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- Date: Thu, 21 Jan 1993 13:32:00 EST
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- From: SLR2@CCDDCD1.EM.CDC.GOV
- Subject: Re: Pest house
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-
- Lest we become confused over the medical term "Typhus", let me please clarify
- a bit.
-
- Epidemic typhus is also called European, classic or louse-born typhus, or
- jail fever. The source of epidemic typhus is a small, gram-negative,
- pleomorphic organism, Rickettsia prowazekii. Transmission to humans is
- through the feces of the human body louse, which enter the human body through
- a wound or the mucous membranes of the eyes or mouth. Humans are the natural
- reservoir of this disease. The lice become infected on febrile patients and
- transmit the illness to susceptible people. Epidemic typhus occurs
- world-wide, but is more common in cool climates and in areas with poor
- hygiene and louse infestation. Historically, epidemic typhus IS associated
- with war and famine, however that would not be the only circumstances where
- one might find patients ill with this disease. Without more comprehensive
- circumstantial knowledge of time, place and person for Haverhill, Mass., it
- would not be wise to immediately rule out louse-borne typhus as a possible
- epidemic disease during the late 1600's. Epidemic typhus hasn't occurred in
- the United States since 1921. Mortality may reach 60% in patients older than
- age 60, and 10% in patients between ages 10 and 30. The Germans had good
- reason to fear epidemic typhus, given the mortality rates attributed to it.
- It's seldom fatal in children younger than 10. Death is usually due to renal
- failure during the second week of illness. With treatment, prognosis is
- excellent.
-
- Endemic typhus, also called murine, rat, or flea typhus, is a milder form
- caused by Rickettsia typhi (formerly Rickettsia mooseri). Unlike epidemic
- typhus, endemic typhus infects animals, especially rats and mice. It is
- transmitted to humans by the bites of infected fleas or lice, or by
- inhalation of contaminated flea feces. Also unlike epidemic typhus, endemic
- typhus does still occur in the United States, although fewer than 50 cases
- are reported annually. Mortality averages about 2% but is higher in patients
- over age 50.
-
- Endemic typhus produces a fever, rash, headache, cough, and muscle aches, but
- these symptoms are less severe than in epidemic typhus. Diagnosis and
- treatment methods are the same as for epidemic typhus.
-
- A vaccine is not available for endemic typhus, but rat control can prevent
- it. These days, endemic typhus should be reported to the local public health
- authorities.
-
- There is an effective vaccine for epidemic typhus.
-
- Susan Arday
- INTERNET: SLR2@CCDDCD1.EM.CDC.GOV
-