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- INSTRUCTIONS FOR FLASHCARD
- (Spanish)
-
- [This document can be read onscreen in a Dos machine. If you attempt
- to print it, the characters, used in Spanish, with ASCII numbers above
- 127 will not print -- unless you have a printer driver for the Edlin
- editor. If you do print this, you must take into account that the
- special characters will not be printed -- or will be printed as some
- other characters.]
-
- The data files S1 through S50, along with the catalog file
- LESSONS.CAT, must be installed in the same directory (or the path
- to the data files specified) with the flashcard program, FLASH.EXE.
- These 52 files have been included in FCSP10.EXE, which you have now
- caused to self-extract. To operate the program, type FLASH <ENTER>
- and follow the instructions on the menus.
-
- It is suggested that this program be used as follows:
-
- When each item (one Spanish with four possible English equivalents
- or one English with four Spanish choices) is shown on the screen, pro-
- nounce the Spanish word and study the information given on each item;
- then press the key (1 through 4) corresponding to the correct answer.
- (For instruction in _how_ to pronounce the Spanish I would refer you
- to someone who _speaks_ Spanish.) If you get a "Wrong!" response, study
- the correct answer; but don't worry about it. This is a drill -- not a
- test. It is recommended that this program be used in conjunction with
- a standard course of study. _Puntos de Partida_ from Random House, with
- accompanying audio cassettes, is a recommended text. The vocabulary
- furnished in these files is based on _Puntos de Partida_. This vocab-
- ulary can be loaded into the program in progressive segments as ex-
- plained later. Vocabulary listings are shown as follows:
-
- Spanish nouns are given complete with their articles and, if nec-
- essary, their plurals. Unlike English nouns, all Spanish nouns have
- grammatical gender. Although there are spelling rules for recognition
- of the genders of nouns, there are many exceptions to the rules. So the
- recommended way to learn the genders is to learn the definite article
- (`el' for masculine, `la' for feminine) shown with each Spanish noun.
- Some nouns have the same form in the masculine and the feminine. The
- listing "el/la dentista" indicates that a male dentist is `el dentista'
- and a female dentist is `la dentista'. Similarly, "el/la joven" means
- a young man or a young woman, depending on which article is used. As a
- general rule, the plurals of Spanish nouns are formed by adding -s to
- a noun ending in a vowel, -es to a noun ending in a consonant. In the
- case of a spelling change in the formation of a plural, the plural form
- is shown, with the plural article (`los' or `las'), in parentheses,
- after the singular form. For instance: "la actriz (las actrices)" for
- English `actress'.
-
- Spanish verbs are listed here in their infinitive forms. In the
- case of verbs that have stem changes in conjugation, the stem changes
- are shown in parentheses after the infinitive. For instance, the list-
- ing "pensar (ie)" tells you that when the `e' in the stem is stressed
- it is changed to `ie' (thus `pienso': `I think'; but `pensamos': `we
- think'). Sometimes there are two changes. "Dormir (ue, u)" indicates
- that the `o' in the stem is changed to `ue' when stressed, but to `u',
- in certain modes and tenses, when unstressed. "Pagar (gu)" indicates
- that the `g' in the stem is changed to `gu' before `e' or `i' (because
- `g' before either of those vowels is pronounced more like English `h'
- than like `g', as in `pago'). A textbook is essential to learning all
- the possible variables.
-
- Adjectives, which must agree, in number and gender, with the nouns
- they modify, are shown with indications of masculine and feminine
- forms. The listing of "activo/a" indicates that `activo' is used with
- masculine nouns, `activa' with feminine. "Acogedor(a)" and "inglés,
- inglesa" are adjectives that form the feminine by adding `-a' to the
- masculine form. If only one form of an adjective is shown, such as
- "pobre", then that form is used with either masculine or feminine
- nouns.
-
- The files S1 through S50 contain basic vocabulary for a first-year
- course in Spanish. They should be studied in order, starting with les-
- son one. The program is designed so that each lesson will contain all
- fifty of the words in the file with the number of the lesson selected,
- then about 12 or 13 from each of the next four files below that num-
- ber. This is so that, after you move up to a higher lesson number, you
- will continue to review words from previous lessons. When you choose a
- lesson lower than number five, there will still be 100 words per les-
- son; but some words will be repeated. In lesson 1, of course, all 100
- listings will come from the 50 words in file S1.
-
- A new feature of the current version of FLASH is that, with only
- 50 data files, the program offers 100 lessons to choose from. What act-
- ually happens is that, after lesson 50, the program starts over with
- lesson 1. Thus, if you choose, say, lesson 53, the words for the les-
- son will come, in order, from files S3, S2, S1, S50, and S49. The
- purpose is that the user be able to revise the data files to meet
- his own needs. You can use Edlin (from your DOS disk) to edit the data
- files (starting with S1), deleting words you feel you no longer need
- to practice, and adding new words you have run across in your studies
- and want to add to your lexicon. Be sure to follow exactly the pattern
- you see in the original files. You might want to store the original
- files away on disk before you start modifying.
-
- Although the use of the LESSONS.CAT file could be eliminated at
- the current stage of FLASH, it is being retained in case anyone wants
- to add German (the only other language now available) to be utilized
- from the same program -- and for use in the event that other choices
- in Spanish are made available in the future. The German data file set
- is available, separate from the program, in the German/Germanic li-
- brary. Look for the file GEVOnn.EXE (where nn is a version number).
-
- In some cases, such as putting the program and both sets of data
- files on a 360K 5.25" disk, it may be necessary to put files for one
- language in a sub-directory to avoid running into the limit on the
- number of files that can be put into one directory. In that case, it
- will be necessary to show that sub-directory in LESSONS.CAT. For in-
- stance, LESSONS.CAT might look like this:
-
- "Spanish Vocabulary",S*,100
- "German Vocabulary",\GE\G*,90
-
- If you have questions or comments about, or corrections to, the
- program or data files, please contact Marshall Smith, 76013,63, by
- CIS-mail or on FLEFO. In particular, any mistakes in the data files
- that you report will be appreciated.