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SPANISH INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAMS FOR IBM COMPATIBLE COMPUTERS by Philip Roger Yant Doctor Yant's AdequateAnswers August 1990 SUMMARY OF THE PROGRAMS Purpose. This package of programs helps in studying the rudiments of Spanish vocabulary and verb conjugations. It was designed to simulate the kind of rote studying that one does with flash cards, but in a more interesting and interactive way. Requirements. These programs should run properly on any IBM compatible computer, using DOS version 2.0 or higher. Only one disk drive is required. At least 64K of useable memory is necessary, but 128K is recommended. No special graphics capability is needed. Use. Put the disk in the logged drive (e.g. A) or log to the drive with the disk. Type either GO or SP_MENU, followed by Return or Enter. Make selections from the menus. SPANISH 2 CONTENTS OF THE PACKAGE The package includes these programs: SP_VOCAB is a general-purpose vocabulary drill for learning English-Spanish translations of words and phrases. SP_VERBS provides practice with the conjugation of verbs. The following three programs are specialized vocabulary programs that give visual cues for the meanings of their words: SP_DIAS gives practice with the days of the week. SP_MESES gives practice with months of the year. SP_MATH gives practice with numbers by posing arithmetic problems. The next two programs give additional practice with nouns and verbs in competition with the clock: SP_TENSE shows you a verb and you must identify its tense within a limited time, adjustable from 3/4 to 4 seconds. SP_NOUNS shows you a noun and you must identify its gender within a limited time, adjustable from 3/4 to 4 seconds. SPANISH 3 The easiest way to run the programs is with: SP_MENU is a menu of the programs above and is the easiest way to move from program-to-program. When you use the menu, you do not need to remember the names of the programs. Running SP_MENU also gives you the opportunity to change screen colors. GO.BAT Invokes SP_MENU. SPANISH.DOC Is this document, which explains the use and also the advanced features of the system of programs. If you are unfamiliar with some of the computer terms that are used, see the DOS PRIMER at the end of the document. It is not necessary to understand dos to use this package. If you want to customize the programs for your own needs, all you need is a word processor or text editor. See the section on DATA FILE FORMATS for details. STUDENT.MAN A more student-oriented manual that describes the menus and how to use the programs without the details of how the programs work. GENERAL FEATURES Each program may be run separately or as a menu selection from SP_MENU. There is also a file called GO.BAT that will start SP_MENU by just typing GO. Within each program, there is a menu of options. Choice '1' gives you some brief instructions. You may select a variety of options, but you do not need to. Most menus have a default selection indicated by brackets [ ]. This selection will be chosen if you only press the Return or Enter key, depending on which of these is on your keyboard. From the main menu of each program, press return or '2' to begin. In each program, you will be asked a question and asked to reply, usually by typing in a word. Enter the word in lower case, unless capitalization is demanded. By this, I mean that "La Habana" demands capitalization but "el cubano" does not. Accents are entered with the "'" key, as in "Ame'rica," and the computer magically transforms it. The other major special character in Spanish is entered by pressing "~" after the "n" as in "Espan~a." The dieresis (two dots over the u) is currently not used by these programs. At most times when you are asked a question, you may quit to the previous menu by entering either "q" or "\" followed by Return. The '\' is more generally used because it can never be confused with an answer. In the case of Yes/No questions, you must answer either 'y' or 'n'. In the vocabulary programs, you may get a hint by entering "?" followed by Return. SPANISH 4 SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE PROGRAMS SP_VOCAB uses data files that contain English and Spanish words or phrases. In the program, you may select the range of files to use, which language to be given and which to be asked, and whether to be given a multiple choice test or a fill-in-the- blank test. This program makes multiple choice tests that are easy, but they do help you become acquainted with new words. The program keeps track of which words you miss and asks if you want to go through just those another time. You may do that over and over until you get each one right. If you need a small hint, enter "?" and you will be shown the first letter of the word and, for nouns, the article. The current data files always include the article (el or la) with the Spanish noun. Other conventions followed in the data files are that English infinitives include "to" so that you can tell the difference, for example, between "to close" and "close." All adjectives are in the masculine form, so you don't have to guess the ending. The ordering of files is usually determined by the names of these files. You may choose a different order by including a file named "SP_VOCAB.CFG." In this file, you list the order in which the vocabulary files will be placed, which files to use, and also a brief description of the file. For more details on files, see "DATA FILE FORMATS," below. SP_DIAS and SP_MESES are similar to each other. Each shows a calendar (of either the week or the year) and indicates a day or month for you to identify. If you enter "?" you will be told the answer. In each, the day or month to name is chosen randomly. In SP_DIAS, you will be told the name of a day and asked to name either the previous or the succeeding day. SP_MATH mixes two drills with numbers. During the program, you will occasionally be told the name of a number and asked to enter the digits. More often, you will be given the names of two numbers, shown their approximate positions on a number line, and asked the name of the number that results from their addition, subtraction, or multiplication. The program uses numbers between zero and 99, but you can lower the maximum number. Therefore, if you are just starting, you would probably enter a maximum of 10, and just be quizzed on the numbers from cero to diez. Later, you can go up to 19 or 20, and so forth. SP_VERBS gives you practice with the conjugation of verbs in the simple tenses (as opposed to the compound tenses). From the menu, you may select any mix of tenses to include. At the beginning, you probably would just want the present tense. Later, you might add the preterite, or maybe the preterite alone without the present, to give you more practice. The data files for this program classify the verbs into four levels of difficulty, and you may choose which level to use. The simplest -ar verbs, without vowel changes, are put in level 1. Similarly simple -er and -ir verbs are level 2. Common irregular verbs and most verbs with vowel changes are in level 3. Uncommon irregular verbs are level 4. When you choose a level, any verbs in lower SPANISH 5 levels will also be included. To have the most wide-open test, choose level 4 and "Todos tiempos." After you have chosen the tenses and level of verbs, and maybe changed the number of words to include in the test, you will be prompted with the name of the tense, the infinitive, and a pronoun. This program does not give hints. If you only enter Return, or anything besides "q" or "\" or the correct answer, you will be told the correct answer. As in SP_VOCAB, the program keeps track of the incorrect responses and will let you review them, if you wish. This means that you can go through the entire test, pressing Return at each question in order to see the answers, then go through it again, trying to remember them. When you set the size of the test, keep in mind that the number you choose is the number of individual words. The present indicative of a verb may include six forms (first person singular, first person plural, etc.). A small test, therefore, will include few different verbs. As in SP_VOCAB, you may control the files available to SP_VERBS with a special file named SP_VERBS.CFG. See "DATA FILE FORMATS," below. SP_NOUNS and SP_TENSE use the same data files that are used by SP_VOCAB and SP_VERBS. Each presents you with a word and you have to identify it in a limited amount of time. With SP_NOUNS, you are shown a noun and must identify whether it is feminine or masculine. With SP_TENSE, you are shown a verb and must identify its tense. These programs allow you to make the same changes as you do with SP_VOCAB and SP_VERBS: select the size of the test, the vocabulary files to use, the tenses of the verbs, and the levels of the verbs. In addition, you can set the time you will be given to identify the word, ranging from 4 seconds down to 3/4 of a second. SPANISH 6 WEAKNESS OF THESE PROGRAMS These programs stress rote learning. This approach is worst in the areas of vocabulary building and verb forms. With vocabulary, you learn to connect an English word with a Spanish word, but you may not connect an idea directly to the Spanish word. In learning the verb forms, you may not develop the feeling of time and person necessary to truly understand and use the word. This problem is less severe with SP_DIAS, SP_MESES, and SP_MATH. The vocabulary program only allows one definition for a word. As you progress, you learn more synonyms, and the program may tell you that a synonym is incorrect, because your definition is not the one that it has in mind at the time. I discourage anyone from trying to use the vocabulary files I provide as their sole source of Spanish. One cannot increase one's vocabulary very well - either in a foreign language or in one's mother tongue - just by reading a dictionary. It is better to create files with sets of words that you need to know, for some immediate purpose. STRENGTHS OF THE PROGRAMS At a beginning level, you may need this kind of rote learning in order to get started. Later, you can move on. These programs have value over the time-honored flashcards and other tools for memorization in the way they vary the order of presentation and make you commit yourself in writing to an answer. The value of changing the order is especially useful in learning numbers, days, and months, where there is a tendency to learn the words in order and not be able to use them out of order. Have you ever caught yourself remembering the word for Thursday by going down the list from domingo? You may enter your own data files for vocabulary and verbs (see below, under 'DATA FILE FORMATS'). In this way, you can concentrate on a discrete set of words or special vocabulary. For example, you may prepare to travel to a Latin American country by entering a set of the local idioms (what's the word for bus in Venezuela?). SPANISH 7 SUGGESTIONS FOR USING THE PROGRAMS TO STUDY SPANISH I suspect that most people will use these programs in conjunction with a course of some sort. The course will provide you with a pace and direction. This is particularly useful in vocabulary building, because the words will then be put in some context and used in sentences. I suggest that you use the SP_VOCAB program with your own vocabulary data files. See below for instructions on how to do that. A logical approach would be to create a data file of vocabulary for each chapter or otherwise-defined unit of study. Name them in sequential order, such as VOC_CH1.DAT, VOC_CH2.DAT, etc. Then use the file range settings in the SP_VOCAB program, or the file SP_VOCAB.CFG, to choose one or more files to study. For example, when starting chapter 4, you may enter the new vocabulary into the file VOC_CH4.DAT. Use the file range setting in the program to make that both the first and the last file included in the test. For the first time through, use a multiple choice test to familiarize yourself with the words, then run through the list a few times typing in the words. Next, set the file range to include your previous word lists. In this way, you expand your vocabulary and integrate it with your previous knowledge. As time goes by, you may need to concentrate on earlier lists to freshen your memory, so you might set the range to just include the first one or two of your data files. Many words have different meanings in different contexts. You can use a file to define such a context. Within such a context even simple words may have a different meaning and a different translation. When you concentrate on a small number of files, and thus a small number of contexts, you have a better idea of which meaning to use. Noun genders are difficult for English-speakers. To try to concentrate on learning genders, SP_NOUNS goes through the nouns in your vocabulary files and makes you quickly identify their genders. After you have used SP_VOCAB to learn the words, polish your skill with genders with SP_NOUNS. When learning the verbs, the usual approach is to start with present tense of level 1 verbs. After mastering these, move on to present tense of the subsequent levels. Next, you will probably pick up the preterite of level 1 verbs, thus moving down the list of tenses and verb levels. Different curricula choose to learn the tenses in somewhat different orders, but the order shown in the tense menu of SP_VERBS is a common one. A problem with this rote learning of tenses is that it separates the word from the idea of time. SP_TENSE attempts to get that back. This program shows you a verb and you must quickly choose its tense by pressing a key. The order of the keys for the tenses is roughly a time-line of those tenses: preterite is farthest left and future is farthest right, with imperfect and present toward the middle. After you have learned the forms of at least two tenses, use SP_TENSE to develop a feeling for the meanings of those tenses. SPANISH 8 COMMONLY ASKED QUESTIONS Why did you write these programs? I wrote these for my own use in starting out in Spanish. I wrote them to answer what I perceived as my own need, which might be similar to the needs of others at that stage. Using these programs, I usually ran rings around my classmates when it came to vocabulary tests and verb conjugations. They provide a more efficient way to study. Quite frankly, these programs are more popular with learners than with teachers, who may consider this approach primitive. Why are the screen displays so ugly? The programs were written with displays only as good as they needed to be, at least in my point of view. The programs make use of only the most basic aspects of IBM-compatible computers and MS-DOS. They should run on anything in that category, regardless of memory, graphic displays, or monitor, with only the minor requirement of a disk drive. In recent versions, I have tried to dress them up a bit without violating this principle. Why do I have to type in accents and tildes, instead of using a single key? I did this on purpose. I could have defined a function key to represent a', for example. However, I believed that I would better learn to add the accents and the tilde at the appropriate places if I had to make a separate keystroke, just as I do when writing, instead of using a separate special function key. Older versions of these programs didn't put the accent over the letter as the current version does, so I made that concession. If you do have your computer set up to use a single key stroke for a', go ahead and use it! Why are there so many data files? SP_VOCAB and SP_VERBS choose their data files randomly and then read the entire file of words. Therefore, the words of one vocabulary file will be included in a test together. Sometimes this is what you want, and sometimes you want to mix them up more. When small groups of words are in separate files, the selection of words will differ more from run-to-run. This results in a lot of little files. This approach was taken also to decrease the amount of memory the program requires. Can I damage my computer with these programs? No. These programs themselves do not write to disks, they only read them. I do not know of any way that they can damage anything, no matter how you run them. The only trouble you might cause would be by removing a program or data disk from a drive before program completion, in which case you may need to reboot to return to the default colors for your system. SPANISH 9 TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS OF RUNNING THE PROGRAMS If you use SP_MENU (and I suggest you do), it and all the program files you wish to run must be on the same drive and in the same directory. Log to that drive and directory and type SP_MENU to start. SP_MENU will let you change the screen colors a bit, which you might do if you have a color monitor. I like green letters on a blue background. If you don't pay attention and set the text and the background to similar colors, you may not be able to see anything. If this happens, type q (even though you won't see anything); that will exit the program and return the colors to the way they started. Then restart and try again. The programs that use data files will give you the opportunity to select the drive and directory for those files. Therefore, the data files need not be on the same disk as the programs, even though everything can fit together with room to spare. The primary advantage of being able to use a different disk for your data files is that you can keep different vocabulary lists or different lists of verbs separated on different disks, or separated in different subdirectories on the same disk. For example, Sue and Sara could use the same program disk, or programs on a hard disk, but have their own vocabulary lists on separate disks. Another example would be putting the data files for different courses in different subdirectories. Files for Spanish 101 might be in directory SP101 and Spanish 103 in SP103. SPANISH 10 DATA FILE FORMATS Vocabulary files. Four programs, SP_VOCAB, SP_VERBS, SP_NOUNS, and SP_TENSE, use data files with the extension DAT. The vocabulary files are named VOCxxxxx.DAT, where you can replace the 'x' with anything you want, in order to help you keep track of the files. Vocabulary files are of the form of English word or phrase, comma, Spanish word or phrase. Each must be no longer than 35 characters. The English or Spanish phrases cannot contain commas, because that is how the program tells where one ends and the other begins. Each pair of words should be on a separate line. The included vocabulary files contain an optional special code that indicates part of speech. The codes used now are '-' for nouns, '*' for verbs, and '/' for everything else. These codes are used in the program when available, but can be left out; they are necessary for SP_NOUNS. The vocabulary files follow the next set of conventions, which I recommend: Spanish nouns are preceded by an article; English infinitives are preceded by 'to'; adjectives are in the masculine form. The last convention can be reversed; all could be in the feminine form. The important point is that you don't need to guess which gender was used. Here is part of a vocabulary file: statue,-la estatua expelled,/expulsado frenzy,-el frenesi' to win,*ganar Gothic,/go'tico You can create vocabulary files with a word processor, as long as you save the file in an unformatted form (WordStar calls this non-document mode; MicroSoft Word calls it text-only). This is sometimes called ascii format. The files I supply only use standard ascii characters, not the extended characters available on the IBM. This means that the accent is a separate character after the letter, as is the tilde. The programs later translate the characters. This practice makes the files easier to edit, so I suggest you follow this practice, but it isn't necessary. SPANISH 11 The names and orders of the data files used by SP_VOCAB and SP_NOUNS can be varied by including a file named SP_VOCAB.CFG. This file is optional. In this file, you may list the names of vocabulary files that you want to use, and a brief description of the files, in the order that you want to use them. If you include a file named SP_VOCAB.CFG, then any vocabulary files files not listed will be ignored by the programs. The file name may be 35 characters long, so it may include a subdirectory name. The description of the file may also be up to 35 characters. Here is a sample SP_VOCAB.CFG: VOC001.DAT,Textbook chapter 1 \SP101\spwords,Basic terms quixote1,Don Quixote Part 1 Note some features of this example: 1) You may use any file name that you want; 2) You may list the files in any order, not necessarily alphabetical; 3) The files need not be in the same subdirectory. What you cannot see here is that any other vocabulary files that are present on the disk will be ignored by the program. This has the good effect of letting you concentrate on only some files. If the program is being used in a school, for example, the content of SP_VOCAB.CFG can be changed through the term, or different versions can be given to different students, while the actual data files remain present and unchanged. The bad effect is that you may forget that you have this file, or forget to add new file names to it, and wonder why you cannot use some of your data files. If SP_VOCAB.CFG is present when the vocabulary program begins, the program will look for all the files listed. if some files are not present, they will be left out of the choices. This feature can be used to control which files are used. If, in the above file we place a ';' in front of a line, such as ";quixote1,Don Quixote Part 1", then the program will look for, and fail to find, ";quixote1." So what? You can have a SP_VOCAB.CFG file with 100 file names in it, and place a ';' in front of those to ignore. If the programs are used in a school, for example, the file may contain the whole year's worth of listings, with a ';' in front of those not yet covered. Verb files. Verb files have names of the form SVERxxxx.DAT. They must follow a strict format, in order to keep the tenses and persons straight. Here is a sample verb file: (infinitive) dar,L3 (present) doy,das,da,damos,dan (preterite) di,diste,dio,dimos,dieron (imperfect) daba,dabas,daba,da'bamos,daban (future) dare',dara's,dara',daremos,dara'n (condicional) dari'a,dari'as,dari'a,dari'amos,dari'an (pres subjunc) de',des,de',demos,den SPANISH 12 On each line, the verb forms are in the order of first person singular, second person singular, third person singular, first person plural, second person plural, and third person plural. Following the common American practice, second person plural can be left out, but the order must be maintained. Most of the included files have the second person plural but some may not. The parenthetic expressions at the beginning are optional and are there to help you maintain the order. They may be followed by a tab or a space, or there may be no break before the verb. Do not follow the parenthesis with a comma. The "L3" on the line with the infinitive is the level of that verb. Levels range from L1 to L4. A verb file may include any number of verbs, repeating these seven lines for each new verb. All seven lines must be present, with at least one word on each. Lines that have fewer than five words on them will not be included in the test. The following is an acceptable verb data file: (infinitive) tomar,L1 (present) tomo,tomas,toma,tomamos,toma'is,toman (preterite) tome' (imperfect) tomaba,tomabas,tomaba,toma'bamos,tomabais,tomaban (future)later (condicional)later (present subjunctive)later (infinitive) mirar,L1 (present) miro,miras,mira,miramos,mira'is,miran (preterite) mire' (imperfect) miraba,mirabas,miraba,mira'bamos,mirabais,miraban (future) later (condicional) later (present subjunctive) later The line for preterite of tomar with only tome' on it, and the lines with the word later on them, will be ignored by the program. This file can be used for studying the present and/or the imperfect of tomar and mirar. Later, when you want to study other tenses, you can add them. In this way, you can build up your own set of verb files, using verbs you want to learn. If a file named SP_VERBS.CFG is present, the SP_VERBS program will read that for names of files, as in the case of vocabulary files, discussed above. The difference is that SP_VERBS doesn't allow you to select a range of files, so the order of files is not important. What SP_VERBS.CFG allows you to do is select a subset of verb files to be used, or to direct the program to files in other directories or other disks. As in the case of SP_VOCAB.CFG, if SP_VERBS.CFG is present, any files that are not listed there will be ignored by the verb programs. SPANISH 13 DOS PRIMER MS-DOS and IBM-DOS are programs called "operating systems." They direct the various components to do what you or a program ask of them. The operating system is read from a disk when you start the computer. Some of the features of DOS are briefly explained here. DOS takes COMMANDS from the keyboard and attempts to execute them. For some commands, the information for execution is already in memory and for others, the information is on a disk. A common command is DIR, which is executed in memory. This causes DOS to display a list of the files on a disk. FILES are units of information stored on the disk. These may be programs, such as SP_MENU.EXE, or they may be data, as the vocabulary files. Files have names that consist of 1-8 characters followed by a period and up to three more characters. The last three characters are called the extension. Files which have an extension of EXE or COM are programs. Data files often have the extension of DAT and text files (or documents) often have the extensions DOC or TXT. A special class of file has the extension BAT. This is a text file that contains a 'batch' of commands for DOS to execute. DRIVES are labelled by a letter, followed by a colon, such as "A:". When you LOG to a drive, DOS will look for any programs to execute, or files to read, on that drive. You log to a drive by entering the drive letter, a colon, and pressing the return or enter key. DOS will then attempt to read that drive, whether there is a disk there or not. The files on a disk may be gathered in different SUBDIRECTORIES. Subdirectories are like headings in an outline. Like files, they have a name with up to 8 characters. Besides looking for files in the logged drive, DOS also confines its search to the logged directory. You can change the logged directory with the command CD, followed by the name. You can make a directory with the command MD. Subdirectories are most useful on disks with many files, such as hard disks. On most floppy disks, all the files are listed in the ROOT directory, which has no name. Usually, logging to a drive also logs to its root directory. ASCII is an electronic code for numbers, letters, and symbols. It is the code used by most microcomputers. Because of this, files that only use ascii code can be transferred easily between different kinds of computers. IBM computers use ascii codes, but also have additional codes that are not part of ascii. These additional codes produce the special characters of Spanish and other languages, as well as a variety of symbols. Many word processing programs use their own codes, but usually can produce files with ascii codes, as well. In producing the data files for these programs, you must be sure that the files use ascii codes. SPANISH 14 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT When I started taking Spanish at my local community college early in 1987, I found, on the GEnie computer, a program named Teacher, written by Andrew Bartorillo. He had placed that program in the public domain sometime earlier. Unfortunately for me, it was for an IBM computer and I didn't have one at the time. I decided to write a version for my computer. Although I had Andrew Bartorillo's BASIC program, it was easier for me to start from scratch, using Turbo Pascal v.1.0. I did design my screens after his. I copied some features of his program, such as the multiple choice format, and skipped others, such as the ability to print tests. I eventually broke up the single program into two, and added other features to my package. When I bought an IBM-compatible, it was fairly easy to transfer the program to DOS, again with Turbo Pascal, several versions more advanced. Over this period, several friends have used the programs and suggested improvements. STATEMENT OF COPYRIGHT SP_MENU, SP_VOCAB, SP_NOUNS, SP_VERBS, SP_TENSES, SP_DIAS, SP_MESES, and SP_MATH are copyrighted by Philip Roger Yant and may not be sold for profit, other than a modest copying fee, unless written permission is granted by the copyright holder. I encourage users to register their copies (see below for details). I authorize distribution, with the following condition: The entire package of eight (8) executable files must be distributed together and without alteration, and with this documentation file. These include SP_MENU.EXE, SP_VOCAB.EXE, SP_NOUNS.EXE, SP_VERBS.EXE, SP_TENSES.EXE, SP_DIAS.EXE, SP_MESES.EXE, SP_MATH.EXE and SPANISH.DOC. Any other mode of distribution is strictly prohibited. I do not claim copyright to the concept of these programs, whether original with me or not. Neither do I claim copyright to the data files that I provide. INFORMATION I can be reached on GEnie with address P.YANT, through Internet with address Philip_Yant@ub.cc.umich.edu, and through Bitnet with address UserGB2P@umichub. Internet is accessible from both MCI mail and CompuServe. From MCI, choose a foreign EMS and the Internet address above. From CompuServe, use >internet:Philip_Yant@ub.cc.umich.edu. Or use USPS to the address on the next page. I welcome and appreciate any comments and suggestions. Doctor Yant's AdequateAnswers are dedicated to solutions requiring the least hardware, useable by the most people. SPANISH 15 REGISTRATION Please register your copy of the program. The registration fee is $15. Registered users are entitled to receive one significant upgrade, if and when one is produced, and receive copies of bug fixes. If you include an additional $5, I will send you the current version of the program, a collection of vocabulary files, and some additional utility programs. Site licenses are available for schools and some customization is possible; please inquire. Please specify 5 1/4" or 3 1/2" disk size. Checks and money orders must be made payable to Philip Roger Yant. No CODs, no credit cards. For users outside of the US: I will make every attempt to cash or convert whatever you send, but it may be surest to send a check on a U.S. bank, in U.S. funds. Please include the serial number of your copy, which you see when exiting the program. Mail to: Philip Roger Yant 3412 Oakwood Avenue Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 USA NAME: ______________________________________________________ ADDRESS: ___________________________________________________ CITY: ______________________________________________________ STATE/PROVINCE/COUNTRY: _____________________________________ ZIP/POSTAL CODE: ___________________________________________ Disk Size: ____ 5 1/4" ____ 3 1/2" Register Serial No: ____________________________ $15.00 Request a disk immediately: ____ add $5.00 = ______ Total Enclosed ______