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- K-T Event
-
- Comet Impact '94
- Fact Sheet
-
-
- Sixty-five million years ago about 70% of all species then living on Earth
- disappeared within a very short period. The disappearances included the last of
- the great dinosaurs. Paleontologists speculated and theorized for many years
- about what could have caused this "mass extinction," known, as the K-T event
- (Cretaceous-Tertiary Mass Extinction event). Then in 1980 Alvarez, Alvarez,
- Asaro, and Michel reported their discovery that the peculiar sedimentary clay
- layer that was laid down at the time of the extinction showed an enormous
- amount of the rare element iridium. First seen in the layer near Gubbio, Italy,
- the same enhancement was soon discovered to be world wide in that one
- particular l-cm (0.4-in.) layer, both on land and at sea The Alvarez team
- suggested that the enhancement was the product of a huge asteroid impact.
-
- On Earth most of the iridium and a number of other rare elements such as
- platinum, osmium, ruthenium, rhodium, and palladium are believed to have been
- carried down into Earth's core, along with much of the iron, when Earth was
- largely molten. Primitive "chondritic" meteorites (and presumably their
- asteroidial parents) still have the primordial solar system abundances of these
- elements. A chondritic asteroid 10 km (6 mi.) in diameter would contain enough
- iridium to account for the worldwide clay layer enhancement. This enhancement
- appears to hold for the other elements mentioned as well.
-
- Since the original discovery, many other pieces of evidence have come to light
- that strongly support the impact theory. The high temperatures generated by the
- impact would have caused enormous fires, and indeed soot is found in the
- boundary clays. A physically altered form of the mineral quartz that can only
- be formed by the very high pressures associated with impacts has been found in
- the K-T layer.
-
- Geologists who preferred other explanations for the K-T event said, "show us
- the crater." In 1990 a cosmochemist named Alan Hildebrand became aware of
- geophysical data taken 10 years earlier by geophysicists looking for oil in the
- Yucatan region of Mexico. There a 180-km (112-mi.) diameter ring structure
- called "Chicxulub" seemed to fit what would be expected from a
- 65-million-year-old impact, and further studies have largely served to confirm
- its impact origin. The Chicxulub crater has been age dated (by the 40Ar/39Ar
- method) at 65 million years! Such an impact would cause enormous tidal waves,
- and evidence of just such waves at about that time has been found all around
- the Gulf.
-
- One can never prove that an asteroid impact "killed the dinosaurs." Many
- species of dinosaurs (and smaller flora and fauna) had in fact died out over
- the millions of years preceding the K-T events. The impact of a 10-km asteroid
- would most certainly have been an enormous insult to life on Earth. Locally,
- there would have been enormous shock wave heating and fires, tremendous
- earthquake, hurricane winds, and trillions of tons of debris thrown everywhere.
- It would have created months of darkness and cooler temperatures globally.
- There would have been concentrated nitric acid rains worldwide. Sulfuric acid
- aerosols may have cooled Earth for years. Life certainly could not have been
- easy for those species which did survive. Fortunately such impacts occur only
- about once every hundred million years.
-