home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- Newsgroups: talk.origins
- Path: sparky!uunet!munnari.oz.au!manuel.anu.edu.au!dubhe.anu.edu.au!csis!prl
- From: prl@csis.dit.csiro.au (Peter Lamb)
- Subject: Re: Muscle tissue from mouse to sauropod
- Message-ID: <1993Jan25.021927.29608@csis.dit.csiro.au>
- Organization: CSIRO Division of Information Technology
- References: <243@fedfil.UUCP^<8411@tekig7.PEN.TEK.COM> <246@fedfil.UUCP>
- Date: Mon, 25 Jan 1993 02:19:27 GMT
- Lines: 79
-
- news@fedfil.UUCP (news) writes:
-
- >Adrien Desmond (HOT BLOODED DINOSAURS) that thorough calculations indicate
- >that fifty lbs or thereabouts is the absolute maximum size for any flying
- >creature in our world, and that beyond that, even simply holding wings in
- >a turn, much less flapping them, would break bones.
-
-
- Unfortunately for Ted, the "thorough calculations" are neither given nor
- cited by Desmond, so we are unable to examine their assumptions.
- Desmond says:
- "calculations [ no mention of their thoroughness - prl ]
- bearing on weight and power suggest [ not absolutely define -
- prl ] that the maximum weight that a flying vertebrate could
- attain is about 50lbs."[1], p182.
-
- Desmond cites L. B. Halstead to defend this statement, but this is also
- to a popularisation, and doesn't contain any sort of calculation. In
- fact, Desmond is not much more than a paraphrase of Halstead:
- "In any flying machine, the larger it becomes the more power it
- requires, and the power needed increases at a higher rate than
- the linear increase in size, if the general proportions ramain
- the same. ... There comes a point beyond which the system will
- no longer function. The maximum weight of a flying vertebrate
- is calculated to be about 50lbs. Were this not the case, as
- Haldane noted, `eagles might be as large as tigers and as
- formidible to man as hostile aeroplanes.'"[2] p142.
-
- Halstead goes on with Haldane's calculation of the size of sternum
- needed to support flapping-wing flight in man. While Halstead appears
- to be using a figure of 50lbs calculated by Haldane, he never
- explicitly says this, and also neglects to mention Haldane at all in
- his bibliography.
-
- Halstead at least gives us some hint of where his problem
- might lie: "... if the general proportions remain the same ..."
- The remainder of Halstead's discussion refers to birds; and if this
- conclusion is based on living bird data, then it is easy to see where
- the argument breaks down, unless Ted can point us to a bird that
- scales linearly into a large pterosaur.
-
- I have seen these quotes by Haldane in other places (from Ted
- himself?); can anyone provide us a reference, and preferably also a
- summary of Haldane's assumptions?
-
- Anyway, Ted's continual assertion that Desmond somehow provides an
- authoritative upper limit on the weight of vertebrates using
- flapping-wing flight is simply not true. The calculations are not
- merely lacking in thoroughness, they are completely absent, both in
- Desmond and in the source he cites for support.
-
- Of course, it has already been pointed out in t.o that human muscle
- powered, sustained flight greatly in excess of 50lbs has already been
- achieved, by using suitable unpowered prostheses and the more powerful
- leg muscles, rather than the rather weaker chest and arm muscles.
-
-
- Another entertaining possibility is that Ted's reduced felt effect of
- gravity may not have helped flying animals all that much. Assuming a
- constant mass, composition and depth of atmosphere, atmospheric
- pressure would be halved by halved gravity. This would lead to a halved
- atmospheric density (mass/vol), and so reduced lift at a constant
- flight velocity.
-
- Anyone have aerodynamic equations for sinking rate which include
- atmospheric density?
-
- Note that all animals would have to survive in a halved oxygen partial
- pressure, too. Maybe that's why the dinosaurs were so dumb :-) See Huxley, A,
- "Brave New World" for how this might be applied to humans :-( .
-
- Of course, a reduced effect of gravity caused by tidal effects would
- not have a constant atmospheric depth, but it has already been pointed
- out that the tidal effects and land surface distribution proposed by
- Rose & Ted in this "model" are incompatible with the known distribution
- of large sauropod fossil finds.
-
- --
- Peter Lamb (prl@csis.dit.csiro.au)
-