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- Path: sparky!uunet!gatech!usenet.ins.cwru.edu!agate!physics3!aephraim
- From: aephraim@physics3 (Aephraim M. Steinberg)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Re: photon 'detectors' - how reliable?
- Date: 21 Jan 1993 19:24:39 GMT
- Organization: /etc/organization
- Lines: 61
- Message-ID: <1jmt9n$is8@agate.berkeley.edu>
- References: <wwadge.727584610@csr> <MERRITT.93Jan21103409@macro.bu.edu>
- NNTP-Posting-Host: physics3.berkeley.edu
-
- In article <MERRITT.93Jan21103409@macro.bu.edu> merritt@macro.bu.edu (Sean Merritt) writes:
- >In article <wwadge.727584610@csr> wwadge@csr.UVic.CA (Bill Wadge) writes:
- >
- >>
- >> .. towards a detector which records every photon ..
- >>
- >> Is this possible? Can one really build a device so sensitive that it will
- >> detect 100% reliably every photon that enters it, and never
- >> go off by accident?
- >
- >First, Bill if you are really interested in this stuff, get yourself an
- >Electro-Optics Handbook, put out by RCA(Solid State division, Electro
- >Optics and Devices division. This and your last question are fully
- >answered there.
- >
- > . . . . . . .
- >
- >the parameters here are i and Popt. It is easy to see that you
- >can't hope to get 100% qe, infact real devices seldom do better
- >than 25%. I think the best photomultipliers are something less
-
-
- Sorry, in my earlier post I forgot to answer the "by accident" question.
- These detectors DO periodically go off by accident, primarily due to
- thermal fluctuations (this is why the devices are run cold, typically
- around -25C) and impurities in the semiconductors. The resulting
- pulses are called "dark counts"-- by the way, your eye has much the same
- problem (it too acts as a single-photon detector in sufficiently low light,
- albeit of quite low efficiency. I don't think anyone knows for certain
- how much of the efficiency problem is due to the intrinsic "quantum
- efficiency" of the cells in your retina and how much is due to geometric
- effects). Typical APD's have dark count rates of 500 or 1000 counts per
- second, but can register 100s of thousands of real counts per second
- before they start to saturate (and drop in efficiency). The saturation
- is usually due to the speed of the electronics, and can therefore be
- pushed to higher count rates by building faster circuitry.
-
- The SPCM's I mentioned are "super-low" impurity-level devices, so their
- dark count rates are as low as 50 counts per second. (They too begin
- to saturate around 100,000 cps, but they currently have comparitively
- slow electronics, which should change soon. The APD operates in a
- "metastable" state like a supercooled liquid-- it is held above the
- diode's breakdown voltage, but cold enough that it takes about 20ms for
- the breakdown to occur. A single photon is usually sufficient to trigger
- an avalanche of electron-hole pair-production, which yields a macroscopically
- detectable current. After the avalanche, the device needs to be "reset,"
- or "quenched," and the speed with which this is done determines the
- saturation level. The time of detection, however, is accurate to
- something on the order of 100ps.)
-
- Also, a lot of the losses in many of these detectors have to do with
- reflections off the devices. The effective efficiency can be improved
- by using the same trick that makes cats' eyes appear to glow: a mirror
- which gives the photons a "second chance" to be detected.
-
-
- --
- Aephraim M. Steinberg | "WHY must I treat the measuring
- UCB Physics | device classically?? What will
- aephraim@physics.berkeley.edu | happen to me if I don't??"
- | -- Eugene Wigner
-