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- From: ask@ucscb.UCSC.EDU (Andrew Stanford Klingler)
- Newsgroups: sci.physics
- Subject: Re: Trouble understanding bra-ket notation
- Message-ID: <1jlhucINNrtj@darkstar.UCSC.EDU>
- Date: 21 Jan 93 07:04:44 GMT
- References: <31c31z=@rpi.edu> <1993Jan17.214117.27235@galois.mit.edu> <1jd41cINNdh4@gap.caltech.edu>
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- Organization: University of California, Santa Cruz
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-
- In <1jd41cINNdh4@gap.caltech.edu> allenk@ugcs.caltech.edu (Allen Knutson) writes:
-
- >jbaez@riesz.mit.edu (John C. Baez) writes:
-
- >>Mathematically speaking, both bras and kets are vectors in a kind of
- >>vector space called a Hilbert space. This is a vector space over the
- >>complex numbers equippend with an inner product satisfying various
- >>axioms. So <a| and b> are just vectors and <a|b> denotes their inner
- >>product. The "operator" X is just a linear transformation of the
- >>Hilbert space, and <a|X|b> is just a weird way of writing the inner
- >>product of a and Xb.
-
- :>John, I think thinking this way is a great hindrance to a person trying
- :>to understand the practice of manipulating bras and kets. What's the
- :>difference between <a| and |a>? Why do you see expressions like X|a>
- :>but never |a>X? And so on. If you naively think of kets (bras) as
- :>column (row) vectors, you can readily follow more complicated expressions,
- :>like |a><a|. (See my earlier post for a more extensive discussion.)
- :> Allen K.
-
- OK, maybe I can make this even more confused. One's outlook varies with
- background and interests. For some physical intuition about what the
- quantities mean, I find it helpful to think of the inner product. When
- you hear "The probability is the square of the amplitude" you're thinking
- <a|a> = |a|^2 is the probability or density. In this case, the similarity
- between |a> and <a| makes things easier to see. The row-column vector
- image helps keep indices and complicated expressions clear, but when
- I actually get around to writing down brackets, I'm usually thinking
- of projecting onto a basis via an inner product. So the usage (if not
- the stand-alone meaning) of |a><a| is perfectly clear. Incidentally, the
- expression X|a> is written in that order just because operators act on
- functions from the left. X can then be construed as an inf-dim linear
- operator or matrix. I have seen |a>X but only with indices attached to
- keep things clear. The expression <a|X|a> is a case of deliberate
- notational symmetry; it can be construed as X acting on |a> normally
- or its adjoint acting on <a|. I think the inner product "attitude" may
- be more helpful in, e.g., solving first year QM problems.
-
- ask@ucscb
-