Finely-textured, glossy green leaves, compact growth and a long blooming season make Abelias attractive shrubs for hedges, screens and bank covers. Abelias are evergreen in warmer climates and semi-deciduous in colder climates. Prune to remove deadwood and to keep the shrub dense. The two most popular hybrids vary in height and flower color.
These lushly flowering trees and multi-trunked large shrubs are known as wattles in Australia. Grown only in mild winter areas, they thrive in most soils and are drought-tolerant once established. Most have small, round, fluffy flowers grouped in clusters. Flowers bloom early in the year and attract birds. They grow quickly, and live only 20 to 30 years. Water deeply and infrequently to encourage deep rooting. Prune to thin and prevent wind damage. Remove bare branches at the trunk. Prone to the pest Acacia psyllid.
One of the hardiest, carefree perennials for hot and dry locations, AchilleaÆs flattish clusters bloom generously in many colors. Excellent cut and dried flowers. Fire retardant and somewhat drought-tolerant once established. Their gray-green leaves are aromatic. Need full sun, but tolerates most soils with good drainage. DonÆt over-water or over-fertilize as plants grow weak steams that make poor dried flowers. Deadhead to encourage further bloom. Start from seed or division.
Tall, showy stalks of helmet-shaped flowers rise above the palm-like foliage. Flowers come in blue, purple, white or yellow. These poisonous plants grow best in rich, moist, cool soils with some shade during the warmest time of day. Japanese Anemone, Astilbe, Campanula and ferns make excellent companion plants. ~~Cut back stalks after first blooms for another flowering. Stake tall plants. Start by seed for second or third year bloom. Difficult to start by division, as they donÆt like being moved.
Adaptable and easy to care for, these natives of southern Africa have long-stalked clusters of blue or white flowers and glossy, strap-like leaves. Excellent cut flowers. Grow outdoors in mild climates or indoors in pots in colder regions. Plant in large masses, drifts or near pools. Drought-tolerant once established, but for best blooms give plenty of moisture. In hot summer areas, plant in partial sun. Like loamy earth, but tolerate dense soils.~~Divide every 5 to 6 years, when plants become crowded and flowering decreases.
These mostly large-sized perennials grow in a rosette of succulent, spiny, sharply pointed leaves from which tequila is made. Rope, food, soap and other products are also made from the fibersand pulp. Some send up a tall flower spike annually, while others bloom only every 30 to 40 years. Several types die after flowering, only to develop new plants from suckers at their base. Native to the warm arid parts of the Americas, these plants need excellent drainage. Often grown in containers. Fire-retardant and drought-resistant. Give partial shade in the hot, dry desert. Protect from frost and soaking winter rains.
Light and graceful, these vines are attractive as ground covers, or growing on a fence or an arbor. Vines are deciduous, or evergreen in mild climates. Their dark-colored fragrant flowers appear in clusters in spring. Hand pollination required for production of their sweet grayish-purple fruits, which are eaten in Japan. Prune to control the growth of this vigorous vine.
These are valued for their striking light green, downy, rounded leaves and airy clusters of small, star-like, yellow-green flowers. Easy-to-grow, these 4-to 6-in. perennials are best in partial shade with moist, well-drained soil. Excellent foliage plant in borders, rock gardens and woodland gardens. Excellent cut flowers. ~~Self-sows, or start by seed or division.
There are about 30 species of the short-lived Alder and many cultivars. Most of these deciduous trees like colder climates and moist or wet soils along streams and ponds. Use in grove plantings or as single, multi-trunked trees. Spring flowers are followed by toothed leaves and cone-like fruits. Roots can be shallow and invasive. They grow rapidly in infertile and poorly drained soils. Prune in winter to remove dead or damaged limbs.
These tropical evergreen or deciduous, twining vines have showy flowers and a milky sap. Plant these generous long-bloomers outdoors in warm climates only. Fast-growing, they need a trellis or other support, though some are trained to grow in hanging baskets and tubs.~~Start by cuttings. Plant in site protected from summer sun. Pinch to growth to encourage bushiness. Watch for spider mites.
There are more than 300 species of Aloe, plus many hybrids, ranging in height from 6 in. to 18 ft.. Native to arid lands, they require little water or care. Juice from the thick, pointed, sharply toothed leaves of some species is used in medicines. However, all Aloe leaves are toxic if eaten, so grow plants away from children. The green or lightly blotched leaves usually grow in compact rosettes or occasionally spirals. Their lilylike flowers bloom atop tall spikes. Some types bloom every month. Drought-tolerant, they prefer frost-free climates and dislike wet winters. Easy to care for, as long as they get good drainage and enough sun. Remove flower stalks and old leaves after flowering.
So many varieties in so many colors and sizes! The large showy flowers come in shades of golden, pink, rose, yellow and orange, at times with colorful markings or double-petals. Some flowers grow to 1 ft. across. The state flower of Hawaii, the tropical Chinese Hibiscus is often grown in containers. All are heat-loving, and flower during the warmest months of the year. ~~Prune to control shape and fertilize monthly during the growing season. Protect from wind. Insects and diseases can cause problems.
Good as container plants and companion plants with rhododendrons (both prefer moist, acid, organic soil), these evergreen shrubs have deep green leaves and urn-shaped flowers. New spring foliage is often red or bronze. Scores of cultivars are available, including dwarf forms, selections with variegated leaves and others with white, pink or reddish flowers. They are easiest to grow in the coastal valleys of the Northwest U.S.. Protect from hot afternoon sun in warmer climates and strong winter winds in northern zones. Deadhead old flowers to promote next yearÆs buds. Lace Bugs are a problem in eastern states, especially for Japanese Pieris.
The Carpenteria family has only one genus, C. Californica, one of the rarest of California native shrubs. Its narrow, evergreen leaves are whitish underneath. Native to the Sierra foothills of Fresno County, it resists oak root fungus, a soilborne disease found in many parts of the world, particularly California. Drought-tolerant once established, it looks best with an occasional deep watering during dry seasons. Needs well-drained soil. Bloom is best in light shade, so protect from direct afternoon sun in hot climates.
There are three types of Anemones -- autumn-blooming, spring-flowering and one for rock gardens. All have cup-shaped, single and double blossoms of many colors. flowers are a mainstay of the spring garden. Excellent cut flower. The popular Japanese Anemones flower in fall in borders and naturalized in clumps. Use the taller, less hardy, sping-flowering types for bedding, containers or forcing into winter bloom indoors.The woodland and rock garden types will also naturalize beneath other early flowering trees, shrubs or bulbs.~~Plant in fall where hardy, or in spring in northern climates. Protect from wind and afternoon sun. Don't disturb roots, except to divide, as larger plants have larger flower. Water in dry summers. Roots rot in soggy soil so mulch after ground has frozen.
Their early blooming daisy- or poppy-like flowers and ferny foliage are a mainstay of the spring garden. Plant the hardy Windflower (Anemone blanda) in woodland gardens, rock gardens or naturalize beneath other early flowering trees, shrubs or bulbs. Use the taller, less hardy Poppy-flowered Anemone (Anemone coronaria) for bedding, containers or forcing into winter bloom indoors. The perennial Snowdrop Anemone (Anemone sylvestris) is a vigorous spreader and therefore good in loose soils. Excellent cut flower. ~~Plant in fall where hardy, or in spring in northern climates. Soak tubers before planting to speed growth.
Edible apples and ornamental crabapples have masses of spring flowers that emerge before the leaves. Hundreds of apple varieties are grown for cider, cooking, eating, or a combination of uses. Each type, including dwarf and semi-dwarf, has its own climate preferences and harvest dates. However, some types of apple tree can be found to grow in any state in the United States.~~Single- or semi-double-flowering trees have red, orange or yellow apples that ripen from midsummer into autumn. Double-flowering crabapples seldom produce fruit. Crabapples do well in lawns, in the foreground of borders, or, closely planted in rows, as high screens. They tolerate a range of soils, from acid to slightly alkaline, and from rocky to wet. ~~Stake newly planted trees. Protect the fruit from birds. Prune damaged, diseased, dead or rubbing branches. Remove suckers in early summer.
These small perennials are excellent for rock gardens and spilling over rocky walls. Also used as edging or in pattern planting. Their dense mats of evergreen leaves become completely covered by a mass of spring flowers. Small blooms are white or purple. All need well-drained, sandy or rocky soils.~~Easy-to-grow, start by cuttings, division and seed. Cut back after flowering to prevent splayed growth.
Tough foundation plants, windbreaks, hedges and screens, these cone-bearing evergreens thrive in wet soil and full sun. Use the dwarf types in rock gardens. Their flat needle-like leaves are fragrant. Protect from winter sun and cold winter winds in northern climates. Prone to snow and ice damage. Prune to control size and shape and to remove damaged or diseased branches. Do not prune beyond green growth, as you may leave a permanent hole in the foliage. Watch for spider mites in dry climates.
Tough foundation plants, windbreaks, hedges and screens, these cone-bearing evergreens thrive in wet soil and full sun. Use their dwarf types in rock gardens. Their flat needle-like leaves are fragrant. Protect from winter sun and cold winter winds in northern climates. Prone to snow and ice damage. Prune to control size and shape and to remove damaged or diseased branches. Do not prune beyond green growth, as you may leave a permanent hole in the foliage. Watch for spider mites in dry climates.
Decorative and tough, Mountain Ashes' scattered flower clusters yield colorful hanging fruits. The red, yellow, orange, pink and white fruit is a treat for birds. In fall, their fernlike foliage turns orange to red. Best in northern climates, they tolerate wind, cold and dry weather. Don't like summer heat. Good specimen or shade trees, though fruit can cause litter. Some are difficult to transplant. Prone to various diseases, canker, fireblight and borers, especially on plants under stress. Stressed by alkaline soils, compacted soils and air pollution.
Rapid-growing Ash trees are important both in the landscape and as a timber crop. They reach 80 ft. and provide dense shade. Most commonly grown White and Green Ashes are used as street, lawn or shade trees. In spring, trees are covered with clusters of small flowers that become winged seeds. Plant male cultivars only, as seeds cause a litter problem and weedy growth of seedlings. Ashes adapt to any soil, including alkaline. Water during growing season, less after established. Prune in fall, if needed. Easily transplanted. Watch for borers.
Light, airy leaves rustling in even the slightest breeze create the delicate sound of Poplars and the smaller-growing Aspens. Grown commercially, their slender gray trunks are cut for pulpwood. Rapid-growing, they're frequently planted along avenues and in dry prairie regions for windbreaks and screens. Position them where their long roots won't clog drains or crack pavement. Tolerant of drought, city conditions and salt spray. Prone to rust, canker, scale and several other insects. Prune only in summer.
Offering masses of daisy-like blooms, use plants from this large, diverse group for formal borders, and rock and natural gardens. The low-growing Alpine Aster blooms in spring. More common types are hybrids of New York Aster, which bloom in late summer and fall when many perennials are finished. Best in full sun, but partial shade in hot southern climates. ~~Feed sparingly to avoid lush growth susceptible to mildew and diseases. All Aster frikartii varieties are somewhat resistant to mildew. Plant in well-drained soil to avoid root rot. For bushier plants with more flowers where growing season is long, pinch back in spring when shoots are 6 in. and later in early summer. Divide plants at least every other year before flowering decreases and inner shoots of clumps lose vigor. Replant only healthy outer divisions.
One of the few landscape shrubs that thrive without direct light, Aucuba enlivens shady areas near buildings with its shiny, dark green leaves. Under dense trees, its roots compete successfully with other roots. It also tolerates pollution and performs well in containers. Several variegated cultivars add a touch of brightness to dark locations. If planted near a male plant, female plants produce scarlet berries from fall into spring, though they are often hidden by the leaves. Water during growing/blooming season, but don't make soil too soggy. Prune in late winter or spring to restrict growth.
This group's single evergreen tree is a drought-resistant substitute for willows. Its medium- to fine-textured, long, narrow leaves give it its willowy effect. Use as a street or patio tree, or group in groves.~~Tolerates light shade, but its foliage grows thickest in full sun.
One of the most popular types are Azaleas, but the species, varieties and hybrids number in the thousands. Rhododendrons can be evergreen or deciduous, and they vary from under 2 ft. up to 80 ft. in height. Generally found in clustered bouquets, they come in a variety of shapes - funnel to bell-shaped, small and large. They range from the whitest of whites to cream yellows and from flaming oranges to fiery reds and the deepest of purples.~~When you buy plants, you may see a 2- or 3-number American Rhododendron Society code on the sticker. The 2-number codes indicate flower quality, then shrub quality, with 5 as highest and 1 as poor. Check to be sure what the 3-number codes stand for, as the ARS hasnÆt yet set this in stone. Plant in acid soils. Mulch to protect shallow roots, but never cultivate the soil there. Protect from wind, salt spray and afternoon sun in hot climates. Watch out for root weevils and wilt diseases. Proper location and care will help reduce problems.
These running Bamboos are moderate- to giant-sized grasses. Their underground stems send up vertical shoots and form large groves. Delicate leaves give shoots an airy appearance. Use as screens, edges or background plants. Some types grown in large containers. Shelter from drying winds. In hot areas, protect from afternoon sun.
This bamboo-like shrub is grown for its finely-textured foliage, upright cane-like stems and showy red berries which give color through winter. Varieties are available in varying heights, textures and leaf colors. Leaves color better in sun, but need some shade in hot areas. Excellent hedge, screen or container plants, they tolerate coastal winds and salt spray. Pruned properly, they can be trained as a bonsai.~~Prune to remove damaged and older canes to encourage new growth. Killed to ground at 5║ F, it recovers quickly. Resists oak root fungus.
Excellent for barrier plantings, this huge group of popular thorny shrubs is attractive year-round. The especially hardy deciduous varieties have brilliant fall color. The evergreen species produce purple or blue-black berries that attract birds. B. thunbergii has bright red berries that last on branches into winter. Both types have plentiful yellow spring flowers and yellow inner bark and wood. Easy to grow and transplant, they tolerate many soils and climates. However, they don't like waterlogged soil. Rust on Bayberries is passed to wheat crops, so choose rust-resistant varieties such as B. thunbergii. Remove dead stems, and prune to shape after flowering. Cut back so inner branches don't die.
Famous for setting the scene in Westerns, these classic barrel cacti with thick ribs and large spines, grow to enormous proportions over time. The Southwestern and Mexican natives reach to 10 ft. tall and weigh up to hundreds of pounds. Colorful summer flowers stand in solitude atop their stems. May suffer root rot without excellent drainage. Water little or none in summer.
Large, round or cylindrical cacti with deep accordianlike ribbing and prominent spines comprise this group of Mexican and Southwestern U.S. natives. They vary in size and shape, but all are easy to grow and can reach 10 ft. tall and wide. Spring and summer flowers bloom in pink or yellow in a circle at the plant's crown. Don't plant where children are present. Can survive light frosts but protect in hard frost areas.
Easy- and fast-growing, nutritious and versatile in cooking, beans come in many varieties. Snap Beans need only a short growing season, and are rich in vitamins A and C, plus calcium and iron. Harvest before beans form. Eat Shell Beans fresh when beans fill out pods, but arenÆt full size. Dry and store beans once pods shrivel. Many varieties can be eaten fresh or dried for storage. Support long, twining vines of Pole Beans on string tied between stakes, on a trellis or fence. Self-supporting, 1- to 2-ft.-tall Bush Beans produce fewer beans than Pole types, but can be grown in containers.~~Most like warm weather, so plant long after last spring frosts. Seedlings transplant poorly. Treating seeds with a legume inoculant increases harvest. Plant Snap Beans in warm soil at 2-week intervals, and harvest crops all summer. Keep moist. With all beans, watch for Mexican bean beetle and downy mildew. DonÆt water overhead or work with wet plants to avoid spreading leaf diseases. Pollinated by bees, so spray any chemicals at dusk when bees are gone.
Commonly called Manzanita, which means "little apples" in Spanish, these ground covers, shrubs and small trees are often seen in the wild on the West Coast. Their dense clusters of drooping, urn-shaped, pink or white flowers develop into bright red, apple-shaped berries that attract birds. The mahogany-like bark twists and gnarls attractively. Low-maintenance and drought-tolerant, once established. Prefers well-drained, infertile, sandy soils, but tolerates heavy soils. Start from fall cuttings or plant small wild shrubs, as large specimens are difficult to transplant. Pinch to control growth.
An old-favorite shrub with upright, arching branches that are covered in spring with showy clusters of bell-shaped flowers. Extending the plantÆs colorful season, flowers give way to pinkish-brown fruit.~~To promote new growth and next yearÆs blossoms, remove older woody stems each year immediately after flowering.
These shrubs are grown for their showy, lilac- or violet-colored fruit, which lasts for 2 to 3 weeks in late fall. Best fruiting occurs when planted in groups. Most die back close to the ground in very cold climates, but often start again in spring to flower and fruit that season.~~Fruit are borne on new growth, so in warm climates, prune to 6 in. above ground in early spring. Pruning also prevents rank growth. Feed with low-nitrogen fertilizers to avoid fast, leggy growth.
Beech's common name comes from a Saxon word meaning book. The smooth, light gray bark was once used like paper, and the wood used to make tablets. The trees lofty, rounded crowns reach 50- to 100- ft. tall and wide. Their shade is so dense that other plants cannot grow beneath them. Spring flowers are followed by triangular nuts with edible kernels that birds enjoy. In autumn, leaves turn amber to bronze. Prefer acid soil, and won't tolerate salt. Prune in summer and early fall to shape and to remove dead limbs and basal sprouts. Let trees' own fallen leaves act as mulch, or mulch within dripline to protect shallow roots and maintain cool moist soil. Generally pest-free, they're prone to Beech scale and, in the Northeast, a fungus called Nectria. Aphids cause some dripping honeydew.
Grown as annuals, perennials and bulbs, Begonias are valued for their bright, colorful, waxy flowers. Annual varietiesùWax, Fibrous or Bedding Begoniasùare low-growing and bloom continually. Covered with small white, red, or pink flowers with green or bronzy red foliage, use as edging and in masses, window boxes and containers. Wax Begonias can take full sun, but do best in partial shade in hot summer areas. Bring indoors in the fall as a house plant. A hardy species, Begonia grandis, thrives in partial shade. ~~Tuberous Begonias don't flower as fully as Wax, but bloom larger. Flowers resemble camellias, roses, carnations, poppies or daffodils. They come in pink, apricot, yellow, orange or white, with single, double, ruffled, bicolor, crested and fringed petals. To add bright color in shade, place them in containers or bedding. Use pendulous forms in hanging baskets. ~~All types need moisture, so don't let soil dry out. Avoid wetting foliage, and provide good air circulation to prevent leaf mildew. Watch for aphids, spider mites, scale, slugs, snails and whiteflies. Lift tubers in fall and store.
With more than 300 species of annuals, biennials and perennials, Bellflowers are one of the most popular garden perennials. They range from diminutive, mounding rock garden plants to 6-ft. spikes of color. Their showy bell-shaped flowers are commonly found in clear whites, cool blues, rich violets and lavenders, and occasionally soft pink. Use short mounding species in rock gardens and containers and the taller species in perennial borders and for cut flowers. Many species thrive in full sun or partial shade, but most need partial shade in hot season climates. Pest problems are rare. Mulch against summer heat. Remove faded flowers to prolong bloom. Water during growing/blooming season.
Attractive to hummingbirds, the dainty bell-shaped flowers range from white to pink to red to green. Long-lasting cut flowers. Compact clumps of evergreen leaves come in light, tinted variegations to chocolates to deep greens to rich purples. Shapes range from lobed or smooth-edged to wavy leaves. Use as edging, in rock gardens or perennial borders.~~Best in partial shade in hot seasons. Divide for new plants or sow seed.
With its deeply-veined leaves and stems colored with red or white, Swiss Chard is both handsome and rich in vitamins. Easy-to-grow, its leaves are excellent chopped and steamed, or stewed in soups, casseroles and stir frys. In warm winter areas, plants will produce year-round. Popular varieties include Rhubarb, Fordhook Giant and Lucullus.~~Sow seeds about 4 to 5 in. apart in early spring, 2 to 3 weeks before last frost. One to 6 plants grow from each seed. Grow 3 to 5 plants per person. When plants are about 6 to 7 in. tall, thin to about 8 to 12 in. apart. All thinnings are edible. Withstands light frosts.
Fast-growing Birch trees are attractive year-round. Their light green foliage turns yellow in fall. Losing their leaves for winter shows off their colorful, peeling bark, thin graceful branches, and hanging cone-like fruit. Young trees have dark-colored bark until their trunks reach 1 in. around. Plant against a darker background or green lawn to highlight pale trunks. Prone to aphids that drip a sticky substance called honeydew, so plant away from patios or car parks. Most thrive in moist sandy or rocky subsoils. Once established, tolerates some heat and dry spells. Prefer winter chill. Water deeply and often, around shallow roots. Prune in winter only after leaves have formed, to prevent sap bleeding. Transplant when dormant. Birch borers and leaf miners are major pests.
Popular in tropical climates, their loose clusters of yellow, orange and red flowers attract hummingbirds. Flowers are followed by flat seedpods. Some of these evergreen trees, shrubs and climbers have prickles. Fast and easy-growing in desert climates. Start by seed soaked before planting. Prune to shape.
These climbing deciduous vines grow in just about any soil, but aren't hardy in the North. Use them to create a lacy pattern covering walls, arbors or rocks. Start by seeds or cuttings. Support growing vines. Restrict root growth to optimize fruit production.
Excellent ornamental shrubs with clusters of flowers and edible fruits, such as blueberries, huckleberries; attract birds; need acid soil and mulching; nice in woodland settings, wine barrels or other containers.
Use these giant fast-growing, evergreen shrubs as high hedges or screens, or train them as single-trunk trees. Their common name comes from their colorful bristle-like flowers that look like old-fashioned bottlebrushes. Blooms attract hummingbirds. Tolerate some frost and moderate drought at the expense of appearance. Damaged or killed at 20░F or below. Stake young plants when training into a tree. Prune to shape and thin crown. Watch for chlorosis in poor soils.
These tender, heat-loving, vigorous-growing vines and low shrubs and brilliantly-colored flowers. Many types have dangerous, stout spines. Use tall-growing vines on fences, trellises, and as sprawling ground covers. Tie and intertwine vines on strong supports to prevent wind and rain damage. Use short mounding shrubs in containers, hanging baskets and small spaces.~~Need heat, sun and well-drained soil. Where there is frost, place vines against a warm wall or plant in a protected place. Transplant only during warm growing season, and donÆt disturb fragile roots. Reduce watering and fertilizer in mid-summer to promote flowering, and in late summer to enhance winter hardiness.
Often shaped into topiary and hedging, Boxwood takes hard trimming and grows slowly. Dwarf forms have long been popular to edge walks and flowerbeds. The small leathery leaves have a musky odor, which some find unpleasant and that keeps animals from eating the foliage. Flowers are inconspicuous. Plant in well-drained soil. Protect from sun and wind in cold winter climates. ~~Don't disturb or bury the shallow roots. Prone to leaf miner and canker in the eastern US.
These delicate-looking evergreen shrubs are valued for their fragrant, fine-textured leaves and abundant flowers. Blooms winter through spring and sporadically throughout the year. Also called Diosma. Prefers full sun, though becomes taller in some shade. Requires fast-draining soil. Shear lightly after first bloom, and thin out old wood in mature plants.
Large clusters of tiny flowers form misty clouds above branches with small rosettes of leaves. Easy to grow, BabyÆs Breath makes excellent cut flowers and are available with single or double, white or pink flowers. Best in cool summer climates and full sun. Use in rock gardens or trailing over the top of dry rock walls.~~Start by seed or cuttings. DonÆt transplant easily. Protect from gophers, slugs and snails. For rebloom, cut back flowering stems of perennial types before seed clusters form.
Cabbage, Broccoli, Collards and Cauliflower, plus the less-often- grown Kohlrabi, Mustard Greens, Chinese Cabbage and Turnips all belong to this family. All are cool-weather-growing vegetables, rich in vitamins A and C and a good source of fiber. Best when matured during fall or when temperatures remain between 40 and 70║ F. Cole crops tolerate early spring and late fall frosts, but aside from Collards, do poorly in hot weather. For summer crops, start seed indoors and transplant seedlings outdoors 4 to 6 weeks before last frost. Heavy feeders of nitrogen and potash, they like a soil pH between 6.0 to 7.5. Sow shallow-rooted plants no more than 1 in. deep. For fall crops, start seed from mid to late summer. In mild winter areas, plant from late summer through early spring for harvest from fall to spring. Watch for many pests including cabbage lopper, root maggots, cabbage worm and flea beetles, plus diseases such as club root, damping off, mildew and fusarium yellows. To reduce the risk of diseases and pests, plant where cole crops havenÆt been grown for 3 years, and maintain proper soil pH.
Cytisus is a showy, fast-growing but short-lived shrub that is covered by flowers in spring and early summer. Deciduous in four-season climates, it is evergreen in mild climates. The green stems are ornamental when leaves are gone. Scores of cultivars with a wide variety of flower colors are available. Cut flowers last up to six days. Only container-grown plants can be transplanted, though plant spreads by vigorous seedlings. Plant in well-drained sandy soil. Prune to shape and remove deadwood.
Their delicate flowers are like Forget-Me-Nots, and add small splashes of blue to the cool shade while their spreading, deep green, heart-shaped leaves add texture and fullness. Best in moist shady locations such as woodland gardens, along stream banks or borders, but tolerates drier soils. Excellent for the shady city garden. Self-sows. Difficult to start by seed. Divide in fall.
Their handsome foliage, berrylike fruits and vigorous growth make them excellent shrub borders, tall screens or hedges. Small clusters of flowers are inconspicuous. Easy to grow, the deciduous and evergreen types tolerate wind, heat, drought and garden water. Grow in most soils. Seeds spread by birds can be nuisance.~~Start from seed sown in fall or cuttings.~~Easily transplanted.
All summer long, these fast-growing shrubs produce masses of fragrant flower clusters attractive to butterflies, moths and hummingbirds. Several cultivars of varying height and flower color are available. Plants need full sun or light shade to bloom profusely. Prune hard before new growth begins in spring. Pinch out the tips of new top growth to promote a more compact shrub, and remove old flowers to encourage new blooms. Blossoms are more visible when foliage is kept low.
Excellent with Hostas, Ferns and many spring-flowering bulbs, this fast-growing ground cover has glossy leaves often and tinted with purple, cream and pink. The short spikes of small flowers bloom blue, purple, white or pink. Plant between rocks or stepping stones in woodland and rock gardens or in containers. Can be invasive.~~Best in full sun or partial shade with plenty of moisture. Tolerates dry conditions once established. Evergreen in mild winter areas. Plant in fall or spring.
Evergreen or deciduous, these popular shrubs are prized as flowering, fruiting and foliage plants that adapt to various climates and conditions. Some plants have showy or fragrant flowers, others bloom in winter, or offer fall color. Ornamental berries come in shades of red, black and blue, and attract birds. Protect from direct sun where summers are long, hot and dry. Water regularly during growing/blooming season, less at other times. Mulch to keep roots cool and moist. Prune to keep plants in shape. Watch the evergreens for spider mites, scale, aphids and thrips.
Sweetshrub has been grown since early colonial times. These deciduous shrubs have a delicious, sweet fragrance, especially when the glossy foliage is crushed. Grows in shade or sun and in most soils, but needs water. Prune occasionally to avoid legginess.
A favorite plant for mild climates, several species, plus thousands of cultivars and hybrids, offer an almost endless array of flower colors and shapes on lustrous green leaves. From the small fragrant flowers of C. lutchuensis to the very large and showy blooms of C. reticulata, these low-maintenance, evergreen shrubs have blossoms of every type. Two of the most widely planted are C. japonica and C. sasanqua. Both make excellent screens and informal hedges. Many sasanquas tolerate full sun with proper soil and ample water. All are moisture-loving, and prefer well-drained, acid soils. All make exceptional container plants. Protect from hot afternoon sun and dry winds. Start by seeds, cuttings and grafting. Clean up fallen flowers to prevent Camellia petal blight. Prune for shape after flowering. Fertilize with acid plant foods.
These vigorous growing vines with large and colorful tubular flowers are a perfect wall cover for hot south-facing walls. The vines attach to wood, stucco or brick walls with root-like tendrils and need strong structural support to carry their heavy weight.~~Thrive in almost any soil, but need summer heat to bloom profusely. Prune hard each spring to encourage new flowers and control growth. Can become top heavy if not thinned. Root suckers can cause plant to spread. Any piece of root left in ground sprouts a new plant.
Covered with masses of small fragrant white flowers in spring, these evergreen ground covers are excellent for edging, rock gardens and containers, especially in combination with spring flowering bulbs. Slow to moderate in growth, plants form 1- to 2-ft.-wide mounds. Drought-tolerant once established. The many varieties include æLittle Gem,Æ a 6-in.-high dwarf, æPurity,Æ intermediate-size with large flowers, and æSnowflake,Æ which flowers in spring and fall. The deep green leaves have a neat, clean look. Shear plants after bloom to keep compact. Cut back hard every few years.
Heat- and sun-loving plants, CannaÆs brightly colored spikes of flowers and bold banana-like leaves create a dramatic, tropical effect. Varieties range from very dwarf (18-20 in.) to tall (more than 48 in.) plants, with red, yellow, orange, apricot, salmon, white, bicolor, spotted and streaked flowers. Use dwarf Cannas as bedding plants or in large containers as accents. Use leaves in flower arrangements, though cut flowers donÆt last.~~Plant rhizomes after soil has warmed. Best in rich soils with plenty of moisture. Some varieties are grown in water or very wet soils. In zones 7 and colder, dig up rhizomes in fall, and store in a moist, frost-free place.
These giant cacti appear as huge candelabralike forms throughout their native Southwest. C. gigantea, the only species, are some of the largest, slowest growing cacti known. Light brown spikes cover their columnar, ribbed branches. Large, white, fragrant flowers open at night on mature plants followed by edible, oval fruits. Supremely adapted to hot, dry, hostile conditions. Plant only nursery grown specimens and provide excellent drainage. Do not water once established or the plant may succumb to root rot. Use in dry and native plant gardens in the Southwest.
These hardy, rapid-growing trees adapt to a wide range of situations, temperature extremes, various soils and varying amounts of moisture. In late spring or early summer they bloom in clusters of white flowers with two-toned markings. Long bean-like seed capsules called "Indian cigars" decorate the branches through winter. Dropping pods, blossoms, leaves and twigs create constant litter. Use in formal avenue plantings or singly on lawns, where they give a tropical effect.~~Plant where protected from wind. Shape while young, then shorten side branches of larger trees. Prune lower branches for a straight, smooth trunk.
One of the most reliable, non-stop blooming plants for the hot sun, Madagascar Periwinkle produces Phlox-like flowers in many shades and combinations of pink, mauve, white, red and rose. Varieties range from 3 to 20 in. tall, in upright growing or trailing forms. Use for edging, masses, containers and hanging baskets. Plants bloom from spring to first frost. ~~Originally from the tropics, does best in hot weather, but varieties have been bred for cooler climates. Poorly drained soil can cause root disease.
These mostly evergreen ground covers, shrubs and small trees have lightly fragrant blue, white or pink flowers that look like smaller versions of the Common Lilac. North American natives, they do best where summers are dry and they get little water. Known as California or Wild Lilac, they're valued as a drought-tolerant, summer-blooming plant in the West. Usually live 5 to 10 years.~~Watch for root rot in wet soils, aphids and white fly.
Evergreen, cone-bearing cedar trees bear needles in tufted clusters to form a pyramidal shape. As the trees mature, they have flatter tops with large supporting trunks and limbs. In early spring or late winter, male catkins dust their surroundings with yellow pollen. Plant them where their branches have plenty of room to spread. These deep-rooted trees are drought-tolerant once established. Cedar wood is fragrant. Protect from strong winds. Tips can die back from cold temperatures or the deodar weevil.
Vividly colored plumed and crested flower heads make Cockcombs whimsical curiosities and bold garden accents. Plume types produce feathery, upright flower heads like ostrich plumes. Crested types resemble rooster combs or convoluted brains. Flowers come in scarlet, yellow, pink rose, apricot orange, purple, salmon and cream. Long-lasting and effective when planted in masses or with other brightly colored flowers. Dwarf varieties are suitable for containers or edging. Excellent cut or dried flowers. Tall varieties are best as background plants and may require staking. ~~Sow seed or transplant seedlings only when soil is warm. Huge flower heads develop best in rich soil with some fertilizer, but grow well in poor soils.
This ground cover forms dense carpets of hairy, gray leaves smothered by clusters of bright white flowers for several weeks in late spring. Snow-in-Summer cascades over walls out of containers or fills in between low shrubs or stepping stones. Easy-to-grow where summers are cool, but rots in hot, humid areas. Wind-resistant, they tolerate mild and cold climates, seaside or desert areas. Shorter-lived than other ground covers, they need little water once established, but water regularly for fast growth. The creeping plant, C. bierbersteinii, has larger leaves and flowers than the more common species, C. tomentosum.~~Sold in small containers. Shear faded flower clusters. Divide in fall or early spring.
A sentimental favorite with its showy flowers in early spring, fruits of Flowering Quince are used in preserves and jellies. In late winter, bring cut stems in bud inside and theyÆll soon burst with vibrant flowers. Several cultivars range in color from white to orange to pink to red. Prune deadwood to encourage new growth. Several varieties have thorns.
Plum, Apricot, Nectarine, Peach, Cherry and Almond trees are all part of this tasty group. Not only can you eat the fruits of the several deciduous varieties, but most of the trees in this group offer a spectacular show of spring hues. With their attractive foliage and bark, some look good year-round. Deciduous trees and shrubs named "Flowering" are ornamental only. Use the non-fruiting evergreen types as hedges, screens or shade and street trees. Most won't tolerate waterlogged soil, heat or dryness.~~Prone to several pests and diseases, so keep them healthy and vigorous. Spray to control pests and diseases when needed. Prune after flowering to shape and remove diseased and dead branches. Transplant in spring.
Brush Cherries are widely planted in warm climates for their shiny evergreen leaves with bronzy, purple or red tints and showy fruit. They are best used as shrubs, hedges, topiary or small trees. The bronzy red coloring of new spring foliage turns deeper green in summer, though some varieties keep their rich foliage color all year. Small, white, fragrant flowers become edible fruit, which can be messy if unpicked. The heat-loving Surinam Cherry (E. uniflora) is a slow-growing shrub that grows as wide as it is tall. The fast-growing Australian Brush Cherry (E. myrtifolia, also sold as Syzygium paniculatum) tolerates light frosts. ItÆs also available in slow-growing, 4- to 6-ft. dwarf varieties. DonÆt plant near sidewalks. Shear hedges frequently.
This large dense tree's pyramidal shape is echoed in its many flower panicles. The inedible brown fruit of these Horse Chestnuts or Buckeyes holds slightly toxic, glossy seeds. Can also be grown as a shrub. Roots can be shallow and invasive. Best to buy trees that are balled and burlapped or in containers to retain the long tap root. Prone to leaf scorch, leaf blotch and moths. Prune in early spring as necessary.
Sun-loving Chrysanthemums have been garden favorites for centuries. They bloom in summer and fall in all colors except blue, and flowers range from the immense, showy FloristsÆ Chrysanthemum to button-sized. The foliage has divided leaves with a strong scent. Use in borders or containers for cut flowers. The common name æDaisyÆ usually refers to some kind of Chrysanthemum and ômumsö to the fall-blooming hybrids sold in florists' shops. There are many other types as well including annuals, perennials and subshrubs. Some of these arenÆt called Chrysanthemums because the genus has been divided and renamed, so ask at your local nursery. ~~Shallow-rooted, need moist soil and regular fertilizing. Pinch tips until mid-summer or when flowering begins. Divide plants in spring, discarding the ôwoodyö parts. Cut back regularly to promote bloom. Leafminer causes unsightly squiggly lines on older leaves. Consult your nursery for controls.
The garden edict of keeping their heads in the sun and toes in the shade is fitting for these vines. Mulch to keep ground temperatures cool and moist, but give direct sun to encourage their large, showy blooms. Many will thrive in partial sun locations, especially in hot summer season climates. Plants attach to supports with twining leafstalks, and so climb trellises, walls, poles, trees and over shrubs.~~Prune to control size, encourage fuller, lower growth and vigorous flowering. Spring-blooming Clematis flower on last year's growth, so prune after flowering. Summer and fall bloomers flower on current spring growth, so prune in the late fall or early spring. Those that bloom in spring and again in summer or fall flower on last year's growth in spring and new growth in summer or fall. Only light pruning is needed in fall or early spring. Watch for stem-rot, leaf-spot, wilt and mildew.
Named for its summer-blooming, fragrant flowers, Summersweet performs best in acid, moist, organic soils. It spreads slowly by suckers to form broad colonies. Blossoms on the current yearÆs growth. Found on the coast from Maine to Florida, this native shrub is salt-tolerant. Plant in full to partial shade in warm summer climates. Mite damage may occur in dry climates. Available in white and pink flowering cultivars.
This fast-growing group of evergreen-to-deciduous shrubs and ground covers features showy fruits that attract birds. Most are low-maintenance shrubs, requiring meager amounts of water and only occasional pruning to control shape and size. Plant in full sun, except in desert climates, where they need shade during the hottest time of day. Watch for fireblight. They don't transplant easily.
A familiar sight in California and Arizona, rapid-growing, long-lived eucalyptuses are a varied lot. Also called gum trees, they range from shrubby, vine-like plants to huge trees, with different leaf and flower shapes on each. In general, though, leaves are crisp, leathery and usually aromatic. The flowers are fluffy and the flat-topped seed capsules are woody. Some varieties have white or pink flowers that are a source of honey. Some tolerate extreme heat and cold, others are fairly drought-tolerant.~~Buy the smallest plant you can find so that it won't be root bound. Chlorosis affects some species in alkaline soil. In California, the eucalyptus longhorn beetle is a deadly pest.
These twining or shrubby vines are graced with spikes of small pea-shaped flowers that bloom in winter or early spring. Grown outdoors in warm climates only. The slow-growing evergreens can be trained as screens on trellises, walls or fences, or used as ground covers. Drought-tolerant once established. Need partial shade in hot areas. Start with seeds or cuttings from young spring growth. Need support if grown as a climbing vine. Feed every two months. Prune to control size, and cut back tangled vines after bloom.
Clusters of colorful berries decorate these upright, slender, spreading shrubs long into winter. These attract birds, and can be so heavy that the graceful arching branches bend to the ground. Flowers are inconspicuous. Use these shrubs as borders, thickets or under larger trees or shrubs. Can also be used for erosion control on banks. Tolerate most soils, and grow in sun or partial shade. ~~Flowers and fruit grow on new wood, so prune old wood early in spring. Spreads by root suckers.
Trouble- and maintenance-free shade or specimen trees, their sculptured branches hold aromatic foliage. Female trees produce abundant black fruits, which hang on long after their leaves have fallen. Berries stain sidewalks and driveways. Tolerate most soils and urban conditions.
Lavender CottonÆs dense mounds of fine-textured foliage are attractive year-round. Leaves give off a spicy fragrance when brushed or bruised. In summer, yellow button-like flowers wave above the deep green. ~~Not picky about soil, itÆs excellent as an edging or rock garden plant, or as a low hedge. Keep foliage clipped, and shear off faded flowers. Humidity causes the foliage to become unsightly. Needs little water where summers are cool. Available in containers throughout the growing season.
Popular, hardy Geraniums have multitudes of long-blooming, intensely colored flowers and dense mounds of lobed leaves. Excellent border, rock garden or woodland plants. The common name refers to the beak-like fruit. See Pelargonium for the showier indoor/outdoor plants most commonly known as geraniums.~~Most thrive in full or partial sun, and plants often remain evergreen. Protect plants in warmer climates from hot afternoon sun. Most grown by seed or division.
Creeping along woodland paths or between stepping stones, these ground covers spread to form a flat, bluish-green carpet. Give water all year. Cover young foliage to keep rabbits and mice away. Feed lightly once a month, spring to fall. No trimming needed.
Blackberries and raspberries are the best-known members of this group, commonly known as Brambles. Not all have edible fruit. Some are grown for their foliage and flowers as small shrubs or ground covers. Most have prickly stems, and some can be trained on a fence or trellis. Prefer loamy, well-drained soil. Start from seed, suckers and root cuttings.
Use these vines and ground covers to blanket rough walls and arbors. In autumn, the deciduous leaves turn fiery colors and are interspersed with clusters of dark blue berries that attract birds. Tolerate most soils. Support growing plants. Don't plant to cover wood or shingled siding, as the vines will grow under planks. Tendrils are hard to remove. Prone to leaf hoppers and Japanese beetles. Start new plants from cuttings in spring.
These deciduous and evergreen shrubs are grown for their flowers, foliage or edible fruit, which attracts birds. Spineless types are called currants, the others are called gooseberries. Ribes are host to a destructive rust that attacks 5-needled pines, so several states forbid them. Before you plant Ribes, check with state authorities to see if they have been outlawed. Start from seed or cuttings. Give shade and some supplemental water when planted away from the coast.
For fast growth, this single hybrid outstrips most. It reaches 20 ft. in only 5 years, changing from a column to a narrow pyramid. Where summers are warm or hot, trees grow broader. Used as a tall hedge or screen, it's also planted in groves. Thrives in most soils and climates. Tolerates strong winds.
Diverse and versatile, Dahlias are prized for their large, often spectacularly-colored and shaped blooms. Flowers fall into 11 categories, including Anemone, Pompom, Decorative, Cactus, Peony, Waterlily and Star-shaped. They range from 2 to 3 in. to more than 7 or 8 in. across and come in most colors except blue. Dwarf, intermediate and tall plants range from 8 in. to 4╜ ft. tall. Easy to grow, bloom best in full sun, but tolerate some shade. Excellent cut flowers.~~Traditionally grown from tubers, some start from seed and are grown as short annuals. Plant tubers in early spring and seed-grown plants after last frost. For large flowers, plant in rich soil and give plenty of water. Pinch tall-growing plants at 4 to 6 in. to encourage branching and flowers. For larger flowers, donÆt pinch center stem, but remove buds from sideshoots. Except in zones 10-11, dig up and store tubers in fall.~~Although relatively pest-free, susceptible to viruses, aphids, Japanese beetles, thrips, earwigs and nematodes. Healthy stock plants, good air circulation and spacing greatly reduce problems.
Full of clusters of fragrant blooms in early spring, and in early summer, tiny, bright fruits, all parts of these evergreen trees and shrubs are poisonous. Flowers range from pink to white to deep red, and leaves are green or green-edged with gold. ~~All need fast-draining soil, so use in rock gardens and containers. Grow in borders near walkways or under windows where you can catch their perfume. Since they grow well in full sun or light shade, you can plant them under trees or on the north side of the house. One problem with these plants is that they sometimes die suddenly for no known reason.~~Mulch to keep roots cool in summer. Buy in containers, with their root balls in burlap or start from cuttings, not bare root plants.
Grown for its attractive variegated foliage and vigorous spreading ability, the several Yellow Archangels vary slightly in their vigor and coloration. Attractive spilling out of containers or as a ground cover, their silvery leaves brighten dark or shady places. Whorls of yellow flowers appear in early summer. Shear back when plants look ragged.
Tall and stately, their flowering spikes are dramatic accents in perennial borders that make excellent cut flowers. Blooms single or double, solid or bicolor, with a contrasting white or black center often called a ôbee.ö Tall, 4 to 6 ft., varieties include the æBlackmore,Æ æLangdonÆ and æPacificÆ hybrid seed strains. The intermediate hybrids are 3 to 4 ft. tall with multiple flower spikes. De-head to produce new flower spikes. Use lower, 2 to 4 ft. varieties, such as the Connecticut Yankees, in small gardens.~~Plants are perennial in cool summer climates, but grown as annuals or biennials, especially where summers are hot. Plant seedlings in early spring, late summer and early fall. Summer and fall plantings flower in spring. Seedlings started in spring may not bloom until the next year. For large flower spikes, give rich, well-drained soil and regular feeding. Stake tall plants and protect from strong winds. Watch for crown rot.
Use these dense-growing, low-maintenance deciduous trees and shrubs for tall, medium and low hedges or windbreaks. Their many flowers bloom with other late spring bulbs such as Dutch Iris, Tulips and Mock-Oranges. Flowers are usually white, but can be pink or purplish on the outside. Plant the low-growing types around Roses.~~Likes sun or partial shade and well-drained, humusy soil. Choose a protected site in cold winter areas. Shield plants from winds. Prune old shoots right after bloom. Start from cuttings.
The summer-blooming clusters of white, blue or violet flowers on this glossy evergreen shrub attract butterflies. Flowers are followed by yellow, berry-like fruit along stems. Fast-growing, use as a tall screen or grow in containers. Thrives in full sun and hot summers, but needs constant water. ~~Start from seed or cuttings in spring. Prune to control growth.
Used in both medicine and poisons, these easy-to-grow biennials and perennials have tall spires of tubular flowers, fancied to have the shape of fingers of a glove. They attract hummingbirds. The gray leaves grow at the bottom of the stalk below the flowers. Excellent for mixed flower borders. Self-sows, if old flowers are left until seeds mature and scatter. ~~Sow seed or divide in spring. Also available in cell packs, 4-inch and gallon-sized containers in fall and spring. After first bloom, cut main stem so side shoots develop which keep blooming. Watch for slugs and snails.
This large group of trees, shrubs and ground covers features plants with attractive flowers and foliage, colorful bark and dependable fall color. Dogwoods are often used as flowering accents, architectural screens or mat-like ground covers. Prune out oldest branches every year to encourage new growth.
Named for the Greek philosopher, Aristotle, these trouble-free deciduous or evergreen vines are native to the Southern Hemisphere. They have large heart-shaped leaves and unusual, small, pipe-shaped flowers. The flowers have an unpleasant odor. Quickly reaches 20 to 30 ft. in height. Use as a dense screen. Tolerates urban conditions. Start from stem cuttings in midsummer. Prune severely in late winter to control shape and size.
The edible prickly pear and the infamous cholla are two distinct members of this diverse group of desert plants. They represent, respectively, the two halves of this genus---plants with flat broad, joints, and those with cylindrical ones. Regardless, all Opuntias have many-petaled showy flowers in yellow, white, orange, purple or red, and edible fruits. Need full sun and excellent drainage. ~~Watch out for tufts of small bristles that dot the leaves!
The most popular of Betonies is gray, fuzzy LambÆs Ears. Low-growing in clumps, it contrasts well with tall, greener plants in edging and borders. Able to do without much water, but rain and frost can damage the leaves. Lesser-known Betonies include Stachys grandiflora with heart-shaped, green leaves and white, pink or purple flowers, and Stachys coccinea with gray 1-in.-long leaves and whorls of orange flowers. ~~Sold in containers throughout the growing season.
This popular, summer-blooming North American native has large, daisy-like flowers with raised, cone-shaped centers which rise in stiff masses on stout, 3-to 5-ft., hairy stems. The short-lived, but long-blooming flowers attract butterflies, make excellent cut flowers and range in color from purple, to rose, to pink, to white. The dried, chopped underground roots are used in herbal remedies to stimulate the immune system. ~~Start by seed or division. In eastern states, watch for Japanese Beetles.
Related to tomatoes and peppers, Eggplants need long hot summers to produce their glossy egg-shaped fruit. Essential in Moussaka, Ratatouille and Eggplant Parmesan, varieties produce purple, white, yellow and green fruits. They range from football-sized to walnut-sized, baby eggplants.~~Plant seedlings outside after nights stay above 55║ F and days reach 70║ F. In cool or short summer areas, use early maturing varieties such as æDuskyÆ and æEarly Bird.Æ Thin large eggplants to 1 fruit per branch. Cut fruit of most varieties off main stems when 1/3 to 2/3 full size and shiny. Dull fruits are overripe. Harvest often to ensure continued production. To avoid diseases such as verticillium, donÆt plant where tomatoes, potatoes or eggplants have grown for the past 2 to 3 years.
Trouble-free and fast-growing when young, these rugged, evergreen and deciduous shrubs thrive in heat, aridity, wind and poor soils. Waxy olive-green to gray leaves form dense shrubs that make an excellent screen or hedge. An excellent coastal windbreak. Types with variegated foliage are available. ~~Inconspicuous, fragrant flowers develop into berry-like fruits. Some species have 2- to 3-in.-long thorns. Prune to control size and to promote dense growth. Start by cuttings.
Once a popular vase-shaped lawn and street tree, American Elms are plagued by incurable Dutch elm disease and insects. Elms also have shallow, aggressive root systems. However, one species, the Chinese Elm, which resists disease and pest damage, is still planted in mild-winter and desert regions. Its long arching branches are covered with glossy saw-toothed leaves that turn color in fall. Its shedding bark creates a multicolored trunk. Don't plant Elms where Dutch elm disease has broken out. Stake young trees until trunk develops. Prune to shape and remove deadwood.
This Japanese native is attractive in spring, when clusters of pendulous bell-shaped flowers appear, and in fall, when leaves turn yellow, orange or red. Several cultivars are available with distinct flower colors. Plant Ekianthus with acid loving plants such as rhododendrons and azaleas. Broadens with age, so leave room to expand when planting. Prune only to remove dead branches. Feed with acid fertilizer.
Grown for their showy, orange or yellow, usually fragrant flowers, these annuals and perennials are very drought-tolerant and live longer when grown in lean, rocky soils. Many are naturally found on rock walls or barren slopes. They require sun and well-drained soils. ~~Start by seed or cuttings. Remove old flower stalks to encourage new blossoms.
These fast-growing evergreen shrubs make dense moundlike screens, windbreaks and hedges. Their young growth glistens, and flower clusters blossom year-round in mild climates. Shrubs attract bees. Wind-resistant, they thrive in seaside conditions. While they're somewhat drought-tolerant, they look best with watering. Start easily from cuttings. Plant in partial shade in hot summer climates. Won't tolerate alkaline soils or severe winters. Prune once flowers are done. Pinch tips to keep plants compact.
In temperate climates, these deciduous or evergreen shrubs, small trees, ground covers or evergreen climbing vines are valued for their foliage and form. Use larger types as landscape plants, and prune to shape and control growth. Fruits are colorful, with pink, red, orange or yellow hulls. Their orange seeds attract birds. Flowers are inconspicuous. All grow in most soils. Some evergreens tolerate city and coastal conditions and are hardy in cold and hot climates.~~Water moderately until established. Prune to shape at any time.
Varieties include the popular, upright, shrubby Poinsettia, the unusual, perennial, trailing Myrtle Euphorbia and the annual Snow-on-the-Mountain with its showy foliage. The real flowers are tiny, colored yellow to green. These are often surrounded by leaves colored like petals, which look like flowers in white, pink, red or green. The white sap a skin and eye irritant and sometimes poisonous to humans and some animals. Most require good soil drainage and full sun.~~Start by division and seed.
Near the coast and where winters are mild, these bright yellow, daisy-like flowers bloom almost non-stop. The shrubby, evergreen plants have fern-like leaves in silvery gray or bright green. Need excellent drainage. Drought-tolerant when established, but need some water during hot periods. Cut back older plants to encourage new growth after flowering in late spring. Cut off old flowers to encourage more blooms. Dwarf varieties to 3-ft. tall are available.
From the tropical regions of both hemispheres come these fast-growing, evergreen tree ferns. With pruning, they can also be tub plants for a patio or greenhouse. Their finely cut, bright green fronds are cold-hardy to 20║F, but not without some damage to the plant. Good in coastal regions or sheltered valleys, grow them in full sun in foggy areas and partial shade elsewhere.~~When pruning, wear a complete covering of protective clothing as some parts of the plant irritate the skin.
Of a coarser texture than most ferns, these 6-ft.-tall plants are the source for Osmunda fiber used in growing orchids. The young fronds are cooked and eaten in some parts of the world. ~~Likes shade and moist soil, so plant around ponds and streams. Plan ahead before you place these large plants. Leaves die back in winter, so buy during the growing season so you can see what you're getting.
Several of these mostly deciduous ferns are known for their beautifully-colored new growth in shades of gold, bronze or red. Grown also for their drought tolerance and ease of care, use them in shady borders or woodland settings. ~~Like full sun in cool climates, but do best with just 2 to 3 hours of sun per day elsewhere. Sold in containers during the growing season.
From the moist, humid tropics and the cold Himalayas, these ferns thrive in a variety of areas. Most are used in shady woodland gardens, around ponds, as ground cover under shrubs such as Rhododendrons, or planted with Dicentra, Astilbe, Iberis, Narcissus or Primula. Others thrive in a shady rock garden. The tropical species are grown in greenhouses. Use dwarf types in indoor terrariums. All need moisture, so they donÆt do well where summers are hot and dry. The Himalayan native, A. venustum, stays green in mild northern winters, but, like the others, dies back in frosts. Use fronds with cut flowers.~~Start by division. Watch for slugs and snails.
Generally easy to grow, Europe, Asia and the Americas each has its own species of Athyrium ferns. The Lady Fern and Japanese Painted Fern are commonly found in nurseries, though fern specialists sell other varieties. Evergreen in mild climates, fronds turn brown after a few winters. These dead leaves shelter new growth in spring and act as mulch. ~~Deciduous, so purchase during the growing season so you can see what you are getting. Divide old ferns in early spring for new plants.
Planted frequently in the cooler places in the western US, these are some of the most garden-worthy ferns available. Easy-to-grow, they blend in well with other plants, providing a neat, symmetrical background of foliage. Found from the tropics to alpine climate, some of these water lovers grow tall, others are wide and low-growing. Hardy varieties are excellent in shady borders or rock gardens mixed with other plants. With humidity, tender varieties will grow indoors.~~Sold in containers in the house plant or fern section of nurseries.
One of the most widely planted of all ornamental grasses, theyÆre valued for their low, mounding, finely textured clumps of sometimes vividly green, bluish or gray leaves. They offer many choices in size, texture and foliage color. Plants with silvery, blue-gray foliage, such as æElijah BlueÆ and æSea Urchin,Æ make striking points of interest. Prefer full sun in cooler climates. All like well-drained soils, and some tolerate dry soil. Start by seed or division. Shear back after flowering to encourage new growth and to remove old, weathered foliage. Older clumps tend to die or rot out from the center. Every 2 to 3 years, divide and replant mature clumps.
These small trees or large spreading bushes are known for their tropical-looking foliage and pear-shaped edible fruits. Outside temperate climates, they're grown as tub plants in colder regions, taken inside, or protected in winter. They grow in most soils and are drought-resistant once established. Plant where fruit drop won't cause a litter problem. In cooler areas, plant near or against a south wall that retains heat. Plant in wire baskets where gophers are a problem. Prune to almost any shape and size. Trees bear fruit twice a year without pollination. Fertilize and water regularly for best fruit production. Protect fruit from birds.
Long cultivated for their edible nuts (many European desserts and baked goods use edible hazelnuts or filberts), some of these shrubs and small trees are grown for their colorful foliage and golden-yellow flowers. Some species' foliage changes color in autumn. Drought-tolerant, they thrive in hot summers and cold winters. Plant as a shade, street or accent tree. Also good in woodsy borders. Prune out linear suckers from base of plant.
These cone-bearing evergreens, commonly called firs, are large, majestic trees. Place them in groups, singly in lawns, or in forest plantings. Their upright cones vary in color--purple, blue, red-brown or green--by species. The flat leaves are aromatic. Prefer moist, cool, acid soil, and full sun. Many types need some winter chill. Shelter from wind. Won't thrive in polluted city air. While they don't require pruning, branch ends can be removed for denser growth. Even large trees are transplantable.
These fast-growing shrubs are grown for their colorful fruit, evergreen foliage, hardiness and ease of care. Clusters of fragrant white flowers mass at the ends of last yearÆs branches. Some types are ground covers, while others can be trained to grow up a wall, fence or trellis. Use as background or screen plants. Birds like the berries. Watch out for stiff sharp thorns.~~Buy plants in fruit to be sure of berry color. Plants under stress susceptible to fireblight, though disease-resistant varieties are available.
Tropical-looking, short-lived, waxy flowers grow on these rapid-growing, evergreen or deciduous vines grown outdoors only in the southernmost US. Parts of the short-lived flowers are said to represent elements in the biblical story of JesusÆ Passion. Varieties include the popular Blue Passionflower (P. Caerulea), which is nearly immune to pests and is less affected by frost. P. Alatocaerulea, which has been used in perfume, has fragrant, white flowers, tinted pink and lavender with deep blue or purple crowns.~~Vines reach 20- to 30-ft.-tall. Vigorous growth can become a tangle of new and old vines, so thin each spring after second year and support vines on trellises or fences. Outdoors in mild climates, plant with trellis or other support in ground or containers. Use on banks for erosion control. Likes full sun to partial shade. A greenhouse plant where winters are cold.~~Start by seed or cuttings. Water during summer. Watch for caterpillars.
Only one species of these tender evergreens, L. chinense, is cultivated. It's a medium-sized shrub grown outdoors in warm regions. Use in beds, hanging baskets, woodland gardens or as a ground cover. A good companion plant for azaleas and rhododendrons. Prefers cool, gritty, moist soils. Protect from hot afternoon sun.
Dazzling, colorfully marked, daisy-like flowers bloom on both clumping and trailing Gazanias. Peak bloom is late spring and early summer, but in mild climates they flower at various times year-round. On clumping types, 3- to 4-in.-wide, bicolor flowers rise from evergreen mounds. These close at night and on cloudy days. Use these as fire-retardant ground covers, as edging and in rock gardens. Trailing types are similar, but their long, spreading stems are good for hanging baskets or cascading over walls and banks. Both are heat-loving and easy to grow. Need well-drained soil, and, once established, only twice-a-month watering.~~Start seed indoors 4 to 6 weeks before last frost is due, or start from cuttings taken in summer. Divide every 3 to 4 years. In wet soils, watch for mold.
One of the earliest winter bloomers, their dramatic yellow sprays of scentless flowers appear on arching or trailing bare branches February to April. Lush green foliage follows. The height of these vigorous-growing plants ranges from 1 to 10 ft. Use in shrub borders or containers, as screens or banks, or trained to grow against a wall or fence. Pest- and disease-resistant, they thrive in full sun or light shade, and almost any soil. F. ovata (Korean Forsythia) is the most cold-resistant and earliest-blooming.~~Prune after flowering. Leave side branches, but remove weak or dead wood. Water during dry spells, as plants wilt in dry weather.
Two white flowering shrubs from the eastern United States. One is a 3 to 4 ft. spreader, the other grows to 9 ft. tall. Their leaves offer excellent orange and scarlet fall color. Honey-scented, bottle-brush shaped blooms open before leaves develop, creating a dramatic spring show. ~~In hot, dry summer climates, needs partial shade and extra water. Plant in peaty soil.
These small drought-tolerant trees or shrubs look beautiful in hillside plantings, especially when mixed with other plants that need little water. Leathery, dark green leaves have feltlike undersides. Yellow saucerlike flowers are followed by long-lasting conical seed capsules. Start by seed or softwood cuttings. Stake young plants because of shallow root system. In frost areas, plant against a wall. Overwatering kills or shortens their life span.
For variety in shady areas, gardeners value FuchsiaÆs huge array of sizes, shapes and colors of flowers. Two-toned blooms--gracefully pendant single or frilly double flowers--have petals in shades of pink, coral, red, purple and white. Use upright-growing Fuchsias as shrubs or bedding plants, or train them into a tree-like form. Trailing varieties are excellent for containers and hanging baskets.~~Grown as evergreen to semi-deciduous shrubs in warm winter areas, can also be grown as annual house plants over winter. Plants thrive in cool, partial shade. Mist frequently where summers are hot and dry. Protect from strong winds. In spring, feed them high nitrogen fertilizer to encourage the new growth which produces flowers. High potassium fertilizer in summer encourages continuous bloom. Grow new plants easily from 2-to 3-in. stem tip cuttings. Watch for fuchsia gall mite, spider mites and white flies.
This shapely, low, dense shrub flowers freely outdoors where winters are mild, and is grown in greenhouses. Attractive in containers where the tubular flowers, which resemble fuchsia flowers, can be seen up close. The small leaves have felt-like undersides. Drought-tolerant once established. Plant in poor, alkaline, well-drained soils. Poor drainage, over-watering or over-fertilizing kills these plants. Prune tips to encourage bushiness.
Native to South Africa, they produce an ongoing display of bright yellow flowers from spring through fall. An evergreen shrub in mild winter climates, it can be grown as a summer annual in all areas. Very tolerant of heat, cold, drought and poor soils. Easily started by seed.
Unmatched for the sweet, intoxicating fragrance of their creamy white flowers, these are favorite evergreen shrubs in mild regions and a popular houseplant elsewhere. Many varieties are available, including æRadicans Variegata,Æ with white-variegated leaves; and æMystery,Æ an extra-large, double-flowered selection. ~~Excellent as container plants, shrub borders, foundation planting, informal hedges and espaliers. Houseplants often bloom in winter if grown in a warm, sunny spot. Good companions for Azaleas and Rhododendrons, they flower best where summers are warm with partial shade from hot afternoon sun. Need ample water and well-drained, humusy soil. Feed regularly with acid fertilizer. If the glossy green leaves become yellow, treat with iron sulfate or iron chelate. Watch for aphids and scale. Mulch around shallow roots. ~~Prune only weak or unattractive branches.
Related to Onions, Garlic and Leeks, grow Ornamental Onions for their dense clusters of flowers which look like lollipops. Height varies from 6 in. to 5 ft. Use for rock gardens, naturalizing and flower borders. Smaller-growing varieties are good in containers. Excellent cut flowers - leaves smell like onions. Use fully-ripened stalks in dried arrangements. Many are sun-loving and hardy to zone 4 if mulched in winter, theyÆre easy to grow.~~Plant bulbs in fall no more than 2 to 4 in. deep, depending on bulb size. Prefer sandy soil, as bulbs rot without excellent drainage. For most species when foliage yellows after flowering gradually withhold water. Susceptible to all pests of edible Onions, but usually trouble free.
Less invasive than other Brooms (such as its cousin Cytisus), these sun-loving, drought-tolerant, deciduous shrubs come in various heights. They bloom in white, yellow and gold. Seed pods follow. The short-lived leaves give way to green or gray-green branches. Not particular about soil as long as it is well-drained. Use smaller types in rock gardens or on banks. Several types were once used in dyes. The twigs, attached to long sticks, were used for sweeping.~~Start by seeds soaked in hot water overnight or by cuttings. Plant in sheltered places in colder climates. DonÆt like transplanting.
The subtle Germanders provide leaf texture and color to rock gardens, edging, herb gardens, containers and parking strips. Drought-tolerant once established, shrubs thrive in poor, rocky soils in sun and heat. One variety, Teucrium marum, Cat Thyme, has tiny, fussy leaves and small, purple flowers that cats canÆt resist. Teucrium hircanicum is grown for its vibrant purple flower spikes. Teucrium prostratum makes a good, small-scale ground cover. The delightful Wood Germander, Teucrium scorodonia crispum, has frilly, curled leaf edges. Can be used as a casual hedge.~~Sold in containers throughout the growing season.
A ginger-like scent comes from these 7-to 10-in. perennials when their lush, heart-shaped leaves or spreading roots are cut or bruised. Flowers bloom in spring. Wild Ginger makes an ideal ground cover in woodland gardens in partial shade with rich, moist, cool soils. ~~Start by seed or divide the underground roots. Protect from slugs and snails.
This large, irregularly shaped tree's translucent, fanlike leaves offer dappled shade. Its leaves are found in ancient fossils, dating to the Jurassic period. Light green spring leaves turn bright yellow in autumn. When male and female trees grow close together, females produce yellowish fruits that smell awful when they break open. To avoid odorous fruits, plant males only. Trees' widths are usually ╜ to 2/3 their height. Use singly in lawns or as street trees.~~Stake young trees so they'll grow straight trunks.
One of the most popular flowering bulbs, their tall, magnificent spikes of flowers are excellent when cut. You can also buy hardy, small-flowered dwarf types for smaller spaces. Spikes are available in many colors and can have more than 20 ruffled and flaring flowers in solids and bicolors. Plant in groups for masses of color, or in containers. Grow low, mounding plants to cover shorter stems.~~In cold winter climates, dig up and store bulbs in a frost free location. Plant after frost in spring at least 4 in. deep. In mild winter areas, plant fall through spring. When cutting flowers, leave at least 4 leaves on the plant to ensure next yearÆs flowers.
Trail these rapid-growing, vigorous vines up a tree or use them to cover a wall. Trained on an arbor or trellis, they're a dense, deciduous screen or shade vine. Their mildly fragrant flowers appear in midsummer. Several species also have edible fruits. Pair female and male plants to ensure pollination. Little trouble, as they're generally pest-free. Start from seeds or cuttings, and support young vines. Prune in late fall or winter, as fruit grows on wood at least a year old. Prune also to shape and remove crossing or congested growth. Fertilize and water frequently during the growing season.
These easy-to-grow, cold-hardy shrubs are grown for their compound leaves edged with spiny teeth which look good all year. Their spiky clusters of fragrant, yellow flowers develop into blue-black fruit which attracts birds. Some are drought-tolerant and have reddish to purplish fall color. ~~Start by seed or cuttings.
The common type of this subtropical lawn grass is one of the most important pasture and lawn grasses in the South. It grows best in warmer regions from Florida north to Maryland and west to Texas, Arizona and Southern California. It has several hybrids with a finer texture and better color than the common type. Hybrids eventually crowd out common Bermuda. Needs little water and is very low-maintenance. Tolerates sandy alkaline soils. Dies in hard freezes, and turns brown in winter. Difficult to eradicate. Grasses spread by invasive rhizomes. Need regular feedings of nitrogen in the spring and summer. Mow at a height of ╜ to 1 in.
The name of one species of these widely planted lawn grasses, Bluegrass, was adapted for a type of American country music. Kentucky Blue Grass is also the most commonly planted of all the species. Another type, P. trivialis, is most often used in pastures and meadows, and is sometimes planted as lawn in heavy, moist soils. P. compressa is too coarse-textured for lawn grass. All bluegrass lawns are grown from seed, alone or mixed with perennial rye grass seed, or sod. Water all species regularly during the growing season. Grow best in full sun and neutral to slightly alkaline soils. In dry, slightly acid soils, shade- and drought-tolerant, Fescue grasses are a better choice.
Large, upright, clumping grasses with striking foliage and eye-catching flowering plumes rise above the arching leaves. Foliage and flowers sway gracefully in the wind while reflecting the sunlight. Use plumes in dried flower arrangements. Plant in mass plantings or mixed with other perennials or shrubs. Many types available.~~Divide clumps for new plants and to rejuvenate growth. Cut back hard in late winter before new growth begins. Wear gloves and long sleeves to protect yourself from grass blade cuts.
The dense, finely textured, deep evergreen clumps of this slow-spreading perennial make excellent ground cover and edging plants. Flowers are white or lilac, and are followed by blue-shaded fruit. Makes good cut flowers. A rare, black-leafed type is available. Mondo Grass is often confused with Lily-turf which has wider leaves and larger flowers. ~~Start by seed or division. Cut back shabby foliage. ~~Watch for slugs and snails.
Grown for their fine, delicate flowers and seed heads, these ornamental grasses are annuals or perennials. Use erect or creeping plants as screens, accents, or ground cover. Plant in full sun where soil is dry, though they will tolerate moist soil. Water during long, hot, dry spells. Cut to the ground in early spring. Mature clumps can be divided.
Fine-textured foliage, long thin flower clusters and drought tolerance make these evergreen shrubs and trees popular. The flowers attract hummingbirds. Naturalized in southern Florida, the Silk-Oak is fast-growing. Hybrids and species abound, though some cannot tolerate salty soils or poor water quality. Choose types that fit your garden conditions. They don't do well near lawns.~~Well-drained, even rocky, soil is a must. Don't use high-phosphate fertilizers. Prone to leaf-eating insects, scale and mites. Diseases are few.
Good as shade trees or planted in informal groves, their star-shaped leaves turn red, yellow, orange or purple in fall. Their round spiny fruits are shaped like the maces that medieval knights once carried. Their fruits contain the gummy sap that inspired their common name, Sweet Gum. Ridged bark resembles cork. They tolerate coastal conditions if sheltered from strong winds. Not recommended as street trees due to honeydew drip from aphids and scale, plus the litter from their fruit. Water deeply during dry spells to promote growth and deep roots. Shallow roots can crack pavement. Iron chlorosis is a problem in high pH soils.
Valued for their moderate shade and beauty, these wide-spreading trees have airy, light green foliage. Leaves turn yellow in fall. Several species have orange-red to blue-black cherrylike fruits that birds love. Also grown as shrubs. Their deep roots make them better lawn trees than their near relative, the Elm. Plant one near a cement walkway; its roots will not lift or crack the pavement. Plant from containers or choose small bare-root trees with large root systems. Most need a winter chill. Tolerates cold, heat, dryness, wind and alkaline soils.
Witch Hazel offers striking winter color with its bright, fragrant bloom when most other plants are dormant. The small but showy frost-proof flowers open on leafless branches, and clusters of narrow petals last for several weeks. Blooms on the many flowering cultivars range from yellow to orange to red. Red flowering types also have the best red fall leaf colors. An extract from the bark is used as an astringent, and on bruises and sprains.~~Take care where you plant, for Witch Hazel grows 8 to 15 ft. high. Add organic matter to soil when planting, and mulch to keep the soil cool and moist.
These thorny, densely flowering small trees have hardwood trunks that resemble muscles. White, pink or red flower clusters are followed by small fruits which attract birds. Some fruits are juicy enough for jelly. Autumn foliage turns brilliant red or orange. After leaf drop, the wide-spreading branches are picturesque. Plant in a shrubbery border, behind lower shrubs, or as hedges or lawn trees. Don't plant where small children can get hurt by thorns. Thrive in open woodlands and in almost any soil. Need winter chill. Prune to shape.
Grown for their dark, leathery leaves and long-, late-blooming flowers, these popular evergreen shrubs are drought-tolerant once established. Flowers range from white to deep pink and bloom from late fall to late spring. Small, purple or black fruit follows. New leaves on these mostly low-growing shrubs turn bronze and burgundy. Taller types can reach 6 to 15 ft. Use as informal hedges, background plantings, low screens and container plants. Use dwarf types for ground covers. Easy to grow in full sun. Won't tolerate frost.~~For dense bushes, prune and pinch new growth frequently. Avoid overhead watering. Watch for aphids, fungus and fireblight.
In March, masses of hanging tassels of sweet-smelling yellow flowers appear on bare branches. The Witch Hazel-like leaves change color in autumn. These plants are slow-growing and their heights vary from 3 to 13 ft. Prefer neutral or acid soils. Plant in a sheltered area in light shade to prevent frost damage to flowers. Remove dead branches after flowering. Water regularly during growing and blooming season, less at other times.
A large group of shrubs or ground covers, these evergreens have small, needle-like leaves and many small, brightly-colored flowers that attract bees. Good on slopes, in rock gardens or containers. Also found in Shakespeare gardens. Use taller types as screens. Members of the Heather family, the most cold-tolerant types come from northern and western Europe. A native Mediterranean type tolerates some cold, while South African varieties donÆt like frost at all. Garden artists plant several ground cover types to create a colorful carpet.~~Need excellent drainage and most like acid soil. Where air is moist, plant in full sun. Elsewhere, give partial shade. Prune branches that have flowered. Protect plants from winds and water during dry periods.
Short-lived, 5-petaled flowers of yellow, rose, red, white or purple with yellow or orange centers bloom on this trailing, evergreen ground cover. Flowers open from early summer to mid-summer. Earlier-blooming types have larger flowers than late-bloomers. Small leaves are hairy and soft. Use this vigorous Mediterranean native in rock gardens in full sun and dry soil.~~Best from cuttings, though also started by division and seed. Trim after first bloom to encourage heavy autumn flowering. Protect from harsh winter temperatures.
One of the most diverse groups of perennials with more than 34,000 types available in the US. Single or double flowers of almost every color appear in succession through the summer, each fading after 1 day. Easy-to-grow, heat- and drought-tolerant, use in dry or water gardens, containers or mass on slopes. New varieties are always being introduced, some of dwarf height, with more intensely-colored flowers, more vigorous growth or longer blooming seasons. Some are semi-evergreen. In China, the buds and dried flowers are an edible delicacy.~~Remove old flowers daily to prolong bloom. DonÆt over-fertilize as more foliage than blooms appear. Generally pest-resistant, in mild climates protect against slugs and snails. Start by division of vigorous growing clumps.
Choose from the 50 or more species of succulent herbs or subshrubs for your rock garden or containers. These often stemless evergreen perennials have tightly packed rosettes of leaves and smaller offsets that cluster around the parent rosette. The star-shaped flowers bloom in summer in clusters of yellow, white, greenish, pink or red. Although not showy, they are attractive when viewed in detail. Blooms die after setting seed, but offsets are easily planted. Need good drainage.
A tropical native with large showy blooms, Amaryllis can only be grown outdoors in zones 9 - 11. Elsewhere, grown indoors or in greenhouses for winter bloom, they put on a magical display of fast growth, climaxing in a tremendous bouquet of lily-like flowers on a single stalk. Leaves may appear with bloom or after. Flowers come in red, pink, white, salmon and near-orange, and some are marked or striped.
Used to decorate many a home in winter, Hollies are perhaps the most popular of all ornamental berry plants. Their showy berries often last for several months and attract birds. Most compact and fruitful in sun, Hollies will tolerate shade. On many Hollies, fruit is produced on female plants and pollen on male plants. To ensure plentiful fruit, plant both sexes near each other. Hollies range from 1-ft. dwarfs to 50-ft. trees. Useful as a hedge, barrier or background plant. Bugs can cause problems, but diseases are rare.
These tough, fast-growing trees tolerate flooding, seasonal extremes, acid and alkaline soils, highway salts and city pollution. They resist wind damage and tolerate drought once established. Their spreading branches are covered with thorny forked spines. Their long narrow pods have a sweet gummy sap, which inspires the common name, Honey Locust. Lawns or ground covers grow well under their light shading canopy, which is leafless during its long dormant period.~~Prune to prevent multiple trunks. Stake and train young trees. Roots break paving, so don't plant near sidewalks or curbs.
Only one type of these tropical vinelike shrubs, T. capensis, is commonly grown. Train it to climb along trellises, fences or walls. Plant it on steep banks, or prune it to form 6- to 8-ft. shrubs or hedges. Its scarlet funnel-shaped flowers sit upon its lacy foliage. Seed pods follow flowers. These tough plants tolerate some drought. Start from seeds or cuttings. Support rapid-growing plants. Prune annually after flowers bloom to encourage new growth and future blossoms.
A popular group of evergreen or deciduous shrubs and twining vines with showy, tubular, often sweetly-scented flowers. Most are easy to grow, though vines may need support at the start. Hummingbirds like the fragrant flowers, and birds eat the seeds and fruit.~~Prune to control growth. Start by seed or cuttings.
These evergreen tropical shrubs are sticky and bear inconspicuous flower clusters and winged fruits. Use as a pruned hedge or large informal screen. Needs good drainage. Prune to shape.
Long used for hedges in formal gardens, these slow-growing deciduous trees tolerate severe pruning. They are also known as Ironwood because their wood is extremely hard. They have delicate wiry twigs, smooth gray bark and light green fruit clusters. Their dense, sawtooth-edged leaves color in the fall. Plant in a lawn or park, especially along a brook. These long-lived trees tolerate periodic flooding. Need some winter chill.
Hostas, or Plantain Lilies, are the most dramatic and versatile of all foliage herb perennials. Their leaves are green to yellow to blue-green in color and range from finger-length to large frisbee in size. There are approximately 36 clump-forming species with more than 1,000 cultivars and hybrids. Extremely hardy and long-lived, most thrive in shade. However, several varieties grow in full sun except in hot summer climates. Their roots compete against well-established plants. Easily transplanted and divided, HostaÆs only weakness is slugs and snails in mild winter climates.
These Japanese natives thrive in moist, even boggy conditions. Easy to grow, theyÆre prized for their colorful, variegated leaves, which have yellow and pink edges, and are shaped like English Ivy. Small clusters of flowers grow atop long stems. Bruised leaves have a strong, citrusy smell. Invasive in wet ground. Use as a ground cover or in containers in shade, or in sun in foggy areas.~~Start by seeds or division.
For sweet spring fragrance, a gardener's thoughts turn to Hyacinths. Hardy bulbs, flower clusters bloom in a variety of colors. Plant them with other spring bulbs and grow them in containers outdoors or indoors. You can force bulbs to bloom in winter by starting them indoors. ~~In cold winter climates, plant in early fall; in warmer areas plant mid-fall to early winter. Prevent bulb rot with excellent drainage and no fertilizer. Protect emerging plants from late spring frosts with mulch, hay, or other covering. Bulbs grown for a second year will not flower as well. In warmer climates, hyacinths may not receive enough cold chilling and should be discarded and replanted with new bulbs.
This is a wide-ranging group of evergreens and climbing species that includes the old-fashioned, ever-popular, deciduous shrub. Plant the fast-grower in a mass in partial shade or in tubs, and be sure to water heavily. Adding aluminum sulfate to make the soil more acid produces blue-tinted flowers, while adding lime creates neutral to alkaline soil which favors pink-tinted flowers. Remove old flowers and deadwood to control shape immediately after flowering.
One of the most spectacular of all Irises, their 5- to 9-in.-wide flowers bloom in purple, pink, white and blue, often marked with a contrasting color. The 24- to 36-in.-tall stems each produce 3 to 15 single, double or peony-like flowers in early to mid-summer. WonÆt tolerate hot, dry climates. Thrive with lots of moisture and rich, organic soil. Ideal in groups near ponds or in pots submerged in water. ~~Plant divisions in spring. Feed heavily with high nitrogen during growing season for maximum-sized blooms. Divide and replant every 3 to 4 years.
Extremely easy to grow and divide, their rainbow of papery petals and fuzzy ôbeardsö that decorate the lower petals appeal to every flower lover. The large, elegant flowers come in every color except true red, and some have a grape-like fragrance. Heights range from dwarf to medium and tall, 9 in. to 4 ft. Some types bloom in spring and fall. Check specialty catalogs for hundreds of varieties.~~The fleshy divisions called rhizomes are available in the fall. Plant immediately, as they dry out quickly. Keep the rhizomeÆs surface exposed, except in hot areas, where you should cover them lightly with soil. Cut back foliage on established plants only after it starts to die back naturally. Divide every 3 to 4 years after bloom to maintain vigor. Watch for rot in heavy soil and Iris borer.
One of the easiest types of Iris to grow, the Siberian Iris has narrow, dark green upright foliage and 2 to 5 flowers per stem. The clumps increase quickly to form substantial tufts, which rarely need to be divided. One drawbackùthe foliage sometimes hides the slightly shorter flowers. Shear foliage back a little just before flowering time to expose them. ~~Buy bareroot plants in the winter or in containers in the spring. If buying bareroot, make sure the roots are moist, not dried out.
It climbs over walls, rocks, tree trunks and trellises, and carpets the ground. Its small aerial roots cling to everything. Ivy often naturalizes and spreads throughout the landscape. Older plants produce small green flowers and poisonous, bluish-black berries. They need shade and shelter to prevent winter damage in cold climates. For new plants, pieces of stem root readily in water. Water deeply during drought. Prune in spring to control growth and shape. Mulch in summer for weed control.
This diverse group of succulents are known for unusually shaped geometric leaves and showy clusters of small flowers. Among them is the ever popular jade plant. Use these creeping ground covers and hardy shrubs in landscapes with mild winters. Need good drainage and full sun. Excellent for containers, rock gardens, and near swimming pools.
Think of Jasmine, and you think of its sweet perfume. Yet not all of this diverse group of vines, shrubs and ground covers have fragrant flowers. Most are tropical or subtropical, but some, such as Jasminum nudiflorum, grow as far north as southern coastal New England. ~~Prune to control shape and size. Several of the less frost-tolerant, fragrant species are grown in greenhouses which fill with their scent.
Trail these sprawling, shrubby evergreens over walls, use them in raised beds, as edging, or grow them as ground covers. Fragrant white to yellow spring and summer flowers are followed by pairs of seed-bearing pods. Plants produce a milky sap when cut. In hot areas, plant in partial shade. Propagate by seed or cuttings.
Some of these flowering perennials are low ground covers which are also good in hanging pots. Others make fine cut flowers. All enjoy moist places near ponds or streams. One type, the easy-to-grow, invasive, Loosestrife (L. punctata), is more manageable in harsh northern climates or in the dry West. Cold or drought prevents the ground cover from becoming weedy. ~~Buy in containers and divide for new plants.
Of these twining vines and shrubs, 2 are native to the southeastern US, and another is native to Eastern Asia. Carolina Jessamine, the state flower of South Carolina, is the most ornamental. Swamp Jessamine (Gelsemium rankinii), is native from North Carolina to Florida and has only recently become available in southern nurseries. Gelsemium is propagated by cuttings and seed.
One of the best evergreens for hot, poor, dry soils in city conditions, Junipers are found in almost any height, width, shape and foliage color. They range from ground covers and shrubs to 65-ft.-tall cone-bearing trees. Ground covers include J. procumbens, J. sargentii and J. tamariscifolia. Shrubs include Pfitzer, Blue Star and Armstrong junipers. Trees include J. scopulorum and J. Virginiana. Most have round, blue or reddish fruits that follow their small white flowers. Foliage color, generally blue- or gray-green, may change with the seasons. Requires well-drained soils. Won't tolerate shade or waterlogged soil. Watch for spider mites, aphids, twig borers and Phomopsis twig blight, which kills new shoots in early wet springs. Prune or shear to shape. Easily transplanted.
These shrubs and trees are valued for their dense, evergreen foliage, often fragrant flowers, interesting fruit and adaptability to a wide range of soils and climates. Fairly drought-resistant, but look better with watering. Most make excellent hedges, screens or windbreaks. WonÆt tolerate long, cold winters.~~Start by seeds or cuttings. Watch for aphids and scale.
These relatively tough and carefree 3- to 5-ft.-tall, deciduous shrubs look great all year. They have bright golden-yellow flowers for 1 week in spring and graceful foliage in summer, and are yellow with light green, twiggy branches in winter. A few flowers bloom in summer and fall. Plant in masses in shrub borders, woodland and wild gardens. Varieties are available with single flowers and white-variegated leaves. Drought-tolerant once established, they do best in partial shade but tolerate full sun in cool climates. Cut branches in winter are excellent in flower arrangements. Remove old shoots and branches to shape. Overfertilization causes excessive growth and few flowers.
Commonly called bottletrees, this genus has species with swollen trunks. Some swell at ground level, others have a bulge in the middle. Some have red or scarlet flowers. The clusters of woody canoe-shaped fruits are used in arrangements. However, they produce litter. Drought-tolerant, these trees are grown in Florida's high pinelands. Prone to root rot if overwatered. Young plants need supplemental water and are more frost-tender.
Deadnettles grow in shady places where many other flowers wonÆt. Their bright variegated foliage and pink or white flowers make them excellent small-scale ground covers. In hanging containers, their trailing stems with heart-shaped, 1╜- to 2-in. leaves drape over the edges. Deciduous in cold climates and partially evergreen elsewhere. ~~Shear back to generate bloom and keep foliage fresh.
These tall shrubs and ground covers have long-blooming flowers. The many hybrids and cultivars offer a wide range of flower color and plant size. The warm-colored blossoms and berries attract butterflies and birds. Need full sun and warmth for vigorous growth and flowering and occasional deep watering once established. In harsh winters, they lose their leaves. Use ground covers to control erosion or trail out of hanging baskets or containers.~~Prune to shape and to encourage new growth. In shade, watch for mildew.
Graceful Larches are some of the few cone-bearing trees that drop their colorful autumn foliage. Once their clusters of needle-like leaves fall, the rose-shaped cones remain, dotting the branches through winter. In spring, soft needles emerge a vibrant young green. Among the hardiest of trees, they grow in almost any soil. Prefer cool summers, and need winter chill. Sow seeds in shaded beds in fall or spring. Seedlings transplant easily. Clean up twig and cone debris under trees. Give supplemental water during dry periods. Prone to canker, rust, woolly aphids and Larch casebearer. Watch for mistletoe.
Popular since classical times when heroes were awarded laurel wreaths, these compact evergreen shrubs or trees have dense, aromatic foliage. Can be espaliered on a wall or trellis, or left to grow into a bushy shape. They grow well in containers and, once established, they tolerate smog, heat, dust and drought. Where summers are hot, plant in some shade. Prune to control shape and size. Prune suckers annually.
Grown for their clusters of showy, cuplike flowers, these North American evergreen shrubs grow well in naturalized woodland areas. Plant in combination with rhododendrons or azaleas. They prefer moist peaty acid soil, and full to partial sun. Propagate by cuttings or seed.
This hollyhock relative includes both annuals (L. trimestris) and several evergreen shrubs. All are easy to grow and become tall fast. Some, like L. assurgentiflora, can reach 10 ft. the first year and provide quick, colorful screening.~~Like other fast-growers though, they tend toward rank, weedy growth if not cut back.
Used in soaps, perfumes, sachets and even fine varnishes, Lavender has been popular for centuries. Its strong fragrance makes it good for scented crafts. The spiky flowers are usually purple or lavender, but there are white and pink forms. Grown in herb or Mediterranean-style gardens as hedges or edging, these gray-green shrubs need little care or water. Good companion plant to Cistus, Helianthemum, Nepeta, Santolina and others that grow in similar conditions.~~Shear back flower stalks when blooms die. Where Lavenders donÆt overwinter, grow them in containers that can be brought indoors during the cold period. Because they seed themselves freely and cross-breed with other plants, new varieties appear often.
Grown for their long-blooming flowers and rapid growth, these tropical, climbing, semi-evergreen shrubs and vines trail and drape themselves over fences, banks and warm walls. They can climb 12- to 20-ft.-long where supported by a trellis or fence. Where winters are long and frosty, shrub grows to only 2 ft. Primrose-like flowers range from white to blue, blooming for most of the year. Like full sun, though it bleaches flower color. Need little water once established.~~Buy plants in bloom to check flower color, or start from cuttings, division or seed. Prune out old or damaged growth in spring.
Mornings wouldn't be the same without juices, like orange or grapefruit, from citrus trees. And summers without lemonade? These shrubby trees produce edible tropical fruits. They have thorny stems and fragrant white flowers that attract bees. Grow in warm climates outdoors or in containers brought in during winter. All types need citrus fertilizer, which has supplemental amounts of iron, magnesium and zinc. Ornamental and dwarf varieties are available. Protect from strong winds and frost.
Of the 35 species, only the Edelweiss is well-known. Anyone who saw the film, ôThe Sound of Music,ö will remember the song inspired by the soft, woolly, white beauty of their flowers. Short-lived, they grow easily from seed and are perfect in rock gardens.
Under semi-shady trees, these native, deciduous or evergreen shrubs add brightness with hanging clusters of flowers. The white to pink, urn-shaped flowers sit beneath glossy 7-in. leaves. Plant in masses to best display their bronze- or burgundy-tinted winter foliage. Stays small, so good for covering a house foundation. Leaves and nectar are poisonous. Use also in borders, in the front of evergreen plantings or in water gardens. Likes acid, moist soil, but tolerates drought once established. Branches of blooms make good cut flowers.~~Start seeds indoors, and transplant seedlings after weather has warmed, or by division or cuttings. Remove old branches to maintain vigorous growth. Protect from harsh cold.
Perhaps the most popular of all fragrant blooming shrubs, their showy, long flower clusters make excellent cut flowers. Blossoms come in a bluish-lilac color, and many others. Best where winters are freezing, but some varieties bloom with mild cold.~~Remove dead flowers just above where buds form. Prune lightly to control height and invigorate mature woody plants. Watch for Lilac leaf miner, scale and Lilac borer.
Though its distinctive flowers last only a day, the African Iris flowers often in mild, warm winter climates. Also called the Fortnight Lily because blooms open in 2-week batches. Flowers are white or yellow and their dark markings have colorful orange or yellow highlights. Leaves are sword shaped and eventually form sizable clumps. Drought-tolerant once established, but bloom more when watered. Attractive near water or along dry stream beds in Japanese gardens. ~~Remove seed pods as they form to encourage flowering and prevent volunteer plants from starting. Sold as container stock. Divide infrequently, in fall or winter.
One of the most celebrated of flowers, Lilies are an elegant and diverse group of plants spectacular in borders, woodland gardens, rock gardens and containers. Lily species and hybrids range in blooming times from spring through autumn. Hybrids are generally hardier and easier to grow. The most popular hybrids are Asiatic, which flower upward; Trumpet, whose name indicates the shape of their flowers; and Oriental, which come from Asian species. ~~Lilies thrive with moisture-soaked, not watered from overhead, to 6 in. deep. Bulbs sold in spring and fall. Planting depth varies by flower type and bulb size, so get instructions. Gophers love these bulbs. Watch for virus and mosaic transmitted by aphids and destroy infected plants. Prune faded flowers, but cut stalks back only after stems and leaves turn yellow. Lilies never go completely dormant, so continue to water, but lightly. Divide in spring or fall. In areas with little winter frost, some lilies need yearly replanting or dig them up and refrigerated for a least 8 weeks.
Versatile and easy-to-grow, thriving in shade, partial sun, and sun in cool climates, the only maintenance Lily Turf requires is a complete ôhaircutö in late winter and protection from snails. The white or purple flowers resemble the spikes of large Grape Hyacinths and last well as cut flowers. Use these grasslike perennials as small-scale ground cover, edging and as accents around pools, dry stream beds and rock gardens. Can be grown indoors. ~~Available in containers year-round. Cut back when foliage looks shaggy, and divide before new growth starts in spring.
Line roads or long driveways with tall, uniform, pyramidal Lindens. Their dense foliage becomes covered with fragrant yellowish flowers that attract honeybees. In colder regions, foliage turns yellow in fall. Aphid infestation causes honeydew drip. Stake young trees. Prune to remove basal sprouts and dead or damaged limbs. Mulch to keep soil moist and cool.
Well-suited for flower gardens both wild and formal, Lobelias add height and vibrant purple or scarlet to the back of the flower border. Varieties grow in upright flowering spikes. Water-loving, plants thrive along streams, ponds or other wet spots. In cool climates, grow in full sun. ~~Both perennial and annual types are easily grown from purchased or self-harvested seed and also come in containers in spring. Divide or replace plants after 3 years.
These trees are as tough as they are beautiful. They tolerate dry heat, steep slopes and poor soil. They thrive along roadsides and highway banks. They also have graceful feathery leaves, and opulent, long, hanging clusters of white or pink pea-shaped blossoms. Flowers yield flattened brown or nearly black pods. Excellent fall color. Drought-tolerant once established. Start from seed, cuttings, suckers and division. Shallow roots are aggressive and sucker if disturbed. Transplant easily. Prone to borers, the carpenter worm and leaf miner.
Fragrant white flower clusters bloom in autumn and winter on these subtropical evergreen trees or shrubs. Edible yellow-orange fruits, which birds love, follow in spring. Broad-leaved, veined foliage is dense and glossy. Use as a large rounded accent or on a patio. In cold climates, grow in containers so roots don't freeze. Protect from wind. Feed with acid fertilizer in spring. Prune to shape. Clean up fallen leaves and fruit.
Few flowers rival their fanciful color selection, sweet fragrance and elegance in flower borders and wild gardens. Droplets of water on the palmlike leaves look like clear beads on green velvet. The Russell Hybrids are best known. Shrubby types include the yellow-flowered Lupinus arboreus. ~~Prefer cool temperatures. Buy in cell packs in fall or from seeds which require soaking in warm water overnight. Remove spent flower stalks. Protect from snails. Replace hybrid lupines yearly since they are not long-lived.
These broadleaf evergreen trees and shrubs grow only in warm or temperate regions. Excellent landscape trees or accent plants. Their clusters of white or pink flowers and round berries attract birds, but also create litter. Bark sheds, too. Likes sun and protection from wind. Grows best in dry, sandy and acid soil.
Though one type bears the state flower of both Mississippi and Louisiana, Magnolias, with their dazzling citrus-like fragrance, perfume more than just the southern states. While they favor ample summer moisture, at least one of the many varieties can be grown in every climate. These mostly deciduous trees and shrubs come in many sizes and shapes, ranging from the shrubby Star Magnolia to the giant Southern Bay Magnolia. The large, opulent flowers range from white and yellow to pink and purple.~~Pest and disease problems are few, but Magnolias can become deficient in various nutrients. Place in a protected area without direct southern sun. Plant where there's little foot traffic, as shallow roots don't like compacted soil. Choose plant location carefully, as many grow large, and most varieties don't like to be moved. Mulch to keep roots cool and moist. Frost can kill early blooms.
Maple trees include a broad spectrum of types, sizes, shapes and foliage. They are evergreen or deciduous, shrubby or lofty, with deeply lobed or finely cut leaves. All types have two-winged seeds that look like wing nuts from the hardware store. Grown over most of the United States, only excessive heat, dryness or winter cold prevents them from thriving. The large trees provide dense shade and their roots take water and nutrients from other plants, so don't plant close to them. Water deeply so roots grow down. Prone to leaf scorch, caused by insufficient watering. Red, purple, variegated or fancy-leaved varieties need partial shade for best color. Prune in fall. Easy to transplant.
Valued for centuries for their medicinal and culinary purposes, some Oreganos or Marjorams are now used decoratively in rock gardens. Leaves are used dried and fresh in a variety of cuisines, so no herb garden would be complete without them. Relatives of Mint, the clusters of leaves and small flowers of purple, pink or white offer a strong, herbal scent. Compare the culinary types by rubbing the leaves and noting their aromas. This gives you some idea of how they taste. ~~Easily-grown, most are drought-tolerant and thrive in all soils. Some types are short-lived. Sold in containers throughout the growing season.
Elegant, hardy flowers with backward-projecting tubular petals, called spurs, that bear nectar and attract hummingbirds. The many species and hybrids come in a variety of colors and bicolors that look good in borders, cottage and woodland gardens. Combine well with Campanula, Delphiniums, Dicentra and ferns. ~~Plants hybridize and reseed freely. Cut back old stems to encourage a second bloom. Easy care once established. Won't tolerate soggy soil. Protect from wind. Watch for leaf miner and Columbine borer.
These rugged, fast-growing evergreen trees tolerate coastal conditions, heat, drought and alkaline soils. As they mature, their bark becomes gnarled and peels in layers. Because clusters of the small flowers look like long, circular brushes, these trees are sometimes called bottlebrushes. Their flowers attract birds. Woody seed capsules follow the flowers. Narrow leaves are mostly needle-like. Use smaller trees as screens and larger ones as shade trees. Thin their canopy to highlight branches and bark. Cut back to side branches, but don't shear.
This bushy, 2-to 4-ft. tall plant wears many hatsùfrom tea herb to cut flower to bee, hummingbird and butterfly treat. Its 4-in.-long leavesÆ fragrance blends mint and basil. Northern gardeners have the greatest success with this moisture-lover. Southern and western gardeners must fight mildew. A vigorous spreader, Bee Balm (also known as Horsemint and Oswego Tea), is well-suited to the meadow garden. ~~Cut back after flowering and divide every 2 to 3 years. Sold in containers during the growing season.
Bindweed's Latin name means "to entwine," and these evergreens trail or twine over dry banks, fences and walls. Their funnel-shaped flowers, which resemble Morning Glories, bloom all summer. But beware, for they can naturalize and become troublesome.~~Prune in late winter to encourage new growth.
These deciduous trees and shrubs belong to the Mulberry family. In Asia, the bark is used to make paper. In Polynesia, it's also used for tapa cloth, a popular material for wall hangings. The fast-growing B. papyrifera is the best-known and most commonly grown.
Once planted by monks to deter evil spirits, these are now grown for their large, hairy leaves and tall, elegant flower stalks which bloom with bright yellow flowers. Individual flowers on these perennials and biennials also come in orange, red and purple. They are small, but bloom in a long succession. Excellent for informal flower borders and naturalizing in sunny, well drained dry locations. Use dried stems and seed pods in arrangements. Flowers also used in herbal cold remedies. WonÆt tolerate cold, wet soil. ~~Start by seed, root cuttings or offshoots. Cut back spent flower stalk to encourage side branches, which bloom later in summer.
Some of these Pacific island natives are shrubs and trees used as windbreaks in warm climates. Others are ground covers, good at carpeting banks. All are tough and fast-growing. Glossy evergreen foliage is fire-retardant and dotted with small bell-shaped flowers. They tolerate coastal conditions, but not frost. Give some water during dry periods.
Grow these evergreen and deciduous shrubs and small trees for their aromatic foliage and grayish or purple fruits. They like temperate and warm climates. Some species have edible fruit; others are used to make wax. Grow in lime-free soil.
These small multi-branched shrubs to small single-trunked trees are known for their ornamental flowers, bark and foliage. The large showy clusters of flowers range from white to pink to red to purple. The upright-arching trunks have gray to brown bark, which peels away to reveal the smooth pale-pink inner bark. Plant against a light-colored wall for the best effect.
No cat-lover should be without some form of Nepeta in the garden. CatÆs love to smell, eat and flop down on top of the Catnip and Catmint varieties, so protect plants with wire cages or a teepee of stakes. Dried leaves can be used as feline treats or as tea. Members of the Mint family, Nepetas are hardy spreaders that make good ground covers. All have gray green foliage and small flowers of white, purple or yellow. ~~Plants prefer full sun and can tolerate infrequent watering. Find them in the herb or perennial section of your nursery.
Wide-spreading, large-trunked Oaks are known for their long life, strength and majestic beauty. They have many forms, but are mostly deciduous trees and some shrubs. Some like wet soil; others prefer dry. All have deeply cut leaves and acorns. The foliage on some types turns red, orange and yellow in fall; on others it turns only brown. The evergreens have hollylike leaves. Use as shade or street trees. Prone to caterpillars, oak root fungus and wilt. Never plant an Oak where another Oak died from disease. Prune to speed growth. For greater height, pinch tips of small branches, and leave as much foliage as possible.
Popular, but poisonous, pollution-, salt- and drought-tolerant Oleanders are used as hedges, windbreaks and freeway plants in desert and hot inland areas. Evergreen and deer-resistant, they need little care and grow rapidly. These 10 ft. x 10 ft. shrubs have narrow, leathery leaves that are usually dark green, but one type has gold markings. Some have fragrant blossoms, and single- and double-flowering types, as well as dwarf shrubs are available. Also grown in containers. All parts of plants are poisonous to humans and animals, including smoke if burned and water cut flowers are in. Even contact with leaves can irritate skin.~~Start by cuttings, which root in a glass of water, or buy plants in containers. Remove growing tips to promote branching. Prune after flowering to shape. Cut old growth close to the ground. Watch for yellow oleander aphids, mealy bugs and scale.
This tree is popular not only because a single branch symbolizes peace. Olive trees are also widely grown in California and Arizona for their willowlike silver-gray foliage, attractive gnarled bark, and their ability to thrive in desert conditions, once established. Unless you plan to harvest and prepare the olives, choose a fruitless variety to avoid litter and stains. ~~Prune off basal suckers. Train as single- or multi-trunked tree. Box and transplant as desired.
Evergreen shrubs or trees with attractive leathery leaves and fragrant but inconspicuous flowers, Osmanthus are tough plants that thrive in a wide range of soils, including heavy clay. They like full sun, but can grow well in partial shade. Semi-drought-tolerant when established. Useful as hedges, background or screening plants. Propagate by cuttings.
Easy-to-grow, edible members of this diverse family include Onions, Garlic, Shallots, Leeks, Green Onions and Chives.~~Leaves grow best in cool weather and moist soil. Mature Onions, Garlic and Shallots form bulbs in summer. Feed early in growing season with low nitrogen, high potassium and phosphorus fertilizers. Slower grown from seed, but youÆll get a larger crop and more varieties to choose from. Easiest to grow from small bulbs called sets. In mild winter areas, plant in fall. Elsewhere, plant in earliest spring. Store Garlic bulbs and Onions in a cool, dry, airy place out of direct light.
Bees love the clusters of fragrant, white, spring flowers that open early and bloom into April. Masses of lustrous yellow-green leaves make this dense shrub an excellent hedge or screen.
This is a large group of fast-growing, vigorous shrubs with fountainlike shapes. The shrubs produce showy white flowers with orange stamens and a strong fragrance reminiscent of an orange blossom. Several species, hybrids and cultivars are available. Remove oldest branches in spring just after flowering to maintain compactness and to reinvigorate plants. Use the taller types in lawns or as background and smaller forms as low hedges.
The so-called Tree Peony is really a deciduous shrub, with flowers up to 1 ft. across. Single, semi-double and double, silky-petaled blooms are white, pink, lavender, purple, yellow and bicolor. Bloom best in cold climates, but need less winter chill than Herbaceous Peonies.~~Choose the planting location carefully since they live a long time and dislike being moved. Hardy in cold, prefer full sun, or partial sun in zones 8 and 9. Plant grafted peonies 6 to 12 in. above the bud union. Choose seedlings in bloom to be sure what you are getting. Sold bareroot in winter or in containers year-round.
These slow-growing erect fan palms have dark, shiny leaves if watered regularly. For container plants, water moderately, less in winter. While hardy to below freezing temperatures, they will enter a rest period if temperature goes below 55░ F for a few days.
These large, slow-growing palms have erect trunks topped with an umbrella of arching, feather-shaped, coarse, leathery leaves. Trunks become patterned with the bases of old leaf stalks. Clusters of summer flowers are followed by sometimes edible fruits among green or gray-green leaves. Like plenty of moisture, but tolerate some drought once established.
These slow-growing fan palms are natives of Baja, Mexico, and need little water or care. Long clusters of creamy white flowers bloom in spring, followed by edible fruits. Their coarse foliage comes in shades of green to blue-green. Won't tolerate wet soil or shade. Remove dead leaves.
These small slow-growers are excellent container plants. Remove suckers to create single trunk that rises to 20 ft., or let grow in clumps. Tolerate wind, salt spray and drought. Give periodic deep water to speed growth and improve appearance.
When is a palm not a palm? Sago-palm looks like, but isn't related to, the palm family. In a tropical landscape, trees may reach 20 ft. tall and 30 in. around. They're also grown as houseplants.
These desert trees are tough and grow even when neglected. However, they grow faster, larger and more dense with water and fertilizer. Clusters of bright yellow flowers cover the branches in spring. Tiny twigs covered by tiny leaves create light shade. Trees attract birds. Train as a single- or multiple-trunked tree.
Their graceful, wiry flower stalks topped with brightly colored, silky flowers brighten up even the coldest winter or spring day. Fragrant blooms on these easy-to-grow plants reach 2 to 4 in. wide. Planted as annuals in warm winter climates because they rarely last more than 3 years, Iceland Poppies are actually perennials. They bloom in summer the first year from seed sown in autumn or early spring. When grown as perennials, let soil dry out as they go dormant in late summer. Plants need excellent winter drainage. Excellent cut flowers if done before flowers open and ends of stems are seared with flame. ~~Easy from seed. Deadhead spent flowers to lengthen bloom. Easier to transplant when dormant than other types of poppies, still can be difficult to re-establish.
The only widely-grown perennial poppy, the Oriental PoppyÆs large, brightly colored flowers are truly astounding. Thin, satiny petals form cup-shaped single or double flowers up to 6 in. across. Gardeners in zones 2 through 7 are the lucky ones who can grow this tall beauty for use in borders and as cut flowers. In warmer climates, the flowers donÆt open properly. These poppies have a relatively short bloom period, so fill the gap they leave with BabyÆs Breath (Gypsophila) or other late-blooming, billowy perennials. Check out a new type called æMinicapÆ which has a much longer blooming season and better heat tolerance. ~~Sold in containers in fall or spring, they breed by root cuttings. Grown from seed, plants have slightly different characteristics from their parents. To use as cut flowers, sear the cut ends with a flame, then place in water.
These deciduous trees offer delicious nuts, ornamental beauty, and excellent hardwood with many uses. Pecans and hickories thrive in the Southwest desert regions where high summer temperatures allow nuts to develop, then drop in October. The nuts of some species, such as C. aquatica, taste bitter. These slow-growing trees have rugged, straight trunks and foliage that turns golden in fall. Hickory wood burns hotter than other native trees and is used in woodworking and smoking meat. Nuts often don't grow on trees started from seed. Plant cuttings or small bare-root stock in winter instead. For optimum fruit crops, they need regular fertilizing, pruning, spraying with dormant oil, and watering. Zinc-deficient soils need applications of zinc sulfate. Difficult to transplant.
Colorful Beard Tongues vary from small, rock garden-sized plants to tall, floppy, shrub-like plants. Tubular flowers of red, purple, pink, white, a rare yellow and the much-sought-after blue attract hummingbirds. The 250 species, most native to western North AmericaÆs deserts, mountains plains and forests, have been little-appreciated here. Some varieties are easy to find locally. Buy other, more unusual types at nurseries specializing in mountain and plains plants. ~~Care and growing needs differ, though all like full sun and fast drainage. Plants usually die after 3 to 4 years, and some species may die faster if grown in too-rich, well-watered soil. Many are easy from seed, while others are best bought in containers during your growing season.
Peppers come in a myriad of different shapes, sizes, colors and flavors. The sweet peppers, such as the Bell, are excellent for salads, hors dÆoeuvres, stuffing and stir-fry dishes. The kick of other peppers ranges from the mild, green Cayenne used in chili rellenos, to searing hot, like the red, fully matured Cayenne pod or the Tabasco type. Pimento types are found in the middle of olives and in cheeses.~~Plants need warm temperatures. In cool summer areas, plant against south- or west-facing walls and mulch with black plastic. Harvest sweet peppers, green when they stop enlarging, or leave them to mellow their flavor and ripen to red, yellow or orange. Harvest hot peppers when theyÆre yellow or red. Pick Jalape±os green. Pests and diseases seldom a problem.
Vigorous ground covers for shady areas, Periwinkles usually flower lavender-blue, but white and purple forms also exist. Plant in shady areas where nothing else will grow. Use on rough slopes or to cover unused areas, but take care, because Periwinkle can be invasive. Use forms with trailing, variegated foliage in hanging baskets and planter boxes. Also called Myrtle, the perennial Periwinkles are sometimes confused with the annual Madagascar Periwinkle, Catharanthus roseus. ~~Sold in cell packs throughout the growing season.
One of the most ornamental of fruit trees, persimmons offer spring flowers, edible fruit, fall color and a handsome winter branch pattern. Excellent shade trees. Plant male and female trees for fall fruit production. Prune to remove deadwood and to shape tree. Be consistent with light feeding, and infrequent but deep watering to prevent premature fruit drop. Deep taproots make trees difficult to transplant.
Indispensable for instant masses of non-stop color, Petunias come in many shapes, sizes and hues, good for any design theme. Flowers bloom in shades of red, pink, salmon, coral, blue, purple, white, cream and yellow, in one color or bicolored spotted, frosted, veined, splashed or striped. The single and double blooms have frilled or ruffled edges. Flowers have a stronger nighttime fragrance. There are two broad categories: Multifloras producing many small flowers (up to 2 in. across) and Grandifloras with fewer, but larger flowers (up to 4 in. across). F1 Hybrids of both types have excellent color, uniformity and vigor. Use compact forms as edging and bedding. Trailing forms cascade down the edges of hanging baskets or containers. Good cut flowers.~~Tolerant of a wide range of soils and climates, but best in full sun. Single-flowered types withstand rain better than doubles. Pinch to encourage branching and flower production. Regular fertilization, deadheading and cutting back will also increase flowering. Perennial in warm winter areas, so plant for fall and winter color. ~~Mostly pest-free, watch for tobacco budworms. Can also be damaged by air pollution and fungal diseases due to excessive moisture and humidity. In humid climates, plant with good air circulation.
Delightful plants ranging from creeping, shade-lovers to tall, sun-loving, easy-to-cut, flower border mainstays. All have dense clusters of blooms. Deadhead and thin to discourage mildew. Almost all are American nativesùthe most well known is Tall Phlox (Phlox paniculata). Many others are gaining popularity as gardeners use more natives. ~~Available in containers. Check native plant catalogs for unusual varieties.
These evergreen or deciduous shrubs and small trees have bright reddish or bronzy young leaves which turn rich green. Clusters of white flowers often develop into ornamental red berries. These multi-branched and densely leafed plants are useful as informal hedges, backgrounds, screens and as a large point of interest. Can be trained as a tree or espalier plant. Attracts birds. Some types need little water once established. ~~Start by seed or cuttings. Prune to control growth. Watch for aphids and mildew.
The many forms and types of pines can be found in northern temperate zones and on mountains in the tropics. Some grow rapidly, others slowly. Some have silvery foliage, others are dark green. They range from dwarfs to 100-ft. trees. The size and form of their cones vary. All pines have long needle-like leaves grouped in clusters of two to five. They're fairly drought-tolerant, with a few exceptions. Extended drought or pollution can weaken pines, making them susceptible to pests and diseases.~~They grow well in full sun and poor, but well-drained soils. Shape tree in spring. Too much water produces yellow needles.
These evergreen subtropical trees and shrubs are grown outdoors in the warmest regions of the US for their attractive foliage. If planted near a male pollinizer, female trees bear fleshy red fruits. Use them as hedges, high screens or in groves. Need shade in hot climates. Stake when young until trunk develops. Prune to any shape. May develop chlorosis in heavy and damp or alkaline soil.
Only one of this group is well known, the Japanese Umbrella Pine. Considered a choice landscape tree for its glossy evergreen foliage, its common name comes from its broader, drooping mature shape. It grows slowly to 30 ft. Plant singly as specimen or accent trees, or group several as a border. Protect from strong winds. In hot summer climates, give afternoon shade. Transplant in spring.
Exotic-looking, white-petaled flowers with tufted, crimson centers are followed in fall by sweetly aromatic, edible fruits. Sun-loving and drought-tolerant, these evergreens arenÆt cold-hardy and need a sheltered sunny wall in all but the mildest climates. The plant attracts birds and bees. While fruit isnÆt as sweet as GuavaÆs (Psidium), theyÆre eaten raw or used in jelly. Flower petals are also edible. The Olive-like leaves are dark, glossy green, with white undersides. They can grow to 20 ft. tall, but are easily shaped by pruning to use as a screen, hedge, small tree or espalier plant. Autumn foliage color is bluish gray. Best in sandy loam, rich in humus. ~~Start seeds indoors, and plant seedlings in ground when theyÆre 4 in. tall. Or start by cuttings. Prune in late spring. Fruit is ripe when it starts to soften.
Cool-weather annuals, biennials, or perennials, their many fringed flowers look as if they were trimmed with pinking shears, winning them the common name of Garden Pinks. Sweetly clove-scented flowers have a velvety or satiny sheen. Colors include pink, rose, red, purple and white in pure or bicolor flowers with distinctively marked eyes or frosting. China Pinks (D. chinensis) and Sweet Williams (D. barbatus) are grown as low-growing annuals for edging, mass plantings and in containers. Perennials include single- and double-flowered hybrids. Weak-stemmed Florist Carnations (D. Caryophyllus), grown outdoors only in mild winter areas, arenÆt the best garden plants. Use Pinks in borders and rock gardens. Smaller types make excellent ground covers, good in containers. All make exceptional cut flowers.~~Most need alkaline soils and cool growing conditions without heat and humidity. Some heat-tolerant varieties are available. In hot summer areas, plant in partial afternoon shade. Cut back or shear after bloom for repeat bloom. Perennials should be restarted frequently by cuttings from disease-free plants in spring or fall, or they die out.
These deciduous and evergreen trees blaze with color in the fall. Their feathery, lance-shaped leaves range from red to yellow. Flowers are inconspicuous. When planted near male trees, females bear berrylike fruit. They make excellent street or shade trees. One type, P. vera, produces edible pistachio nuts.~~Prone to verticillium wilt, so plant in well-drained soil and water deeply and infrequently. Prune and stake to develop single trunks with high crowns.
Tender, succulent pea pods and fresh garden Peas command top market prices, but are easy to grow and mature rapidly during cool weather in spring and fall. Peas are classified into three categories. Snow Peas produce sweet, thin, flat pods that are eaten whole before Peas form. Use these in Chinese cooking or, along with Sugar Peas, in salads. Eat Sugar PeasÆ rounder pods very young, as Peas just start to form, or when more mature. Harvest firm, mature Garden Pea pods before they start to shrivel and turn yellow, and shell for fresh peas or dry for storage. Black-eyed peas are, in fact, from a separate genus but are treated like a dry pea. Some varieties are harvested at all times. When in doubt, harvest earlier than later. Peas lose their sweetness after harvest, so eat immediately. Support tall, vining Peas on a trellis, wire netting or fence. Dwarf varieties donÆt need staking, but produce smaller harvests.~~Sow seed in early spring every 2-weeks until 60 days before the beginning of 75║ F weather. Plant in well-drained soil that isnÆt water soaked. Treat seed with legume innoculum for higher yields. DonÆt feed high-nitrogen fertilizer.
Sycamores or Plane trees are wonderful in parks and along avenues, where they have ample room to grow. Not only do they lose their large maple-like leaves in autumn, but their bark peels off in large patches to reveal the white inner bark. Use their long stalks with brown, round seed clusters in dried flower arrangements. Some species tolerate city conditions, and all tolerate severe pruning. Susceptible to blight and, in the desert, chlorosis. Leaf anthracnose is a problem in cool, moist seasons and climates. Rake and dispose of dead leaves.
Intensely blue, phlox-shaped flowers bloom from mid-summer to late fall, followed by colorful fall foliage. Use in borders, or in sun or partial shade in well-drained soil. For a similar plant, see Plumbago. Start by cuttings or division.
Praised by the ancients, this fruit's sweet, juicy, jewel-like, red pulp is the reason to plant it. The fruits on this slow-growing, deciduous shrub or small tree are used for juice and in jelly. They ripen and become edible only in warm climates, and not all types bear fruit. Their crinkly petaled, summer-blooming flowers are another attraction. The funnel-shaped blooms are usually scarlet, but the less cold-hardy, single- and double-flowered varieties also have white and yellow flowers. Shrubs reach 6- to 8-ft.-tall. Dwarf and non-fruiting varieties are also available. Use as a hedge or grow in tubs.~~Easiest from cuttings, but also started from seed. Available in containers. Plant in sheltered, warm site. Fruit grow on branches 2 years or older, so thin newer growth when plant becomes dense. Holes in fruit might be from leaf-footed plant bugs. Watch for fungus where humid.
Useful for ground covers and borders, this group of dwarf, hardy, long-blooming shrubs tolerate a variety of soils and seashore conditions such as wind and salt. Choose from several species, hybrids and cultivars with a wide range of flower colors. Potentilla perform best in full sun, but tolerate some shade. Plant taller types near each other for support. Provide good air circulation to prevent mildew, and watch for spider mites during dry seasons. Periodic pruning rejuvenates older specimens.
Many of the vigorous, fast-growing, evergreen or deciduous shrubs in this group are practically synonymous with the word "hedge." All can be clipped, pruned and groomed into formal shapes or screens. Unclipped, they bloom in clusters of fragrant, creamy white flowers, which attract bees. Birds like the blue or black berries that follow the flowers. All parts of the plant are poisonous to human beings, so keep small children away from them. Be sure of what you're buying, as many varieties look alike. L. ovalifolium (California Privet, called Common Privet in Great Britain), which tolerates some heat, and L. vulgare (Common Privet), which has lighter green leaves and tolerates dry soil, are often confused. Grow in almost any soil and in many climates, but most need lots of water. In the North, grow the cold-hardy L. amurense. In the South, plant the evergreen L. delavayanum. Most are pest- and disease-free.
Deciduous and evergreen Pear trees look good year-round. Foliage on deciduous trees turns bright autumn colors. After their glossy green leaves drop, spring flowers bloom. Fruiting types produce Pears in fall. Like the deciduous varieties, evergreen Pears offer a spectacular spring bloom. Use as shade or street trees. Grow small types in containers. They adapt to most soils, including clay. Pears are also tolerant of air pollution, drought and wind. ~~Prone to fireblight (especially evergreens), Pear psylla and scab. For optimum fruit crops, schedule regular fertilizing, pruning, dormant oil spraying and supplemental watering in arid climates. Prune in later winter or early spring to shape or to remove damaged or crowded branches.
Spring brings a profusion of white, pink or red flower clusters that bloom as the leaves unfold or just before. Red-brown, flat seedpods that follow in summer last through winter. Broad, heart-shaped leaves turn yellow in autumn. Plant as a shrubbery background. Transplant ball and burlapped when small. Prune out deadwood. Water during growing/blooming season. Established plants tolerate dry soil and heat. Prune dead wood and shape after flowering.
The only type grown is M. glyptostroboides, a relic from the Jurassic period. It was only known from fossils until its discovery in 1944; it is now widely available in nurseries. It is among the few conifers to drop its colorful fall foliage. Locate to accommodate its large size. Grows faster in mild climates. Protect from cold winter winds and hot, dry summer winds. Don't plant in low, frosty areas where late-season growth may be damaged.
Native to the Mediterranean region, these evergreen, spring- and summer-blooming shrubs are perfect for sunny, dry or hot situations and seashore plantings. Leaves vary in size and shape, but blooms are single and rose-like. Fast-growing and fire-resistant, they tolerate drought and poor soils. They are also cold-hardy to 10║ to 20║ F. Need little attention except for cutting back occasionally. Excellent drainage is essential to prevent root rot. Plant in masses in rock gardens or as a bank cover, as they help control erosion.
These roses have bushy habits and low-maintenance requirements that make them well-suited for landscaping, for containers or flowering hedges. They mix well with other shrubs, perennials or ground covers. Many have long blooming periods. ~~Most are commonly available. Buy old or species types from specialty nurseries.
Bred to have perfect, exquisitely-formed buds and long cuttable stems, the base of the plants tend to be bare and have somewhat angular top growth. Because of their pruning and maintenance requirements, and for easy viewing, many gardeners grow them in formal ôrose beds.ö TheyÆre also grown in natural- or casual-style gardens. While leaving them accessible for pruning and care, mix them with other shrubs and perennials to hide their awkward shapes. Easy to find, nurseries, hardware stores and some grocery stores sell them in spring.
A country cottage smothered with a magnificent, fragrant Climbing Rose even makes non-gardeners swoon. Trained to grow upward on trellises, arches or pergolas, they need little garden space (unless you never prune them, then some varieties could swallow a whole yard). Old plants can disguise garages or sheds.~~Need full sun to bloom well. Easy to find. Nurseries, hardware stores and some grocery stores sell them in spring. Look for older or rare varieties at specialty nurseries.
Once thought to stimulate memory, this herb has been used for cooking, medicine and gardening for centuries. Plants make tough, aromatic, drought-tolerant evergreen shrubs. They range from an erosion-controlling ground-hugger to absolutely upright and are used as hedges and borders. Honey bees and some birds are attracted to its small blossoms of white, lavender, pink or blue. Repels garden moths. In cooking, use the pine-like leaves, fresh or dried, with meat and poultry. Good as year-round houseplants, theyÆre also used in small topiary in the shapes of globes, wreaths and Christmas trees. Full sun, little if any water and good drainage are essential to this Mediterranean native. WonÆt tolerate cold winters, humidity or wet soil. Buy in pots, or put cuttings in water until they sprout roots, then plant. Pinch back growing tips while plant is young. Cut back older plants to increase side branching.
Along avenues, in groups or masses, these fast-growing slender palms are beautiful and stately. Their slender trunks often bulge in the middle. Their blooms are small and white. They resist wind and salt spray, but must be protected from heavy winds in sub-tropical gardens.~~Give ample water during growing season and less at other times.
Much-loved aromatic plants, the perennial and shrubby Sages are grown for their huge variety of flower colors and their long bloom. Colors include bright red, true blue, white, orange, purple, lavender and pink. The dried leaves of many types are used as cooking spices. Species come from many places in the world, so care needs vary widelyùsome prefer heat, sun and dry conditions, while others need shade and moist conditions. All benefit from shearing or deadheading. ~~Sold in containers throughout the growing season. Check specialty and mail order nurseries for a large selection of lesser-know varieties.
Heat is the key to growing this desert-loving evergreen shrub. Slow-growing to 10 ft. tall, heat and dry air also make their 1-in., rose-purple flowers bloom in summer. Silver-gray foliage feels soft like felt. Allergen-free, drought- and wind-tolerant once established. Good drainage is essential, and take care not to overwater. Use as a low hedge, lawn plant or background shrub.
These upright or spreading evergreen shrubs perform best in semi-shady woodland gardens. Urn- shaped, whitish flowers attract bees and develop into fleshy fruits, many of which are colorful and aromatic, and attract birds. Salal and Wintergreen are valued for their dense masses of rich green, leathery leaves. Some are slow-growing when first planted, but once established, spread aggressively. All need moist, organic, well-drained, acid soils. ~~Start by seeds, division or cuttings.
The glossy green leaves on this shade-loving evergreen shrub or ground cover are its chief attraction. Their small clusters of fragrant spring flowers are inconspicuous. Excellent under overhangs and low-branching treesùeven in deepest shade. Best in mild climates and rich, moist, acid, organic soils. Start by division or cuttings.
Use classic, old-fashioned, cutting Pincushion Flowers in the back of flower borders, mass plantings or in wild gardens. Both annual and perennial types flower in colors ranging from white to yellow to purple and are easy to grow. ~~Annual pincushions are best started from seed in the fall or spring. Transplant perennials from containers available throughout the growing season. Provide support for tall varieties, and prolong bloom by cutting flowers.
Australian natives grown for their fan-shaped flowers of lavender, ~~mauve or white. Bloom almost continuously in mild climates. The varieties available in the US are cascading and good for hanging baskets, or ground covers good for rock gardens. ~~Prefer full sun and good drainage. Somewhat drought-tolerant once established. Feed iron sulfate to deepen flower color. Has no particular susceptibility to pests. Available in containers throughout the growing season.
Highly diverse, drought-tolerant annuals and perennials, Stonecrops range from tiny, hardy, rock garden succulents to 2-ft.-tall perennials. Smaller types are prized for their unusual foliage, and are grown where texture is needed or in pot and dish gardens. The larger types are shrub-like, and good in borders or containers, but watch out, because plants are easily crushed. Mostly evergreen and generally low-maintenance, varieties come from all over the world, so care needs vary widely. Prefer full sun in zones 4 to 6 and part shade in zones 7 to 10. ~~Sold in containers or cell packs in the spring.
The Sequoia isn't called 'Giant' for nothing. With its massive trunk (up to 30 ft. wide), it's considered the largest tree in the world. It's also one of the tallest trees on earth, reaching 325 ft. Its dense foliage is bushier and less clear than that of its relative, the Coast Redwood's. Blue-green when young, its foliage turns bright yellow-green with maturity. Its thick, ridged, fibrous bark and small cones are reddish brown. Adapt to cold dry climates and high altitudes.~~For best growth, water deeply and regularly until established.
The only member of the genus is S. sempervirens, the giant conifer known as the Redwood. Coast Redwoods, the tallest of all trees, commonly reach more than 300 feet in their native Pacific Coast range. They live extremely longùsome California specimens are more than 3000 years oldùand require little care in moist air and soil. Their shallow fibrous root systems compete for moisture and nutrients. No serious pest or disease problems. Resist oak root fungus.
Colorful in all seasons, these deciduous shrubs and trees are especially conspicuous in early spring. Their plentiful white flowers bloom briefly before or with the unfolding of the leaves. Young leaves are covered with soft, woolly white hairs. Fall color is yellow, red or orange. The gray bark is streaked with reddish fissures. The types with edible red or purple fruits (which taste like blueberries) soon grow into a large patch, and attract birds. Commonly called Shadbush, Shadblow or Serviceberry (pronounced "Sarvisberry"). Tolerate a wide variety of soils. Start by seed or by suckers. Clear away fallen leaves and fruits to prevent blight.
Long, drooping clusters of greenish-white flowers decorate this evergreen shrub. Plant male and female shrubs close together and females will produce clusters of purple fruit that attract birds. Use as a screen or hedge. While G. elliptica tolerates coastal conditions, G. freemontii better tolerates drought, heat and cold.~~Start from cuttings. Flowers on male plants are larger. All flowers grow on the previous year's growth, so prune carefully. Difficult to transplant once in the ground.
White or pink blossoms on Silver Bell trees stand out dramatically against a backdrop of taller trees. Their bell-shaped flowers bloom just as Halesias begin to bud. Plant them in woodland gardens or as accent trees, with Azaleas and Rhododendrons. Thrive on rich, moist, well-drained, acid soils. Prefer some winter chill.~~Start from seed sown in fall or root cuttings. Protect from wind.
These slow-growing dwarf shrubs are popular for their glossy green leaves and red hollylike berries that last into winter. Their pinkish buds become tiny white flowers in late spring. Plant in partial shade as borders, near foundations or in containers. Tolerate moderate air pollution. Prefer moist, acid loam and partial shade. Start from seeds or cuttings.
The airy clusters that appear after flowering look like pink smoke and give this group of plants their name. A few weeks after blooming, they turn brown or grayish. This 10- to 12-ft.-tall shrub to small tree also has colorful fall foliage. Unpruned, plants can reach 20 ft. tall. Likes poor, rocky soil.~~Can be started by seed, but best from cuttings of plants known to produce many smoky clusters. Can also buy plants in spring. Female plants generally produce more ôsmoke.ö Prune in early spring.
Grouped in a shrubbery border or planted singly in a lawn, these modest-size trees are at their best in spring and fall. In spring, white bell-shaped flowers hang in clusters, and in autumn leaves turn spectacular colors. All right to garden underneath. Plant against a background of larger, darker evergreen trees. Best in loamy soil and in areas sheltered from hot sun and wind. Won't tolerate dry heat. Give water regularly during dry periods. Add peat and organic matter as soil amendments.
Digging for potatoes is like digging for gold. Above ground, potatoes grow as spreading vines, but underground they form large tubers which are actually roots. Potatoes come in a wide assortment of sizes and colors. Try varieties with purple, pink or yellow flesh. Some types mature quickly, others take a long time. In mild winter areas, theyÆre grown year round.~~Grow from pieces of seed potatoes. Buy only stock certified free from pests and diseases to avoid blights. To discourage rot, dry out pieces in a well-lighted and ventilated place 4 to 5 days. Dust with fungicide or dip pieces in a diluted bleach solution. Plant 1╜ in.-square blocks, each with 1 to 3 eyes, 4 in. deep with eyes up in furrows in early spring. Fertilize lightly with a low-nitrogen fertilizer. As plants grow, pile up soil around base of stem to a height of 3 to 4 in. and 18 in. wide. This protects these members of the Nightshade family from light, which will turn them green and poisonous. ~~Harvest young or ônewö potatoes at 7 or 8 weeks after planting or when flowers appear. In dry weather, carefully dig around plants to allow other potatoes to mature. Harvest large potatoes 2 to 3 weeks after above-ground plants die in fall. Cure in the dark at 70║ F to heal bruises and ready tubers for long-term storage in a cool, dark place. Before eating, cut off poisonous green sections and sprouts.
Planted singly or among other taller trees, Sourwood stands out in every season. In summer white bell-shaped flowers bloom among these glossy leaves. In fall, their leaves turn scarlet and the branches are covered with yellow to brown fruits. After leaves drop, dark, deeply furrowed winter bark is visible. Start from seeds or cuttings. They need moist, acid soil. Mulch to keep soil moist and to protect fibrous roots. Shelter from wind. Won't tolerate pollution. Transplant in spring.
Long-time garden favorites, SpeedwellsÆ elegant spiky flowers appear on small, creeping, rock garden or container plants, as well as medium and tall flower border and cutting garden candidates. Flowers mass in white, rose, pink, and pale or deep blue. Their attractive pointed leaves range from glossy to gray and fuzzy. ~~Low, mat-like varieties can tolerate less water than taller forms. They prefer full sun in cool climates and part shade in hot climates. Sold in containers in the spring.
Tough and hardy, Spiraeas tolerate sun or light shade and many different soil types as long as drainage is good. A large genus of shrubs with showy white, pink or rosy-red flowers. Prune spring-blooming species during or just after flowering. Prune summer-flowering species from late winter into early spring. Deadhead old flowers to extend blooming.
The finely divided foliage and showy flower plumes make them one of the best perennials for shady locations. The many varieties bloom in colors from soft white to clear pink and intense red. Flowers and leaves make excellent cut flowers and foliage. ~~Good in pots and tubs, they are also grown near pools. In shade gardens, grow with Columbine, Meadow Rue or Plantain Lily. Tolerate full sun in cool summer climates with abundant moisture. In these areas, combine with Peonies, Delphiniums and Iris.~~Cut back flower stalks after flowering. Every 3 to 4 years, as plants are beginning to grow in spring, divide rootstock. Always keep soil moist.
Tall, stiff-needled, pyramidal trees, spruces grow in almost any soil. Use the larger types in park or landscape plantings. The slower-growing species are better in the garden. Planted close together, their dense foliage makes an excellent windbreak. Spruces lose their lower branches fairly early in life, and their crowns thin as they age. The pendent cones grow year-round. Easily transplanted.
Rapid-growing, these ground covers or low shrubs are perfect for partly shady areas, especially under trees, in moist or dry sites. Shade is a must for these 6- to 10-in.-high evergreens, because the spoon-shaped leaves yellow in the sun. Leaves usually green, but variegated types also available. Spikes of fragrant flowers open early in spring followed by small, whitish berries. Good in edging and around house foundation. Deer-resistant.~~Easily started from cuttings taken in summer and planted in half sand, half soil, or division. Water frequently until established. Fertilize during the growing season. Watch for scale, leaf blight canker disease and, in wet soils, root rot.
One of the easiest vegetables to grow, Squash are rich in vitamin C and are delicious when steamed, stuffed, grilled, baked or stir-fried. These sun lovers can't survive frost, but do well in most other climates and soils. Varieties include Acorn, Butternut and Spaghetti Squash. ~~Grow on vines, but in small spaces or containers, plant bush or dwarf types. Where vines need 2 to 3 ft. of space, bush types need about 1 sq. ft. per plant. Vines can be trained on a trellis or over fences. Generally, 2 to 3 bushes or 4 to 6 vines produce enough for four people.~~Transplant 2 to 3 seedlings or sow seed in hills after soil has warmed in spring. Give plenty of water, especially plants in containers. Avoid overhead watering to discourage mildew or plant resistant varieties. Harvest in fall when skins are hard and resist scratching by a thumbnail. From seed, ready for harvest in 85 to 100 days. Store with or without refrigeration.
These are distinctive trees and shrubs in every season. Their leaves become rich green in spring, and their camellia-like flowers bloom in summer. In autumn their leaves blaze with color. Flaking brownish bark reveals lighter inner bark, so mottled trunks are a mix of orange, gray and reddish-brown. Plant these slow growers only on the West Coast, in the Southeast and in sheltered locations in the mid-Atlantic regions. Shade from hot afternoon sun. Prefer loamy acid soil. Transplant only when young. Mulch to keep soil moist. Use leaf mold or peat moss as soil amendments.
Growing in varieties from 3 to 30 ft. tall, Sumacs offer a show of brilliant fall color and bright red fruits. They thrive in roadside plantings, and grow in moist, well-drained soils and environments. Look best planted in masses. Deciduous types tolerate cold climates better than evergreens. Poison oak and ivy, which cause a skin rash if touched, are both in this group. Most Sumacs do not live long. Their weak wood is brittle and easily damaged by ice, wind and snow, which often leads to serious diseases.~~Buy plants bearing both male and female flowers to ensure fruiting. Cut back to prevent weather damage.
On long ocean voyages Captain Cook brewed tea from the leaves of L. scoparium to prevent scurvy, hence the common name, Tea Tree. Covered with white or pinkish flowers, these casual shrubs or small trees are especially attractive in spring. Long-lasting seed capsules follow flowers. These broad-spreading evergreens have slender branches and small stiff leaves. Established plants tolerate drought and grow well in coastal conditions.~~Prefer full sun and well-drained soil, otherwise they're prone to root problems. Shear branches or prune, but never cut into bare wood. Start with cuttings.
These tropical natives are valued for their dark green, leathery leaves which change color with the seasons. They are grown outdoors in mild climates in well-drained, moist soil. Elsewhere, theyÆre greenhouse plants. Without pruning, these slow-growing evergreen trees and shrubs reach 6 to 30 ft. tall. They have single or clustered flowers on reddish-brown branches, and fleshy fruits with large, dark seeds. Use as hedges, near pools or in tubs, and cut the foliage for flower arrangements. Plant with its relation, Camellia, or Azaleas, Nadinas or Ferns. Needs acid soil or fertilizer.~~Start from cuttings. Transplants easily. Pinch growing tips of young plants to encourage compact growth. Prune to size.
The grass-like leaves of these summer-blooming perennials form spreading tufts of foliage. The sturdy flowering stems end in ball-shaped clusters of tiny flowers. Good in rock gardens, edging and borders.~~Start by seed or division in well-drained soil. They rot in wet or rich soils. Remove old flowers to prolong bloom. Protect from afternoon sun in warmer climates. Fertilize once a year.
No spice rack would be complete without culinary Thyme for use in meat, poultry and fish dishes. Use aromatic ornamental varieties as ground covers and in edging. Their blooms are not showy, but attract bees and butterflies. Plants withstand some neglect, but water in hottest parts of summer.~~Shear unattractive foliage and spent flowers. Culinary types are sold in the herb sections of nurseries. Ornamental types are available in cell packs or larger containers throughout the growing season.
Nothing can compare to the taste of a homegrown, ripened-on-the-vine tomato. In all their colors, shapes and sizes, tomatoes are easy to grow. Cherry tomatoes produce hundreds of small fruits and grow well in containers. Choose early bearing types, such as 'Early Girl' and 'Quick Pick,' where summers are cool or short. Beefsteak tomatoes with 1-to 2-lb. fruits need long, hot summers. For tomato sauce, use varieties such as 'Roma' with heavy-fleshed fruit. Try the small pear-shaped tomatoes; the less-acidic, yellow-fruited varieties; and pink or white varieties. Determinate tomato varieties, such as 'Patio,' are smaller, bushy plants with fruit that ripen quickly, but produce fewer tomatoes per plant. Indeterminate tomatoes, such as 'Big Boy,' grow until the weather cools. Their larger crops take longer to ripen. ~~Choose varieties resistant to fusarium, verticillium, nematodes and tobacco mosaic virus. Watch out for hornworms. To encourage roots, remove lower leaves, and plant seedlings with up to ╛ of stem in the ground. For larger, earlier tomatoes, pinch outside shoots. Train large plants on stakes or cages to keep them compact, and keep away fruit from ground moisture and pests. Two to three inches of mulch keep fruit dry and evens soil moisture to prevent blossom end rot, a hard, brown spot on bottom of fruit. Keep soil well- and evenly-watered to prevent fruit from cracking. Harvest when fruit has developed full color.
Because of their aromatic leaves and wood, these trees are often used in woodworking or for producing camphor. However, they also offer year-round beauty. Their spring foliage is pink to red or bronze, and turns to a glossy light green. A large, wide-spreading tree, it needs plenty of space to grow. Use in large lawns or where shallow competitive roots won't break pavement or disturb other plants. Leaf drop, flowers, fruits and twigs all produce litter.
The peapod-shaped fruits of these long-lived trees are used as a sweet chocolate and coffee substitute, though the taste of carob powder is different. In arid soils, yields a large, protein-rich food crop. Widely grown in warm regions, these evergreens can be trained into a multi-stemmed shrub. Use as a large hedge or a single-trunked tree. Flower odor and seed pod litter can be a problem. Plant far from sidewalks, as roots break up pavement. Water deeply and infrequently to prevent root rot. Protect young trees in winter. Resists oak root fungus and fire injury.
These summer-blooming shrubs and small trees grow best in hot, Mediterranean climates. Plants languish without summer heat. Die back to the ground in Northern winters, but quickly recover. Tiny, bluish or white flowers bloom in dense spikes. Drought-tolerant, they look their best with some summer water. Need well drained soil. ~~Start by seed or cuttings. Prune winter-killed branches in spring before new growth begins.
In summer, these graceful trees blend showers of clustered yellow blossoms with fresh green foliage. Showy seed capsules resemble Chinese paper lanterns. Use as shade or street trees. They adapt to most soils and climates, tolerating short droughts, wind, heat and air pollution. Roots are deep but not invasive. Start by seed or root cuttings. The wood is weak. Prune damaged wood after wind or ice storm.
These rare, wide-spreading, multi-trunked trees or large shrubs bloom once most ornamentals are finished. The fragrant, white, roselike flowers have bright yellow centers and complement the bright orange or red fall leaf color. Plant in lawns, with Rhododendrons and Azaleas, or near patios. Easy to start from seed. Best flowering and fall color in full sun.
Reminiscent of Wisteria, these trees' pendulous bright yellow flower clusters grow 20 in. long. Olive-green bark and bright green compound leaves add to their ornamental beauty. Their brown leathery pods last until winter. Excellent as accent trees in mass plantings. However, plant where children and animals cannot reach toxic seeds and 3-part leaves. Tolerate city conditions. Trouble-free where hardy. Shelter trees from drying winter winds and hot afternoon sun. Prune after flowering. Mulch to keep soil moist and cool. Remove brown seedpods to promote tree's health.
Clouds of pea-shaped flowers, beanlike seeds and finely textured foliage decorate these deciduous and evergreen trees. Use them in lawns as accent or shade trees or as street trees. Their fragrant flowers are yellow, white or violet. Evergreens grow only in the South. Once established, they tolerate heat, drought and some air pollution. They prefer sandy loam and warm, dry summers. Seed pods may leave a yellow stain where they fall. Prune to remove deadwood.
This deciduous, single- or multi-trunked tree slowly grows into an oval shape. Its foliage gives dappled shade. The shaggy bark is soft and easily damaged. Flowers and fruit are small and inconspicuous. Pest- and disease-resistant.~~Need lots of water. Mulch to keep soil cool and moist. Protect from hot drying winds.
The most frequently grown type of these leather-leaved evergreen shrubs and trees is M. boaria. It's a Willowlike tree, without the Willow's problems. It tolerates most soils, but requires good drainage. Drought-tolerant once established, but best with some supplemental water. Resists oak root fungus. Stake young trees. Deep watering allows roots to grow deep and non-invasive. Don't disturb roots, or they will sucker.
These deciduous trees or shrubs are closely allied to Acacia. Their graceful, feathery foliage and clusters of powderpuff-like flowers make them a lovely lawn or patio tree in warmer climates. Some species are grown in greenhouses in colder areas. They're flat-topped, wide-spreading and low-branched. Leaves fold up at night or when touched. In autumn, bean-like seedpods follow flowers. Some litter from fallen flowers, seedpods and leaves. Easy to grow, they love dry or humid heat. Subject to dieback in colder northern locations. Grow fastest with regular water, but adapt to moderate watering and poor soils.
These trees and low shrubs have finely divided leaves that are evergreen or deciduous. Clusters of purple or violet-blue flowers add to their beauty. Tolerate desert conditions. Prune to shape.
These massive shade trees have uniquely shaped leaves. Once trees reach 10 years of age, tuliplike flowers appear in spring. Plant with enough space to accommodate their tall, wide growth and enormous root system. Tolerate heat, wind and humidity. Start from seed. Difficult to transplant once established. Remove weedy seedlings. Prune in winter. Protect from strong winds that cause limb damage. Give supplemental water in dry summer regions.
Not just a Dutch treat, Tulips are an essential part of a spring garden. Named because their overlapping petals look like a turban, they offer many flower colors, heights, bloom times and forms. Of the 15 different classes of Tulips, popular are the stately æDarwins,Æ the whimsical Lily-flowered, the multi-flowered æCottages,Æ the striped and streaked æRembrandts,Æ the feathery æParrotsÆ and the dwarf æGreigiiÆ varieties. There are early-, mid-, or late- blooming varieties, so careful planning provides weeks of bloom. Use modern hybrids in formal beds with Daffodils, Hyacinths, Sweet Allysum or Forget-Me-Nots. Species and dwarf-growing tulips are excellent for open woodland and rock gardens. All can be grown in containers. Some are grown indoors in winter. Excellent cut flowers.~~Most tulips do best in cold winter climates (zones 3-7). Treat as annuals in warmer areas. Plant in fall. In warm winter areas, bulbs should be given a cold treatment at 40║F in a refrigerator for several weeks before planting. Gophers and mice eat these bulbs, so plant in ╛ in. mesh wire baskets. Watch for aphids!
The glossy dark green leaves of these wide-branched trees produce a brilliant show of autumn color before falling. They also produce small greenish-white flowers. Easily started from seed. Plant when young from containers or from ball and burlap. Difficult to transplant large trees. Protect them from strong winds. They won't tolerate pollution.
Ease-of-care, drought tolerance, and a long blooming season make perennial Verbenas a favorite in areas with plenty of sun and heat. In warm climates, they spread and naturalize. Cold climate gardeners grow them as annuals. Most flowers are purple, but they also come in red, white, pink and lavender. Plant in parking strips, along sides of driveways, in rock crevices and on dry banks and walls.~~Set 2 ft. apart for ground cover, as Verbena spreads quickly. Sold in cell packs or larger containers throughout the growing season.
These climbing vines grow quickly to cover an arbor, wall or trellis with trumpet-shaped flowers. Evergreen, they grow as much as 20 ft. in a season. Winged seedpods follow flowers. Needs shade during hottest part of the day, and protection from winter winds. Start from stem cuttings taken in spring. Space vines 1 ft. apart near trellis or wire supports. Avoid rampant growth and poor flowering by using light fertilizers only. Prune to control growth after flowering.
Several from this large group of perennials and vines are grown for their masses of green, white or reddish flowers, some which are fragrant. Most are fast-growing, sun-loving and easy-to-grow. ~~Start by seed or division. Prune to control growth.
From tiny ╛ in. Johnny-jump-ups to giant pansy strains with flowers 5 in. across, Violas are beloved garden flowers. Their cheerful, smiling blossoms come in many bright and deep-toned colors, in solid and multi-colored flowers, with contrasting splashes of color and finely detailed whisker-like markings.~~Use in masses as edging or bedding in combination with spring flowering bulbs. Excellent in woodland and rock gardens, containers and hanging baskets. Flowers are edible and can be used for flavoring candy, tea, cakes and drinks. Johnny-jump-ups add color to salads.~~Violas love cool weather and continue bloom after light frosts. In hot summer climates, remove plants in early summer. Best in partial shade, but tolerate full sun in cool summer climates. In mild winter climates, plant in fall for winter and spring bloom. Watch for spider mites.
The fragrance and colorful flowers of Violets and Pansies have inspired songs, poems and perfumes. They offer masses of winter-to-spring color in mild weather zones, spring-to-summer color where itÆs cooler. Easy-to-grow, partial shade and regular watering is all they require. Good edging or woodland plants. Can display in pots and boxes. ~~Some varieties propagate themselves by spreading underground or by seeding themselves. If you are growing violets for fragrance, buy them in bloom since some varieties have little or no scent. Watch for spider mites in Sweet Violets.
Walnuts are best suited to large landscapes. Grow these tall, fast-growing trees for their fragrant foliage, elegant stance, and, in some instances, edible nuts. Among the 20 species are the European walnut (the most commonly grown commercial walnut), the Black walnut (an Eastern United States native that's extremely winter-hardy), or the English walnut. Don't grow other plants nearby because walnut roots produce growth inhibiting chemicals. Be aware that the English and California varieties of Black walnut attract aphids, which produce a messy honeydew mixture that dirties patios and cars. In arid summer regions, irrigate slowly and deeply. Prune in summer and fall to shape, and to remove deadwood and suckers. Frost damages young plants.
This large group of deciduous shrubs is valued for their massive display of late-spring, tubular-shaped flowers. The most common species is the Old-Fashioned Weigela, though several hundred cultivars and hybrids are available. Prune to encourage compact growth and prevent legginess. Blossoms are borne on 1-year-old branches, so prune heavily during or just after flowering to encourage next yearÆs blossoms. Unattractive when blooms are gone.
Poets and songwriters have immortalized Weeping Willows for the mood created by their long hanging branches and light feathery leaves. The softwood branches of Willow shrubs can be bent into furniture or baskets. Collect their pussy willows and colorful twigs for dried flower arrangements. Also valued for their fast growth, Willows are planted on the banks of streams and rivers to prevent erosion or to shade other slow-growing trees. Their invasive roots compete with nearby plants for moisture and nutrients, so gardening underneath is difficult. Plant away from sewer lines and systems. Brittle, breakable limbs and continual leaf litter can also be a problem. They tolerate most soils, but need plenty of water. Prefer winter chill.~~Easily started from cuttings or seed. Stake and train young Weeping Willows so that they grow tall enough for you to walk under their canopies. Prune out dead or damaged branches in summer or fall. Prone to many diseases and insects.
This flowering desert shrub or tree belongs to the same family as the Catalpa. It's found in washes and stream beds from Texas to California and Mexico. Twisting trunks are covered by shaggy bark. Grows rapidly, so prune to shape. Give periodic, deep, summer water. Flowers best in climates with hot summers.
One of the milestones of spring is the sight of these old-fashioned favorite, climbing vines trailing over porches, arbors and among the branches of tall trees. Their masses of long, hanging clusters of fragrant flowers on vines up to 40-ft.-long are well-worth stopping for. Vigorous and long-lived, these woody plants are also trained up and over trellises, along walls or pruned into small, tree-like shapes. All parts of the plant are poisonous, including flowers and seeds. The most fragrant of the many types of Wisteria is W. floribunda, Japanese Wisteria. Start by seed and grafting from select plants. ~~Remove suckers that sprout from base of plants. ~~Ill-timed spring freezes can damage or destroy flower buds.
Some of these herbs and perennials are grown in rock gardens, while others do best in shady woodland locations. Crushed, the whorled leaves and arching or prostrate stems smell like new-mown hay, which is how they got their name. The many dainty, late spring and summer blooms are usually white, but can be yellow or maroon. Use as edging or a ground cover.~~Start by seed or division in fall or spring. Self-sows.
These shrubs and perennials have long-blooming, bright yellow flowers in summer. Evergreen in warmer climates, most are 3- to 5-ft. tall, mounding shrubs of arching stems with neatly paired leaves The low-growing H. calycinum is commonly planted as a ground cover. Excellent for controlling erosion. Once established, these tough and resilient plants stand neglect, drought and poor soils. Most make good seaside plants. Plant in masses on hillsides, in flower borders or as informal hedges.
Of this group and its hybrids, only one species is grown, X. congestum. Grow this shrub for its bronze-colored foliage that matures into glossy oval yellowish green leaves. Use as a hedge, screen or background plant, or train into a 15- to 30-ft. tree. Can be grown in containers. Sheds many leaves in April. Once established, somewhat drought- and heat-tolerant. Looks best with deep summer water in dry climates. Frost destroys foliage. Stake main stems for height. Alkaline soil may cause chlorosis.
Yews' dense medium-sized shrubs are commonly used in clipped hedges and topiary, There are other types. These slow-growing, long-lived plants range from 1-ft. dwarfs to 60-ft. trees. Their broad, needle-like dark leaves stay green year-round. The foliage is poisonous, and the scarlet fall fruit of female trees has poisonous seeds, so plant away from small children. Tolerate urban dust, air pollution and, once established, drought. Protect from winter sun and drying winds. Require moist well-drained soils. Won't tolerate strongly acid or alkaline soils. Prune to control size and shape. Mostly disease-free. Prone to black vine weevils.
These tall vase-shaped trees resist Dutch elm disease, so they're good substitutes for American Elms (Ulmus). Saw-toothed foliage turns color in fall, and looks similar to leaves on their American relatives. Use as shade, lawn or specimen trees. Water deeply. Prune to remove deadwood. Tolerate air pollution and soil compaction.
