line of
- the deal. It is the result of cash in less cash out PLUS the tax
- savings or LESS the taxes paid. A negative after tax cash flow,
- of course, indicates the annual loss on the property.
-
- Cumulative cash flow is a running total of how the property
- is doing. Look at the very last figure in this column to know the
- bottom line of the investment.
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- NET WORTH:
- Net Worth
-
- Just exactly how much am I worth?
-
- This routine will calculate net worth. Of course the net
- worth is the value of the assets after the liabilities are paid.
- When you select this item, you will be presented with the usual
- data entry type screen asking you for your current assets. To key
- in liabilities, simply press <F10> to switch to the liabilities
- data entry screen. (The Net Worth figure is shown automatically
- on the liabilities screen.)
-
- <F10> switches between the assets and liabilities screen.
-
- <F3> will print a net worth statement.
-
- To save the net worth data, press <F2> for the files menu.
-
- Liabilities
-
- Enter an amount for each applicable liability item. You can
- enter a value in the range of -9,999,999.99 to 9,999,999.99. (A
- negative value is allowed here so that you can accurately reflect
- the value of an mistakenly over paid liability. For example, if
- you have over paid on a credit card, you would in fact have a
- negative liability while you are waiting for a cash refund of the
- credit balance.)
-
- Assets
-
- Enter an amount for each applicable Asset item. You can enter
- a value in the range of -9,999,999.99 to 9,999,999.99. (A nega-
- tive value is allowed here so that you can accurately enter the
- value of an item that might usually be an asset, but in fact
- would cost you more to junk than it is actually worth!)
-
- Remember, you can change the title (description) of each item
- via the install menu. (see Setting Other Options, The Install
- Menu in the appendix.) By customizing the descriptions for this
- routine, you can easily calculate the net worth for a small
- business.
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- BUDGET:Projected
- BUDGET:Actual
-
- This routine has been greatly enhanced since the last version
- of SolveIt!. You can now key in both a projected budget and the
- actual results. The summary data will then compare and analyze
- the projected budget vs. the actual results. You can track up to
- 12 monthly budgets. Annual totals for each category can be
- displayed by pressing <Alt><T> while keying in data. Or summary
- data can be displayed by pressing <Alt><S>.
-
- This routine is no longer restricted to personal use. The
- power of the routine has been significantly increased because the
- user can change the title (description) for any of the items via
- the install menu. (To run Install see Setting Other Options, The
- Install Menu in the appendix.) So if you want to change "Car Pay-
- ment" to say "Newspaper Advertising", you can do it. This will
- allow you to get meaningful cash flow data for a small business
- from this routine.
-
- The printed report will show a budget for each month on a
- different page. Each projected item will show you what percent it
- is of the total income figure. And each actual item will show you
- what percentage it is of the projected budgeted amount.
-
- When you select the budget routine you will be prompted for
- the following information:
-
- The cash on hand is the initial amount of cash that you have
- at the start of the first budget period. This figure is used in
- the cash flow analysis. You may enter a negative number as would
- probably be the case if you are dealing with a bankruptcy situa-
- tion and more cash is owed than is actually available.
-
- As mentioned, the Budget Routine will track a budget for up
- to twelve months. Please note that the first month of the budget
- process DOES NOT have to be January. Enter the number of the
- month (1-12) that you want for the first month, and the routine
- will allow you to track budget items for the following 11 months.
-
- Once the initial screen is filled in, press <F9> to accept.
- Then enter an amount for each applicable income item. Range of
- acceptable values are from -9,999,999.99 to 9,999,999.99. (This
- routine allows for a negative income value to allow for the
- possibility that you might have to "give back" some income that
- was mistakenly paid.)
-
- Press <F10> to switch between expenses and income items.
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- Enter an amount for each applicable expense item. Range of
- acceptable values are from -9,999,999.99 to 9,999,999.99. (This
- routine allows for a negative expense value to allow for the
- possibility that you might receive a refund for an overpayment.)
-
- The following keys are used in the Budget Routine:
-
- Use <Ctrl><Enter> to quickly enter repeated expenses or
- income items. For example, if the monthly salary is a constant
- $7050, then use <Ctrl><Enter> whenever you are on the Salaries'
- Field to pick up the value from the previous month. MAKE SURE YOU
- UNDERSTAND THIS FEATURE. IT IS A MAJOR TIME SAVER!
-
- Use <PgUp> or <PgDn> to change months.
-
- Use <Alt><T> to display annual totals for each category.
- (Press <Esc> to exit the total screen.)
-
- Use <Alt><S> to display the summary information for your
- budget. While viewing summary information, press <N> to see the
- next summary screen or <Esc> to exit the summary area.
-
- Press <F2> to save the budget data to a disk file.
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- The Questions
-
- Amount Returned
-
- When you liquidate your investment (cash it in) how much do
- you have left.
-
- Annual Rate
-
- This is the nominal or stated annual interest rate either
- charged or earned. The range of values is 1 to 49 percent. Do NOT
- enter a percent (%) sign.
-
- Pressing <F10> in SOME routines will bring up an interest
- rate menu that will allow you to make changes to the rate. Rate
- changes can be made either annually or periodically.
-
- Cash Flows
-
- Enter the cash flows for each period. Acceptable range:
- -99,999,999.00 to 99,999,999.00.
-
- When you have entered all of the cash flows, enter a zero (0)
- to clear any remaining values that may have been entered from a
- previous calculation. To clear ALL values enter a 0 in the first
- year.
-
- Press <F10> to go back and change the initial investment or
- year or in the case of the NPV routine the discount rate. Press
- <F9> then to calculate.
-
- Compounding Period
-
- SolveIt! supports 8 different compounding periods. (Daily,
- Weekly, BiWeekly, Monthly, Bimonthly, Quarterly, Semiannually,
- Annually) To change from one payment period to another, tap
- either the space bar <SP> or the dark gray plus <+> or minus <->
- keys on the right side of the keyboard.
-
- NOTE: You CANNOT select a compounding period that is of a
- longer duration than the payment period. If you want to calculate
- a loan with semiannual compounding, first make sure that either
- an annual or a semiannual payment period is set.
-
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- Days Per Year
-
- Payments and amortization may be calculated using either a
- 360 or a 365 day year. The 360 day year is the most commonly used
- value, and this is the default for SolveIt!.
-
- Discount Rate
-
- Enter the desired rate of return or the firm's cost of capi-
- tal.
-
- Acceptable range of values is 1% to 49%. (Do not enter the
- percent sign.)
-
- First Year
-
- This is the first calendar year. No calculations are based
- upon this entry. The program only uses it so the display will
- show the cash flows or inflation rates in real time instead of a
- less meaningful year 1, year 2, year 3 etc.
-
- Future Value
-
- This is the projected value of money at some point in the
- future. Because of risk and the time value of money, monies due
- in the future must be greater than monies in hand. Or to look at
- it another way, if you owe someone a $1,000 and it is due a year
- from now, you should be able to settle the debt for something
- less than the $1,000. What you should be able to settle the debt
- for is the Present Value.
-
- Payment Required Routine: this is the amount that you want to
- reach after the stated number of payments.
-
- Present Value Routines: this is the amount that is payable or
- due in the future.
-
- Enter the amount. Acceptable range of values is from $1 to
- $99,999,999.00. Do NOT enter a $ sign.
-
- Gain
-
- This is the dollar amount returned above the amount invested.
-
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- Inflation Rate
-
- In the Annuity Payout routine, entering a value here other
- than a 0 will cause the withdrawn amount to be increased by this
- rate.
-
- Enter rates from -49 to 49% in the Purchasing Power routine
- and from 0 to 49% in the Time to Withdrawal routine. The minus
- value, of course, is so that you can allow for deflation.
-
- Initial Amount
-
- What is the amount of the initial investment? Enter a value
- between a $1 and $99,999,999.00. (Do not enter a $ sign.)
-
- Loan Amount
-
- Total amount that is being financed. You may enter a value up
- to $99,999,999. (Do not enter a $ sign.)
-
- Loan Table or Amortization Routine: You will NOT be allowed
- to make a 0 entry. While in this field, press <F10> to add extra,
- short, or skipped payments.
-
- Calculator Routine: Will solve for the amount if a 0 is
- entered.
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- Payments
-
- Number of total payments that one expects to make. There are
- several things to consider. First this is not the number of
- payments per year. Secondly, the maximum total number of payments
- is 480 but the term can not exceed 40 years (see note below).
-
- Loan Table or Amortization Routine: Note that you cannot
- amortize a loan that exceeds 40 years. So if you are amortizing a
- loan with semiannual payments, then the maximum total number of
- payments is 80 (2 payments per year X 40 years = 80 payments). If
- one is amortizing a mortgage with an extra payment(s) the number
- of periods entered is the total number of periods as if there
- were NO extra payments made. SolveIt! will automatically calcu-
- late the effects of early payments. Also, if you want to do a 15
- year accelerated biweekly mortgage, you would enter 360 payments.
- One (1) is the minimum value that can be entered while in the
- amortization routine
-
- Calculator Routine: If zero (0) is entered then SolveIt! will
- solve for the number of payments. While you can not enter a
- fractional number of payments (that is, you can only enter full
- payments such as 48 and not 48.5), SolveIt!, while solving for
- the total number of payments, will display the fractional part of
- a payment in the interest of accuracy. You will have to decide if
- the amount of the loan, the payment or the rate is to be adjusted
- to eliminate the fractional period.
-
- Payment Amount
-
- Enter payment amount. Acceptable range: $1.00 to $99,999,999-
- .00. Do NOT enter a $ sign. Initially, it is assumed that the
- same amount is to be paid for each payment period.
-
- If you want the payment amounts to change, press <F10> while
- entering data in this field. A menu will appear that will allow
- you to enter different payment amounts. The amount may be adjust-
- ed annually or periodically (when any payment is made). Selecting
- "fixed" from the menu, will reset all payments equal to the first
- payment.
-
- Payment Date
-
- Date of first payment. Note, for a loan that is calculated
- using the Payment in Arrears Method, it is assumed that the
- origination date of the loan is exactly one period before the
- first payment date.
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- Payment Method
-
- Payments (or deposits) may be made either in advance of or
- after a periodic interest calculation. (Or at the beginning or
- end of the period.) Deposits in advance are credited before
- calculation and thus earn interest more than one made in arrears.
-
- Payment Period
-
- This is the frequency at which payments are made. That is
- payments may be made daily, weekly, biweekly, monthly, bimonthly,
- quarterly, semiannually, or annually. This is equivalent to 365,
- 52, 26, 12, 6, 4, 2 or 1 periods per year.
-
- To change from one payment period to another, tap either the
- space bar <SP> or the dark gray plus <+> or minus <-> keys on the
- right side of the keyboard. In most cases, you CANNOT select a
- payment period that is a shorter duration than the compounding
- period.
-
- Periodic Payment
-
- This is the amount that would be paid on each payment date to
- amortize the loan.
-
- Loan Calculator: Enter zero (0) and press <F9> to solve for
- payment amount.
-
- Present Value
-
- Enter a dollar amount. The range is between $1.00 and $99,99-
- 9,999.00.
-
- The present value is what an amount is worth in current
- dollars. It is always less than the future value except in maybe
- cases of extreme deflation.
-
- Starting Date
-
- This is the starting date for the routine. All ending dates
- are based on this date.
-
- To enter a date, you do not need to enter leading zeros. That
- is to enter June 8 1990, you may enter 6/8/90 or 06/09/1990.
- There is no need to type the "/". Also, if you just need to edit
- the day, for example, you can use the <tab> key to tab to the day
- field.
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- Total Periods
-
- Number of total periods one expects. There are several things
- to consider. First this is NOT the number of periods per year.
- The lowest value that can be entered here is 1 and the maximum
- total number of periods is 480. HOWEVER, the maximum number of
- years that the program will accept is 40. Therefore, you cannot
- enter 180 here if the payment period is set to quarterly. 180
- divided by 4 is 45 years, which is over the maximum.
-
- Please see the appendix for a chart that shows the acceptable
- number of payment periods.
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- Files
-
- Pressing <F2> from almost anywhere in the program will
- display the Save/Retrieve Menu. The only time <F2> will not be an
- option is while another menu or message window is displayed.
-
- You next will have to choose what data it is that you want to
- save or retrieve. (see below, under File Structure)
-
- After selecting the data, you will be prompted for a file
- name. You may either enter a file name, or you may enter a DOS
- wild card character (Examples: *.*, S*.*, S???.???, A:*.*). If
- you enter part of a file name or a name containing a wild card,
- you will be presented with a list of the files on the drive. Use
- the cursor keys, to move the highlight selector to a file name.
- If you are saving data, you will be prompted to confirm that you
- want to overwrite the existing file. If you are saving only some
- data, (i.e. adjustable rates), you will only replace the adjust-
- able rate part of the file.
-
- SolveIt! automatically checks to see that you are updating a
- SolveIt! file. It will not allow you to alter a file that is not
- one of its own. You will also not be allow to retrieve a file
- that is not a SolveIt! file.
-
- The file structure was changed between SolveIt! 3.1 and
- SolveIt! 4.0. The two structures are NOT compatible and therefore
- a file from version 3.1 and earlier cannot be used with versions
- from 4.0 on.
-
- One final note, the file structure for all of our financial
- programs is the same. So if you have AmortizeIt! and you want to
- upgrade to SolveIt!, you will still be able to use your data
- files from AmortizeIt!.
-
- File Structure
-
- All of the data that can be saved, is saved to one file. That
- is, the budget, net worth, amortization data for one client can
- be kept in one file. We feel that this is easier for the user
- than keeping track of say 4 or 5 different files for one client.
- On the other hand, you have to give it some thought as to what
- data you are working with when you do a save or retrieve.
-
- For example: If you are doing amortization projections for a
- client, and you want to save the data to an existing file, you
- must be careful to select just the Loan/Amortization data. This
- is done in order not to overwrite the information in the file
- that might be there for the budget, net worth or IRR/Net Present
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- Value routines.
-
- Likewise, when you retrieve data, you must pick the data that
- you want to retrieve. That is to say, if you are currently
- working on a budget for Mr. & Mrs. Rivadeneyra and Mr. Langenhahn
- calls with a question about a prospective mortgage for a summer
- house, you must make sure that you only retrieve the
- Loan/Amortization data in order that you do not overwrite
- (destroy!) the information that you have keyed into the budget
- routine for Mr. and Mrs. Rivadeneyra.
-
- The program's data file is structured so that the following
- elements of data can be saved, updated or retrieved individually:
- Adjustable Rates, eXtra Payments, Budget Data, Net Worth Data,
- Cash Flows, Inflation Rates, Rates & eXtra Payments,
- Loan/Amortization, Rental Analysis, Everything. In addition to
- these elements, the current value of Present Value, Future Value,
- Payment Method, Payment Period, Compounding Period and Starting
- Date are also saved.
-
- To give you a few examples, if you want to save the deposit
- amounts in the future value routine, you would save the eXtra
- Payments. (Extra Payments and Deposits are the same thing to the
- program. This is so that you can easily see what the future value
- or present value of the extra monies is that you applied toward
- the principal of a mortgage. That is, if you key in extra loan
- payments, you do not need to rekey in the values as a deposit in
- the future value routine.)
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- If you want to save the cash flow values from the Net Present
- Value or the IRR routines, you would save the Cash Flows. If you
- want to save the inflation rates for the Purchasing Power Rou-
- tine, you would save the Inflation Rates. And if you have a ARM
- (adjustable rate mortgage) and you make extra payments to reduce
- the outstanding principal, you would save Rates & eXtra Payments
- or the Loan/Amortization data.
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- Some Relationships Between the Routines
-
- As we have stated, the help screens can actually provide you
- with all of the information that you need to operate SolveIt!.
- The purpose of this section is to show with examples how you can
- solve financial problems with the program where the choice of
- routine may not be obvious.
-
- Let us look at how two professional people might use the
- program to solve problems for their clients. Mr. I. M. Smart is a
- financial planner. He often, as might be expected, needs to do
- financial presentations and he finds SolveIt! very useful for
- generating figures to back up his opinions.
-
- Ms. Penney Rich is an attorney whose cliental includes a
- number of sports stars and entertainment personalities. She is
- often involved with negotiating settlements that require her to
- use the financial, budget and net worth routines.
-
- Let us start with an example for one of Mr. Smart's clients.
- Reds Mason is a builder who also likes to speculate in the real
- estate market. He owns several properties which he rents out to
- commercial tenants. He wants to know the best way to manage his
- money. He particularly wants to know the effect of prepaying his
- mortgages. (Three routines will be used to arrive at an answer.)
-
- First, Mr. Smart goes to the Remaining Balance routine to see
- how much is still owed on one of the loans. He enters the origi-
- nal loan amount of $250,000, 180 for the number of monthly
- periods and 11% for the rate. Since the loan has been held for
- exactly 2 years, he enters 24 to find out the remaining balance
- after the 24th payment. The result is that there is sill $235,315
- owed on the loan.
-
- After this calculation, Mr. Smart goes to the Loan Table
- Routine and notes that the details of the mortgage are already
- entered as the result of having entered them in the remaining
- balance routine. The only thing he needs to do is to change the
- amount of loan to equal the remaining balance ($235,315) and to
- change the term from 180 to 156, since there are only 156 remain-
- ing periods.
-
- At this point, while he is on the amount of loan field he
- presses <F10> to enter the extra payments that Mr. Mason wants to
- make. Mr. Mason feels that he can pay an extra $2,000, once a
- year. SolveIt!'s copy feature is used to enter the extra pay-
- ments. Once that is done, the amortization table is displayed and
- it shows that the loan is paid off after 138 payments instead of
- the 156 payments it would have taken if the extra payments were
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- not made.
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- To summarize the details of the savings, press <F10> and
- summarize the loan through the 138th period (156 is NOT entered
- here since there are no longer 156 periods.) Mr. Smart can now
- show Mr. Mason that his extra $2,000 a year, if paid for a total
- of 12 years, will save him $25,222 in interest payments.
-
- Now that sounds pretty good to Mr. Mason. But in fact, Mr.
- Smart has to point out that this is not the real savings to him.
- He suggests that Mr. Mason could do something else with the
- $2,000 rather than apply it toward his mortgage. What happens if
- he decides to invest the money in tax free bonds? How much would
- $2,000 a year grow to after twelve years?
-
- Again, Mr. Smart turns to use SolveIt!. He taps <Esc> a few
- times to get back to the main menu. He picks the future value
- routine from the finance menu. Once in the routine he changes the
- present value to $0 and the interest rate to 8.5% which is the
- going rate for the bonds. Since the $2,000 payments were entered
- in the Loan Table, there is no need to re-enter them in the
- Future Value routine. Therefore, all that is left to do is to
- press <F9> and the Future Value Routine calculates that the
- $2,000 deposited every year for 12 years will grow to $41,329.70
- over the 138 periods. It also shows that there is a gain of
- $17,329 over the $24,000 that was invested.
-
- Now the idea of making extra payments does not look as good
- as it did at first. Mr. Smart is able to demonstrate to his
- client that the actual cash savings is only $7,893 (The $25,222
- interest savings less the $17,329 gain.) when the future value of
- the series of $2,000 payments is taken into consideration. And in
- fact, the savings is even less when you consider that the inter-
- est on the mortgage is probably tax deductible. If Mr. Mason is
- in a 28% tax bracket and if he pays the $25,222 interest he will
- realize an additional tax savings of $7,062. So therefore, as
- incredible as it may seem, Mr. Mason would actually LOOSE $267.
- if he makes the extra payments!
-
- Now that Mr. Mason knows that he does not want to make the
- extra payments. He changes the subject to ask about his rental
- properties. He knows (or at least he thinks that he knows) that
- he his making money. The question is, is he making a reasonable
- return on his investment. (Two routines will be used to arrive at
- an answer.)
-
- To answer this question, Mr. Smart uses SolveIt!'s Rental
- Income Analysis Routine. We wouldn't bother you with lots of
- details here since there are thirty variables involved in analyz-
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- ing rental income. But so you can follow along using the program,
- let us assume that he bought a building for $300,000 and he has a
- mortgage of $250,000 for 180 months at 11%. There are 2 points
- charged on the loan. Also assume that the building will appreci-
- ate at 9% per year. We will not allow for any inflation of
- expenses, income, or property taxes. In fact, we will not even
- have a property tax figure! (Don't we wish!) The monthly expenses
- will be $3,000 and the total monthly rental income will be
- $6,000. The depreciation basis is $275,000, the useful life is
- 31.5 years, the purchase date is 10/11/1990 and the date that the
- property is sold is 4/11/2000. This scenario will generate a
- bottom line cash flow of $339,502.
-
- But remember, the question is, "Is this a good investment?".
- Mr. Smart hits the <Esc> key a few times and goes to the finance
- routines. Under Evaluation he chooses the IRR routine. The
- internal rate of return is used to determine the rate of return
- on a series of complicated cash flows. In this case the cash
- flows are already entered, since they are carried over from the
- calculations of the Rental Income Analysis routine. All that is
- left to do is to press <F9>. The result is that the annual rate
- of return is less than 1%. No comments needed. Changes must be
- made!
-
- Moving on to Ms. Rich, we find her in the middle of nego-
- tiating a contract for a local sports star. The client, Sam
- Fielder, wants to sign for $1,000,000 bonus, payable at the start
- of the new contract. The owners of the franchise, who are anxious
- to keep the local hero on their payroll, fear that they will
- severely jeopardize the financial health of their organization if
- they meet his demands. They counter propose that they will pay
- him, $200,000, a year for ten years starting after five years.
-
- Of course, the challenge here is to see if the offer is as
- good as the current demand. Ms. Rich uses the Present Value of a
- Series Routine to see if it is. Before entering the Payment
- Amounts, she sets the Total Periods to 15, the Payment Period and
- Compounding Period to annual. She assumes a nominal rate of 6.5%.
- Once these are entered she returns to the Payment Amount field.
- Instead of filling in an amount, she press <F10> to enter
- individual cash flows. She selects "extra periodically". (Since
- payments are annual, extra annually and extra periodically give
- the same result here.) She then uses the copy feature to copy
- $200,000 as the amount from period 6 through period 15.
- (Remember, the proposal on the table is for $200,000 a year
- starting in the sixth year.)
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- Once this is done she escapes out. She presses <F9> to solve
- for the result. Ms. Rich sees that the series of future payments
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- is worth $1,046,864.50. She can therefore advise her client that
- the two compensation packages are essentially the same. And in
- fact, she points out that if Mr. Fielder does not need the cash
- now, then he may be better off postponing the income to a time
- when his cash flow may be less.
-
- Next, Mr. Fielder wants to provide some income for his Mother
- who has nearly reached retirement age. Initially, he thought that
- he would buy her an annuity to generate income. His goal is to
- provide her with $5,000 a month for the next fifteen years. He
- has $400,000 readily available for this investment.
-
- As would be expected, Ms. Rich uses the Time to Withdrawal
- Routine to check the feasibility of this plan. She discovers that
- $400,000 invested earning 8.5% annually will pay the desired
- $5,000 a month for only 119 periods, or for a little less than
- ten years.
-
- Now the question is, if Mr. Fields wants to provide the
- $5,000 a month, and he wants to do so for fifteen years, how much
- would he have to invest? To arrive at the answer is simple, but
- not so obvious. Ms. Rich exits from the Time to Withdrawal
- routine and from the main menu she selects the Loan Analysis
- Calculator Routine. There she keys in 0 for the Amount of Loan
- and she enters 180 for the term. (Monthly payments for fifteen
- years is 180 payments.). She assumes the same rate of return or
- 8.5% and she sets the payment to $5,000. When she solves for the
- result they learn that it will take an initial investment of
- $507,748.47 to generate the kind of income that Mr. Fields is
- seeking. (You can go back to the Time to Withdrawal Routine to
- confirm this calculation.)
-
- There we have it. These are some real life examples of how
- users use SolveIt!. We hope that these illustrations expand your
- understanding of how the program can be used. Again, these are
- only some to the applications for these routines. We strongly
- encourage you to "play" with the program. Experiment and try to
- answer other "what if" questions. Let us know what you find out.
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- APPENDIX
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- Inflation rates based upon the US CPI (Consumer Price Index) US
- City Average for all urban consumers for the last 30 years are as
- follows:
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- U.S. Consumer Price Index
-
- 1955 : -0.4% 1967 : 2.9% 1975 : 9.1% 1983 : 3.2%
-
- 1960 : 1.6 1968 : 4.2 1976 : 5.8 1984 : 4.3
-
- 1961 : 1.0 1969 : 5.4 1977 : 6.5 1985 : 3.6
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- 1962 : 1.1 1970 : 5.9 1978 : 7.6 1986 : 1.9
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- 1963 : 1.2 1971 : 4.3 1979 : 11.5 1987 : 3.7
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- 1964 : 1.3 1972 : 3.3 1980 : 13.5 1988 : 4.1
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- 1965 : 1.7 1973 : 6.2 1981 : 10.4 1989 : 4.8
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- 1966 : 2.9 1974 : 11.0 1982 : 6.1 1990 : 6.1
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- ALLOWABLE TOTAL PERIODS FOR EACH PAYMENT/COMPOUNDING PERIOD
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- YEARS WKLY BIWKLY MONTH BIMNTH QRTRLY SEMIANNL
- 1 52 26 12 6 4 2
- 2 104 52 24 12 8 4
- 3 156 78 36 18 12 6
- 4 208 104 48 24 16 8
- 5 260 130 60 30 20 10
- 6 312 156 72 36 24 12
- 7 364 182 84 42 28 14
- 8 416 208 96 48 32 16
- 9 468 234 108 54 36 18
- 10 260 120 60 40 20
- 11 286 132 66 44 22
- 12 312 144 72 48 24
- 13 338 156 78 52 26
- 14 364 168 84 56 28
- 15 390 180 90 60 30
- 16 416 192 96 64 32
- 17 442 204 102 68 34
- 18 468 216 108 72 36
- 19 228 114 76 38
- 20 240 120 80 40
- 21 252 126 84 42
- 22 264 132 88 44
- 23 276 138 92 46
- 24 288 144 96 48
- 25 300 150 100 50
- 26 312 156 104 52
- 27 324 162 108 54
- 28 336 168 112 56
- 29 348 174 116 58
- 30 360 180 120 60
- 31 372 186 124 62
- 32 384 192 128 64
- 33 396 198 132 66
- 34 408 204 136 68
- 35 420 210 140 70
- 36 432 216 144 72
- 37 444 222 148 74
- 38 456 228 152 76
- 39 468 234 156 78
- 40 480 240 160 80
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- MESSAGES
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- "CALC"
-
- When the "CALC" message is displayed in the upper right hand
- corner of the window, this means that the results that are
- currently shown are not accurate. To get rid of this message and
- to display the correct calculations, press the <F9> key.
-
- "Out-of-Range"
-
- Occasionally, you will see an "Out-of-Range" message dis-
- played in the upper left corner of the window. When you see this
- message, it means that the resulting answer to a calculation
- produced a result that was too large to display. Therefore, DO
- NOT accept the displayed answer as being correct!!
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- Printing to Disk
-
- When you print to disk, the report or schedule is saved in a
- standard ASCII file on the designated drive. The purpose of being
- able to print to disk is so that you can later load the file into
- your favorite word processor for editing. This will allow you,
- for example, to bold face selected numbers in a report. Of course
- you can also change the numbers that SolveIt! gives you, if you
- desire!
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- Local Menus
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- DESTINATION MENU
-
- This menu is displayed when you are starting a schedule or
- preparing to send an amortization schedule to the printer. There
- are three destinations to pick from:
-
- Screen : Printer : Disk File
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- Pick the screen option to display the schedule to the screen.
-
- Pick the printer option to print the schedule. The next
- window that you see will ask a series of questions that will be
- used to customize the title page of the printed schedule.
-
- The Disk File option will send the schedule to a disk file.
- By "printing to disk" as it is sometimes called, you will be able
- to take the resulting ASCII text file and load it into a word
- processor so that you can highlight important points. You will
- also be able to add notes or modify the title page.
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- INTEREST RATE MENU
-
- When applicable, the interest rate menu may be accessed by
- pressing <F10> when the cursor is in the interest rate field on a
- routine's main screen.
-
- Fixed Rate
-
- This option will allow you to reset all of the rates for each
- payment or deposit period equal to the value entered on the
- routine's main screen. This is the quick and easy method to
- change an adjustable rate loan to a fixed rate loan.
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- Adjust Annually
-
- This option will allow you to set an interest rate for an
- entire year. The rate changes one payment period prior to the
- anniversary date of the loan if the payment is in arrears. It
- changes on the anniversary date of the loan if the payment is in
- advanced.
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- Adjust Periodically
-
- This option will allow you to change the interest rate on any
- payment or deposit date.
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- FISCAL MONTH MENU
-
- To access this menu, you must be on the Display Year field in
- the Loan Table routine. Press <F10> for this menu.
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- Select the first month of the fiscal year from the list by
- typing the capital letter in the months name or, alternatively,
- by using the cursor keys to move the high light bar over the
- month's name and pressing <Enter>.
-
- EXTRA PAYMENT MENU
-
- When applicable, the payments or deposited amount may be
- altered. To do this, access the extra payment menu by pressing
- <F10> when the cursor is in the Deposit, Payment or Amount of
- Loan field on a routine's main screen. Watch the help lines at
- the bottom of the screen to know when this is an option.
-
- No Extra Payment
-
- Selecting this option will cancel all previously entered
- extra payments or deposits.
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- Extra Annually
-
- This will allow you to enter an extra payment or deposit once
- a year on the anniversary date of the loan.
-
- Note however, if you use the copy function to copy an annual
- payment or deposit across several years that if you pick a
- starting period other than on the anniversary date, the amount
- will be copied every twelve months from the period you select.
- This will happen even though the period are not displayed on the
- screen.
-
- For example: If your mortgage's origination date is in
- November but you expect to receive tax refunds in about April
- that you would use to pay principal on the loan. You can copy the
- extra amount from the 18th period on if you want to start making
- the payments in April in the second year of the mortgage.
-
- Extra Periodically
-
- This will allow you to enter extra payment(s) on any payment
- date. This is the option that you want to select if you wish to
- schedule a series of regular extra payments. (Follow the menus
- from the entry screen that allows extra payments to be copied.)
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- COPY RATE
-
- Press <F10> for the local menu to copy a rate over many
- periods when interest rates are being added. This is a very fast
- way to set one rate over a block of many periods.
-
- Once the copy window is displayed, you will be asked for an
- interest rate, a starting period and an ending period. If you are
- adjusting rates by the period, then you will be able to copy the
- rate from any period to any period.
-
- If you are adjusting the rate annually, the program will copy
- the rate starting at any period and use that rate for a minimum
- of at least a years worth of payments. This is to say, that if
- you are adjusting the rate annually, and the loan is being paid
- quarterly, then the interest rate that you enter in the copy mode
- is used for determining the payment amount for at least 3 payment
- periods following the initial period.
-
- When you are in the copy window, you may press <Esc> so that
- the copy does not take place and the rates are left unchanged, or
- you press <F9> to perform the copy.
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- COPY AMOUNT
-
- Press <F10> for the local menu to copy an extra payment over
- many periods when payments are being added. This is a very fast
- way to set or schedule one regular extra payment over a block of
- many periods.
-
- Once the copy window is displayed, you will be asked for a
- dollar amount, a starting period and an ending period. If you are
- adding extra payments by the period, then you will be able to
- copy the amount from any period to any period.
-
- If you are adding payments annually, the program will copy
- the amount from the starting period and copy it to the period
- that is on the anniversary date of the starting period. For
- example, if the payment period is quarterly, and you are adding
- extra payments annually, then if you use the copy feature to copy
- an extra payment from period 10 to period 20, then the extra
- payments will be made when the regular payments are made for
- periods 10, 14, and 18.
-
- Please note that when you are copying extra payments that are
- being made once a year, that you are not restricted to making
- those extra payments on an anniversary.
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- When you are in the copy window, you may press <Esc> so that
- the copy does not take place and the rates are left unchanged, or
- you press <F9> to perform the copy.
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- Setting Other Options, The Install Menu
-
- The install (or setup) function will allow you to customize
- certain features of the program.
-
- To start install, you must first be in the directory that
- SolveIt! is located in. If you set the program up on your hard
- disk the way we suggested at the start of this manual, you would
- log on to the drive that SolveIt! is located on and type "CD
- SLVIT4" Then from there enter:
-
- SLVIT4 /I
-
- You will then be shown a menu from which you can set the follow-
- ing items:
-
- Color Picker
-
- Selecting the color picker will give you another menu of
- choices so that you can completely customize SolveIt!'s screen
- colors. You will be able to change:
-
- Frame (menu frame or window border)
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- Title (menu/window title background)
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- Unselected Text (normal menu and screen text)
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- Selected (text in menu's cursor)
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- Pick (character that is menu choice)
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- Help (help lines at bottom of a window)
-
- Before you start to change the default colors, please make
- sure that you are working with a backup copy!!
-
- You may pick a color for SolveIt!'s text by picking the unse-
- lected text option. By selecting this or any color option, you
- will be shown a box with text written in it. If you press the
- space bar the colors will change. Note how first all possible
- text colors are displayed for a particular background color. Once
- all text colors are shown for the background color, the back-
- ground color will change and you will be rotated through all of
- the text color combinations again for the new background color.
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- You can move "BACKWARD" or "FORWARD" through the color choic-
- es by using the <+> or <-> keys on the right side of the keyboard
- near the numeric keypad.
-
- Once you see a color combination that you like, press <Enter>
- to accept it. If you wish, you may press <Esc> to cancel the
- color picking option and to return to the install menu without
- setting a color.
-
- You may set the colors for any of the options using the same
- technique. When you are finished setting the colors, hit <Esc>
- from the "color picker" menu to return to the main install menu.
- (Remember, If you hit <Esc> while the color pick window is shown
- you will not be setting the new color, <Esc> is to exit the color
- pick menu only.)
-
- Default Subdirectory
-
- The default subdirectory is the directory that SolveIt! looks
- into to find its overlay and data files. There is no need for you
- to install a default subdirectory if the program is started while
- you are in the subdirectory that SolveIt! is in on your hard
- drive.
-
- If you do set a default subdirectory, when you want to save
- or retrieve your data files (files with interest rates, budget
- info, etc.) you will be prompted with the default directory.
- This, of course, will keep your data files from being scattered
- all over your hard disk. (You can override this setting when you
- are doing a save or retrieve.)
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- Budget Items
-
- You can change the titles (descriptions) of all of the items
- listed in the budget. This way, the budget routine is not limited
- to being a personal budget program. Rather, if you run a small
- business, you can change the category name for example from
- Mortgage Payment to Rent. The item descriptions that are preceded
- by a "T" are the descriptions of "TOTAL" items. That is the
- descriptions that are entered into these field should say some-
- thing such as "Advertising Total". These total descriptions are
- referencing the items immediately preceding the "T". The total
- descriptions appear in the reports.
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- You are limited to 21 characters plus a ":" including all
- punctuation and spaces for all descriptions.
-
- Net Worth Items
-
- You can change the titles of all of the items listed in the
- Net Worth Statement. This way, the Net Worth Routine is not
- limited to personal use. Rather, if you run a small business, you
- can change the title for any category. (Don't forget to work with
- a copy of the program before you start to modify it!!)
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- You are limited to 21 characters plus a ":" including all
- punctuation and spaces for all descriptions.
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- Page Length
-
- Page length in this case is actually a misnomer. Entering a
- value here will actually set SolveIt! for the number of lines
- that you want to print on a page.
-
- For standard 8.5 x 11 inch paper we suggest a setting of 60
- line to allow for an appropriate bottom margin. You can set any
- value from 5 lines to 255 lines.
-
- Save Changes & Quit
-
- This option will save the changes that were made while using
- the install routine. Thus, when you start SolveIt!, these changes
- will become the program's default settings.
-
- Quit Install/No Save
-
- This option will ignore all changes that were just made while
- in the install routine.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
-
-
- Pine Grove Software
-
- Pine Grove Software was founded in 1984. MoneyCalc!, RentIt!,
- SolveIt!, Budget Plus! and SolveIt!, The Financial Calculator,
- are our five software packages. We offer custom programming
- services as well as modification of our programs for your use.
-
- Pine Grove Software
-
- 67-38 108th St., Suite D-1
-
- Forest Hills, NY 11375
-
- (800) 242-9192 or (718) 575-9192
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Other Programs
-
- SolveIt! is our flagship product. Our other programs at this
- time are subsets of this program. They offer an even more econom-
- ical way to buy just the routines that you need.
-
- MoneyCalc! Includes routines in SolveIt's finance menu.
-
- AmortizeIt! Includes the routines in SolveIt's loan menu.
-
- Budget Plus! Includes Budget & Net Worth routines.
-
- RentIt! Includes the routines in Real Estate Menu
-
- As of January 1991, each of the above programs sells for $50
- plus $5 for shipping. After you register a program with us you
- will automatically receive the next upgrade at no charge.
- Subscription
-
- Pine Grove Software has a subscription service for SolveIt!.
- For $20 plus $4 shipping/handling per year you will automatically
- receive at least two upgrades to SolveIt!. This subscription is
- included at no charge for the first year after you register the
- program.
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
-
-
- References
-
- Haim Levy & Marshall Sarnat, Capital Investment & Financial
- Decisions, Prentice/Hall International, 1978
-
- Hewlett-Packard Business Calculator Owner's Manual HP-10B,
- Edition 2, June 1989
-
- Shillinglaw, Gordon, and Ronen, Accounting, A Management Approach
-
- Trost, Stanley R., Useful Basic Programs for the IBM PC, SYBEX
- 1983
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- COMING FEATURES
-
- We plan to add the following features to SolveIt! (We will make
- these features available as soon as they are completed to all
- subscribers of the SolveIt! Update Service):
-
- Bond Yield Routines: Current Yield, Yield to Call, Yield to
- Maturity
-
- Net Present Value & I.R.R schedules
-
- Life insurance needs calculator
-
- Lease vs Buy comparisons
-
- Tax Free vs Non Tax Free Investments
-
- Amortization Routine: Short and long beginning periods
-
- Amortization: Exact day interest rate calculation
-
- Amortization Routine: Interest change on any date, not just
- payment dates
-
- Amortization: Matrix display that displays different rates and
- different loan amounts and calculates the resulting payments
-
- Amortization: APR factoring in points and extra payments
-
- Amortization: Ability to compare 2 or 3 loans at the same time
-
- Foreign Exchange Calculator : calculates exchange rates
- simultaneously for a half dozen to a dozen currencies
-
- POP-UP Math Screen : Add, Subtract, Multiply, Divide and
- Percentages : move the results into a SolveIt! field
-
- Comparison of PV and FV showing 3 different interest rates at one
- time. (This is required to meet certain reporting requirements of
- the Federal Government.)
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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-
- INDEX
-
- "CALC" . . . . . . . . . 83 Consumer Price Index 81
- "DO-IT!" . . . . . . . . 7 Continuous . . . . 36
- "Out-of-Range" . . . . . 83 Copy Amount . . . . 88
- <Ctrl> . . . . . . . . . 6 Copy Rate . . . . . 87
- <Esc> . . . . . . . . . . 6 Cost of Unit . . . 54
- <F1> . . . . . . . . . . 6 Cost to Write PO . 55
- <F10> . . . . . . . . . . 7 Date of Purchase . 60
- <F2> . . . . . . . . 6, 75 Date of Sale . . . 61
- <F3> . . . . . . . . . . 6 Days Per Year . 27, 70
- <F4> . . . . . . . . . . 6 Declining Balance . 39
- <F5> . . . . . . . . . . 6 Declining Purchasing
- <F9> . . . . . . . . . . 7 Power . . . . . . . 24
- 179 Deduction . . . . . . 45 Default Subdirectory 90
- Accelerated Payment . . . 34 Deposit Amount . . 13
- Accrued Rate . . . . . . 30 DEPRECIATION . . . 38
- ACRS . . . . . . . . . . 38 Depreciation Basis 65
- Actual Periods . . . . . 23 Desired Periods . . 23
- Adjust Annually . . . . . 85 DESTINATION MENU . 85
- Adjust Periodically . . . 85 Discount Rate . . . 70
- Affordable Property . . . 56 Display Year . . . 26
- Allowable Loss . . . . . 62 EOQ . . . . . . . . 55
- Amortizing Method . . . . 27 Equivalent Purchasing
- Amount Returned . . . . . 69 Power . . . . . . . 24
- Annual Appreciation . . . 61 Equivalent Rate . . 23
- Annual Expense Increase . 63 Est Maintenance . . 56
- Annual Income . . . . . . 56 Est Tax & Insurance 56
- Annual Interest Rate . . 56 Evaluation Methods 17
- Annual Property Tax Increase64 Extra $ Paid . . . 34
- Annual Rate . . . . . 27, 69 Extra Annually . . 86
- Annual Rent Increase . . 64 EXTRA PAYMENT MENU 86
- Annual Units Used . . . . 55 Extra Payments . . 28
- Annuity Payout . . . . . 19 Extra Periodically 86
- Assets . . . . . . . . . 66 File Structure . . 75
- Balance After Payment . . 32 Files . . . . . . . 75
- Balloon payment . . . 29, 33 First Interest Rate 59
- Basis . . . . . . . . . . 40 First Mortgage . . 58
- Book Value or Basis . . . 40 First Term . . . . 59
- Break-Even . . . . . . . 53 First Year . . . . 70
- BUDGET . . . . . . . . . 67 Fiscal . . . . . . 86
- Budget Items . . . . . . 91 Fiscal Month . . . 29
- Business Use . . . . . . 60 Fiscal Month Menu . 86
- Cash Available . . . 56, 58 Fiscal year . . . . 26
- Cash Flow Report . . . . 65 Fixed Costs . . . . 53
- Cash Flows . . . . . . . 69 Fixed Rate . . . . 85
- Color Picker . . . . . . 89 Future Value . . . 70
- Compounding Period . 36, 69 Future Value defined 11
- Constant Dollars . . . . 24 Future Value Routine 11
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Future Value Schedule . . 14 Placed Into Service 44
- FV of a Series . . . . . 13 Points . . . . . . 62
- FV of an Amount . . . . . 11 Present Value . . . 73
- Gain . . . . . . . . . . 70 Present Value defined 15
- Gross Profit . . . . . . 50 Present Value Routine 15
- Increase After Payment . 34 Present Value Schedule16
- Inflation Rate . . . . . 71 Printing to Disk . 84
- Initial Amount . . . . . 71 Property Taxes . . 64
- Initial Fix Up . . . . . 64 Purchase Price55, 58, 60
- Interest Due . . . . . . 36 Purchasing Power . 24
- Interest Only . . . . . . 27 Quantity . . . . . 50
- Interest Rate . . . . . . 61 Questions . 11, 26, 69
- Interest Rate Earned . . 22 Recovery Period 40, 44
- INTEREST RATE MENU . . . 85 References . . . . 95
- Internal Rate of Return . 18 Relationships . . . 77
- IRS Convention . . . . . 42 Remaining Balance . 32
- Liabilities . . . . . . . 66 Rental Analysis . . 60
- Loan Amount . . . . . . . 71 Required Payment . 21
- Loan Calculator . . . . . 25 Rules-of-78 . . . . 27
- Loan Table . . . . . . . 26 Salvage Value . . . 49
- Loan Table Display . . . 29 Save Changes & Quit 92
- MACRS . . . . . . . . . . 38 Second Interest Rate 59
- MACRS Acceleration . . . 46 Second Mortgage . . 58
- MACRS Methods . . . . . . 41 Selecting From Menus 5
- Monthly Expense . . . . . 63 Selling Costs . . . 61
- Monthly Rents . . . . . . 63 Selling Price . 50, 61
- Mortgage . . . . . . . . 61 Slvit4 . . . . . . . 4
- Negative Amortization . . 30 Slvit4 /G . . . . . . 4
- Net Present Value . . . . 17 Slvit4 /I . . . . 4, 89
- Net Worth . . . . . . . . 66 Start/Last Date . . 36
- Net Worth Items . . . . . 91 Starting Date . . . 73
- No Extra Payment . . . . 86 Straight Line . . . 39
- None . . . . . . . . . . 36 Subscription . . . 94
- Number of Days . . . . . 36 Sum-of-Years . . . 39
- Number of Periods . . . . 56 Summary Window . . 31
- Occupied . . . . . . . . 64 Tax Bracket . . . . 62
- Other Options . . . . . . 89 Tax Effect . . . . 64
- Page Length . . . . . . . 92 Term . . . . . . . 61
- Paid Rate . . . . . . . . 30 The Questions 11, 26, 69
- Payment # Balloon Due . 33 Time to Withdrawal 19
- Payment Amount . 20, 33, 72 Total Cost of Unit 54
- Payment Date . . . . . . 72 Total Fixed Costs . 53
- Payment Method . . . 26, 73 Total Periods . . . 74
- Payment Period . . . . . 73 Total Variable Costs 54
- Payments . . . . . . . . 72 Type . . . . . . . 62
- Percent of Income . . . . 57 Unit Cost . . . . . 50
- Periodic Payment . . . . 73 US Rule . . . . . . 27
- Periods to Pay Off . . . 34 Useful Life . . . . 60
- Pine Grove Software . . . 93 Variable Costs . . 54
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- 98
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- SolveIt! 4.0b/4.1b (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Weighted Average . . . . 52
- Withdrawal Amount . . . . 19
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- ********************************************************************
-
- THE ROUTINES OF BONDCALC!
- (BondCalc! in incorporated into SolveIt! 4.2)
-
- A Bond
-
- A BOND is a security which represents a loan from an investor
- to the issuer. The face value of the bond is repaid by the issuer
- on the maturity date. The coupon rate of interest is paid to the
- registered investor usually on a semiannual basis.
-
- YIELDS
-
- This routine solves for three yields: Current Yield,
- Yield-to-Maturity and Yield-To-Call. Looking at potential yields
- of course allows you to evaluate a bonds attractiveness as an
- investment. Yield computations do not however take into account
- the risk involved with a particular issue.
-
- The Current Yield is the dollars of interest paid in one year
- divided by the Current Price. (One year's interest is equal to
- the Par Value multiplied by the Coupon Rate.) The Current Yield
- assumes that interest payments are NOT reinvested.
-
- The Yield-To-Maturity assumes that the interest payments will
- be reinvested at a rate equal to the bond's original YTM. YTM
- calculations do not provide total return information on an
- absolute basis since there is this assumption being made. The
- value of a YTM calculation is so that different bonds can be
- compared to each other on a relative basis.
-
- Often bonds can be called (debt paid off) by the issuer and
- they will often do so if interest rates fall. Therefore, it is
- often a good idea to see what the rate of return would be if a
- bond is called. This is the Yield-to-Call value. The same caveats
- apply to YTC as they do to YTM.
-
- Current Price
-
- While bonds are usually issued at Par, they are available in
- the resale market at either a premium or a discount. If a bond is
- quoted in the papers at a discount of $86, enter $86 here. We are
- assuming that the actual Par value is $1000.
-
- Coupon Rate
-
- The rate of interest a bond pays annually. This is usually
- compounded semiannually. To determine the dollars of interest
- paid, multiply the Par Value by the Coupon Rate.
-
-
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- 11
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- BondCalc! 1.0 (c) Pine Grove Software
-
-
- Settlement Date
-
- This is the date that the buyer and seller exchange cash and
- securities. This is usually 5 business days after the trade date
- for corporate, municipal and agency bonds. US Government Bonds
- settle one business day after the trade date.
-
- Maturity Date
-
- The date that the Par Value must be repaid. Any maturity is
- legally permissible, however bonds usually have a maturity of
- between 10 and 40 years from the date of issue.
-
- Call Date
-
- Often bonds will be issued with a call provision. The call
- can take place on or after a specified call date. This is
- important when evaluating a bond because there is no guarantee
- that a particularly high rate of return will be maintained until
- the maturity date.
-
- Call Price
-
- Usually, if a bond is callable, the issuer pays a penalty for
- the privilege of being able to call the bond. This is known as
- the Call Price which, of course, is higher than the Par Value.
- The Call Price is often equal to the Par Value plus on year's
- interest.
-
- Par Value
-
- This is the stated face value of the bond, it is often
- $1,000. This is the amount of money that the firm needs to repay
- on the maturity date.
-
- Bond prices are usually quoted per $100 of Par Value. That
- is, if a bond's par is $1,000 and it's current price is $860, the
- price quoted in the business pages of newspapers will be $86.
- BondCalc! follows this convention by setting the default Par
- Value to $100 to indicate that the price calculated is actually
- per $100 of par.
-
- Please note that you don't have to do the calculations per a
- single bond. If you want to purchase bonds worth $50,000 at par,
- you can enter $50,000 in the Par Value field. The resulting
- calculations will show the price that has to be paid for the
- entire $50,000.
-
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- 12
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- BondCalc! 1.0 (c) Pine Grove Software
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- Bond's Description
-
- Enter a description of the bond here. For example, The New
- York Times lists the Shell Oil's 7.25% of 2002 as ShellO 7 1/4
- 02.
-
- Compounding
-
- Generally, interest on bonds is compounded semiannually.
-
- Day's Per Year
-
- For the purpose of calculating Accrued Interest on corporate
- bonds, every month is assumed to have 30 days and each year is
- assumed to have 360 days. On the other hand, when calculating
- accrued interest on Government Bonds. it is generally assumed
- that a year has 365 days in it and the exact number of days are
- used.
-
- Current Yield
-
- Current Yield is the number of dollars of interest paid to an
- investor over a one-year period divided by the bond's market
- price. This figure is expressed as a percentage. Since bonds'
- market values change constantly, so do bonds' current yields.
-
- The current yield is a very important value if you do not
- plan to reinvest the interest payments.
-
- Yield-to-Maturity
-
- What is the approximate rate of interest if the bond is held
- to maturity? We say "approximate rate of interest" here because
- we need to assume that ALL interest payments can be reinvested at
- the coupon rate. THIS IS HIGHLY UNLIKELY.
-
- The value to the investor of the Yield-to-Maturity figure is
- not it's absolute value, but rather its relative value when
- compared to other Yield-to-Maturity figures for different bonds.
-
- With the above in mind, it is important to understand that an
- investor should NEVER compare a Yield-to-Maturity for one bond
- that was derived by using a program or calculator with the Yield-
- to-Maturity for another bond that was derived by using another
- program or calculator.
-
- The reason for this is simple. Historically, Yield-to-
- Maturity values have been determined by using interpolation. That
- is, there was no formula that would provide a Yield-to-Maturity
-
- 13
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- BondCalc! 1.0 (c) Pine Grove Software
-
-
- result. This could lead to slightly different answers from one
- calculator or program to another. However, this is not a problem,
- since ALL Yield-to-Maturity values are going to be, in fact,
- erroneous, since they assume that the interest payments will be
- reinvested at exactly the same rate as the coupon interest rate.
-
- BondCalc! on the other hand, solves for Yield-to-Maturity, by
- using a formula developed by R.J. Rodreguez. Rodreguez's formula,
- known as the Rule-of-Thumb Yield, gives slightly different
- results that those obtained through interpolation. The reason
- that we choose a Rule-of-Thumb Yield for this program is because
- it is MUCH faster to solve for Yield-to-Maturity using a Rule-of-
- Thumb method than using an interpolated method. (SEE NOTES AFTER
- INDEX!)
-
- Yield-to-Call
-
- Some bonds have a Call provision. If interest rates drop, the
- issuer of the bond can "call" the bonds, that is buy them back at
- a call price which is usually Par plus one year of coupon
- interest. The Yield-to-Call will tell you your rate of return if
- you held a bond until it was called.
-
- Caution: Watch buying a bond that is selling for a premium
- that can be called. It is possible for the bond to be called
- which might result in a capital loss. (That is, the issuer of the
- bond pays you the Call Price and you paid the premium.)
-
- See Yield-to-Maturity for caveats that apply to the Yield-to-
- Call result. (SEE NOTES AFTER INDEX!)
-
- VALUES
-
- If the coupon rate of a bond is 8%, the current price is $105
- and market interest rates are at about 7.5%, is this a good
- investment? Use this routine to find out.
-
- Besides calculating what the current price of a bond should
- be to achieve a desired yield, this routine also calculates the
- accrued interest, future value to maturity and, optionally, the
- affects of inflation and/or taxes.
-
- Tax Bracket
-
- If you wish to see the total dollar return after an allowance
- for taxes, enter your tax bracket here. You may wish to take into
- account not only Federal taxes, but State and Local taxes as
- well.
-
-
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- 14
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- BondCalc! 1.0 (c) Pine Grove Software
-
-
- Inflation Rate
-
- If you want to see what your purchasing power is after
- inflation, enter an estimated rate for inflation here.
-
- Accrued Interest
-
- Accrued interest is the interest that the seller is entitled
- to receive from the buyer on the settlement date. Accrued
- interest is the interest that the seller has earned while owning
- the bond for the time after the last interest payment date up
- until the settlement date.
-
- FV w/Compounding
-
- This is the value that the bond will have if held to maturity
- allowing for compounding of the interest payments.
-
- Please note, if you are doing calculations for a bond that
- actually has a par value of $1,000 but you want to see the price
- per $100 by entering $100 in the Par Value field, you will have
- to multiply the results in the FV field by 10.
-
- Purchasing Power
-
- This is the future value at maturity allowing for inflation
- and/or taxes.
-
- Desired Yield
-
- Enter the desired rate of return. BondCalc! will calculate
- the price (Present Value) that you should pay for a bond
- considering it's coupon rate and term.
-
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- 15
-
- BondCalc! 1.0 (c) Pine Grove Software
-
-
- REFERENCES
-
- Haim Levy & Marshall Sarnat, Capital Investment & Financial
- Decisions, Prentice/Hall International, 1978
-
- Hewlett-Packard Business Calculator Owner's Manual, HP-10B, Business Calculator Owner's Manual
- Edition 2, June 1989
-
- Shillinglaw, Gordon, and Ronen, Accounting, A Management Approach
-
- Trost, Stanley R., Useful Basic Programs for the IBM PC, SYBEX
- 1983
-
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- 22
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- BondCalc! 1.0 (c) Pine Grove Software
-
-
- INDEX
-
- "CALC" . . . . . . . . . 16 Selecting From the Men 5
- "DO-IT!" . . . . . . . . 7 Settlement Date . . 12
- "Out-of-Range" . . . . . 16 SolveIt! . . . . . 19
- <Ctrl> . . . . . . . . . 6 Starting BondCalc! . 4
- <Esc> . . . . . . . . . . 6 Tax Bracket . . . . 14
- <F1> . . . . . . . . . . 6 unzip . . . . . . . . 2
- <F3> . . . . . . . . . . 6 Values . . . . . . 14
- <F4> . . . . . . . . . . 6 Yield-to-Call . . . 14
- <F5> . . . . . . . . . . 7 Yield-to-Maturity . 13
- <F9> . . . . . . . . . . 7 Yields . . . . . . 11
- <tab> . . . . . . . . . . 7
- Accrued Interest . . . . 15
- Bonds . . . . . . . . . . 11
- Bonds /G . . . . . . . . 4
- Bonds /I . . . . . . 4, 17
- Call Date . . . . . . . . 12
- Call Price . . . . . . . 12
- Color Picker . . . . . . 17
- Compounding . . . . . . . 13
- Coupon Rate . . . . . . . 11
- Current Price . . . . . . 11
- Current Yield . . . . . . 13
- Day's Per Year . . . . . 13
- Default Subdirectory . . 18
- Description . . . . . . . 13
- Desired Yield . . . . . . 15
- Entering/Editing . . . . 10
- Expand . . . . . . . . . 2
- FV . . . . . . . . . . . 15
- Help with help . . . . . 9
- Important keys . . . . . 6
- Inflation rate . . . . . 15
- Initial install . . . . . 3
- Installation . . . . . . 2
- Interpolated . . . . . . 14
- Maturity Date . . . . . . 12
- Messages . . . . . . . . 16
- Other options . . . . . . 17
- Par Value . . . . . . . . 12
- Pine Grove Software . . . 20
- Premium . . . . . . . . . 14
- Purchasing Power . . . . 15
- References . . . . . . . 22
- Rodreguez . . . . . . . . 14
- Routines of BondCalc! . . 11
- Rule-of-Thumb . . . . . . 14
- Save Changes & Quit . . . 18
-
- 23
-
-
- NOTES:
-
- Since the manual was written, we made a change in the
- Yield-to-Maturity and the Yield-to-Call calculations. We
- said that we were using a Rule-of-Thumb method. This has
- been changed so that we are now using the more conventional
- method, i.e. Interpolation. This results in a slight
- decrease in performance depending on the computer hardware
- that is used.
-