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- Path: sparky!uunet!ulowell!m2c!bu.edu!bu-bio!colby
- From: colby@bu-bio.bu.edu (Chris Colby)
- Newsgroups: talk.origins
- Subject: evidence for cumulative selection
- Message-ID: <108678@bu.edu>
- Date: 28 Jan 93 22:30:52 GMT
- References: <1k8u78$nu1@agate.berkeley.edu>
- Sender: news@bu.edu
- Organization: animal -- coelomate -- deuterostome
- Lines: 130
-
- In article <1k8u78$nu1@agate.berkeley.edu> philjohn@garnet.berkeley.edu (Phillip Johnson) writes:
-
- >That natural selection is not a "creative process" is exactly my
- >point.
-
- Do you mean natural selection by itself or cumulative natural
- selection (iterated episodes of mutation and selection)?
-
- >That is why it does not explain the fantastic growth in
- >the complexity of the genetic program needed to govern the
- >biological processes of plants and animals.
-
- Out of curiousity, how much do you know about genetic programs
- and biological processes? If you are confident to state that
- selection does not explain them, you must know a whole lot, huh?
- What is your training in biology, Mr. Johnson? Why should we believe
- your assertion that selection isn't enough when people who have
- studied biology all their lives have said it is? (Hint: try producing
- some evidence. You're a lawyer, you must know what evidence is.)
-
- >If the peppered moth
- >example is "by definition, evolution," then evolution is not a
- >very important subject.
-
- Bullshit, many scientists and grad students study evolution as
- it is happening now and it is a very fascinating subject. Not
- only is it interesting scientifically, but it also has numerous
- practical implications. Agricultural companies are very interested
- in how crop pests develop restistance to pesticides. Likewise,
- ways to breed for better quality animals and plants, obviously,
- is of interest to some. In a different vein, conservation biologists
- and zookeepers benefit from knowledge gained in evolutionary studies
- as they can better plan to maintain genetic variation in endangered
- species. The project I just finished up was partly funded by the
- American Cancer Society. Is cancer not a very important subject,
- Mr. Johnson?
-
- >The important question is how relatively
- >simple forms like bacteria become far more complex forms like
- >plants and animals.
-
- I agree that this is an important question.
-
- >If the peppered moth example explains this
- >also "by definition," then what you call evolutionary science is
- >nothing more impressive than the manipulation of definitions.
-
- Did I say the peppered moth example explained this? Hint: was the
- point of my recent selection post perhaps explicitly that
- natural selection _by itself_ couldn't explain it? To explain
- this one needs to invoke cumulative selection.
-
- >BTW, I was teaching a seminar yesterday, with a critique of the TV
- >version of The Blind Watchmaker. All about the vast *creative*
- >power of natural selection, quite a contrast with the Colby
- >doctrine.
-
- Perhaps if I drew you a picture. Dawkins is talking about cumulative
- selection; e.g. numerous repeated cycles of mutation and
- selection. I was talking about natural selection (one of the
- components of cumulative selection).
-
- >And yes, I know all about cumulative selection.
-
- Why then, in _DoT_, did your discussion of cumulative selection
- focus only on natural selection?
-
- Evidence for cumulative selection comes from two sources: direct
- observation of its components and inferences from patterns seen
- in biological systems. Biologists such as Dawkins have claimed
- that complex adaptations are the result of cumulative natural
- selection. What is their evidence? Well, cumulative natural
- selection has two components 1.) mechanisms to introduce genetic
- variants -- usually mutation and 2.) a mechanism to amplify some of
- the genetic variants introduced by 1 -- i.e. natural selection.
- So, biologists have documented each of these components individually.
-
- Numerous studies deal with mutation (from medical studies, to
- molecular biology experiments to evolutionary biology). And likewise,
- there have been numerous demonstrations of natural selection altering
- the frequency of genetic variants in gene pool where genetic variation
- already existed. Studies showing combinations of these are limited
- at this time. P elements were introduced by gene flow into _melano-
- gaster_ in the 1940s and quickly spread through the world-wide
- population. A duplication of a pesticide resistance gene spread
- throughout the worldwide mosquitoe (species _Culex pipiens_)
- population. I am not aware of any studies that show multiple
- "turns of the crank".
-
- So, does this mean evolutionary biologists must wait millions of years
- before we can witness firsthand and thus say anything about cumulative
- selection?
-
- No. Biologists, like all other scientists, can make inferences from
- other sets of data. For example, if cumulative selection was responsible
- for creating complex traits, we should see evidence that organisms are
- modified by descent. The "mutation-selection-mutation-selection..."
- model predicts that features of organisms should show evidence of
- being modified from features of their ancestors. This is born out
- by examining developmental biology and by simply studying traits
- of organisms and seeing if they appear to be "jury-rigged" (and by
- looking at closely related species to get an idea of what they
- might have been jury-rigged from.) You're a lawyer, Mr. Johnson,
- you must know what jury-rigging is 8-)
-
- Also, if traits are modified with descent, and lineages of
- organisms bifurcate into separate lineages (speciate), a nested pattern
- of biological traits should be witnessed amongst living organisms.
- This is what we see in the world today. In fact, this was seen
- long before the theory of evolution existed. This nested pattern
- of traits is the basis of taxonomy.
-
- So, evolutionary biologists have documented the independent components
- of cumulative selection and shown that the pattern of biological
- traits observed in living species matches the prediction of the
- theory. Which of these topics would you next like to discuss,
- Mr. Johnson?
-
- >You seem determined to obscure the issues
- >in word games. No wonder.
-
- I don't consider carefully defining my terms word games.
-
- >Phillip E. Johnson
- > School of Law, University of California, Berkeley CA 94720
-
- Chris Colby --- email: colby@bu-bio.bu.edu ---
- "'My boy,' he said, 'you are descended from a long line of determined,
- resourceful, microscopic tadpoles--champions every one.'"
- --Kurt Vonnegut from "Galapagos"
-