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- From: naras@cda.mrs.umn.edu (B. Narasimhan)
- Subject: Re: More on Random Number Generators.
- Message-ID: <C19MDn.8xu@cda.mrs.umn.edu>
- Sender: news@cda.mrs.umn.edu (USENET News System)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: sci234e.mrs.umn.edu
- Organization: University of Minnesota - Morris
- References: <C17rJD.KAv@cda.mrs.umn.edu>
- Date: Fri, 22 Jan 1993 17:10:35 GMT
- Lines: 192
-
- Due to some requests following my previous post, I am posting
- the entire paper here to the net. (I do not know where it is
- located on the net.) It is not long.
-
- Note, paper is in plain TeX.
-
- ****************** Cut Here *******************
- \magnification=\magstep1
- \hfuzz=4.pt
- \baselineskip 20 pt
- \hsize=15truecm
- \vsize=23truecm
- \voffset=0pt
- \hoffset=1truecm
- \def\big{\bigskip \noindent}
- \def\med{\medskip \noindent}
- \def\c{\line}
- \def\i{\item}
-
- \parindent=0mm
- \centerline{\bf Hidden Errors in Simulations and the Quality of Pseudorandom
- Numbers}
-
- \big
- \big
- In a recent letter Ferrenberg {\it et al.} (FLW) [1] present intriguing
- results arising from combinations of some random number generators
- and Monte Carlo acceleration algorithms. In particular, they observe
- systematic errors when the Wolff algorithm [2] is used at $T_c$ in the
- $2-d$ Ising model.
- As an explanation of this, they propose that subtle correlations
- arise in the random number sequences, in the sense that the
- higher order bits of the random numbers are correlated.
-
- \med
- We have recently carried out extensive statistical,
- bit level, and visual tests for several commonly used
- pseudorandom number generators in physics applications [3].
- Two of these were used in Ref. 1, namely
- R250 [4] and CONG [5].
- Using the Wolff algorithm FLW discovered problems
- with R250, but not with CONG. Thus, our test results bear
- direct relevance to the existence of possible problems, and
- differences between these two algorithms.
-
- \med
- To directly probe the correlations between each bit of consecutive pseudorandom
- numbers, we have performed two quantitative tests. The first one
- is an extended version of the $m$-tuple test [6].
- The second test was based on the range of binary
- random matrices [7].
- In Table 1 we present a summary of the results
- for each of the 31 significant bits from random
- numbers generated by R250 and CONG.
- Our results indicate no bit level correlations in CONG.
- The same is true for R250, {\it provided} it is properly initialized.
- This is demonstrated in Table 2, where R250 was initialized by a
- lagged Fibonacci generator RAN3 [8], which contains several
- correlated bits, including five of the most significant ones.
- As seen in the results, correlations from RAN3 transform into R250.
-
- \med
- Our results thus indicate that the problems observed
- in Ref. 1 have no simple explanation in terms of bit level correlations.
- We note that both R250 and CONG were also subjected to an array of
- statistical tests [3,5], in which neither of them
- showed any particular weaknesses. However, our $2-d$ visual tests
- did reveal a periodic spatial fine structure in CONG,
- a result not unexpected with this type of algorithm [3].
- Yet, no problems with CONG were reported by FLW.
- Since their results presently have no clear explanation,
- we wholeheartedly agree with them
- on the importance of careful physical tests [3]
- before a particular "good quality" generator is chosen for simulations.
-
- \big
- \big
- \c{I. Vattulainen$^1$, K. Kankaala$^{1,2}$, J. Saarinen$^1$, and
- T. Ala-Nissila$^3$ \hfil}
-
- \baselineskip=12pt
-
- \big
- \c{$^1$Department of Electrical Engineering \hfil}
- \c{Tampere University of Technology \hfil}
- \c{P.O. Box 692 \hfil}
- \c{SF-33101 Tampere \hfil}
- \c{Finland \hfil}
-
- \med
- \c{$^2$CSC Scientific Computing \hfil}
- \c{P.O. Box 405 \hfil}
- \c{SF-02101 Espoo \hfil}
- \c{Finland \hfil}
-
- \med
- \c{$^3$Research Institute for Theoretical Physics \hfil}
- \c{P.O. Box 9 (Siltavuorenpenger 20 C) \hfil}
- \c{SF-00014 University of Helsinki \hfil}
- \c{Finland \hfil}
-
- \big
- PACS numbers: 75.40Mg, 02.70.Lq, 64.60.Fr
-
- \vfill \eject
-
- \baselineskip=16pt
- \centerline{\bf References:}
-
- \big
- \i{[1]} A. M. Ferrenberg, D. P. Landau, and Y. J. Wong, Phys. Rev. Lett.
- {\bf 69}, 3382 (1992).
-
- \i{[2]} U. Wolff, Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 62}, 361 (1989).
-
- \i{[3]} I. Vattulainen, K. Kankaala, J. Saarinen, and T. Ala-Nissila,
- CSC Research Report R05/92 (Centre for Scientific Computing,
- Espoo, Finland, 1992); to be published.
-
- \i{[4]} S. Kirkpatrick and E. Stoll, J. Comput. Phys. {\bf 40}, 517 (1981).
-
- \i{[5]} D. E. Knuth, {\it The Art of Computer Programming, vol. 2:
- Seminumerical
- Algorithms}, 2nd. ed. (Addison - Wesley, Reading, 1981).
-
- \i{[6]} S. N. Altman, J. Sci. Stat. Comput. {\bf 9}, 941 (1988).
-
- \i{[7]} G. A. Marsaglia, in {\it Computational Science and Statistics:
- The Interface}, ed. L. Billiard (Elsevier, New York, 1985).
-
- \i{[8]} W. H. Press, B. P. Flannery, S. A. Tenkolsky, and W. T. Vetterling,
- {\it Numerical Recipes: The Art of Scientific Computing
- (FORTRAN Version) } (Cambridge University Press, 1989).
-
-
- \vfill \eject
- \hoffset=-1truecm \hsize=12truecm \centerline{\bf Table Captions:}
- \big
- \big
- \rm
- \vbox{\tabskip=0pt \offinterlineskip
- \halign{
- \strut \vrule \quad #\quad & \vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil &
- \vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil \vrule \cr
- \noalign{\hrule}
- Random & Failing bits & Failing bits \cr
- number & in the & in the \cr
- generator & {\it m}-tuple test & random matrix test \cr
- \noalign{\hrule}
- R250 & none & none \cr
- CONG & none & none \cr
- \noalign{\hrule}
- }
- }
- \hoffset=3truecm
- \hsize=12truecm
- \big
- \i{Table 1.} The \hfil results \hfil of \hfil an \hfil extended \hfil
- {\it m}-tuple \hfil test \hfil with \hfil parameters \break
- $m~=~t~=~3$, and a test using $2 \times 2$ random matrices. In these tests
- R250 was initialized by CONG.
- \big
- \big
- \big
- \big
- \vbox{\tabskip=0pt \offinterlineskip
- \halign{
- \strut \vrule \quad #\quad & \vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil &
- \vrule \hfil \quad #\quad \hfil \vrule \cr
- \noalign{\hrule}
- Random & Failing bits & Failing bits \cr
- number & in the & in the \cr
- generator & {\it m}-tuple test & random matrix test \cr
- \noalign{\hrule}
- R250 & 1 - 2, 27 - 31 & 1, 27 - 31 \cr
- RAN3 & 1 - 5, 25 - 30 & 1 - 5, 26 - 30 \cr
- \noalign{\hrule}
- }
- }
- \big
- \i{Table 2.} The results of bit level tests for R250 initialized by RAN3.
-
- \bye
-
-
-
-
- --
- B. Narasimhan naras@cda.mrs.umn.edu
- Division of Science and Math.
- The University of Minnesota at Morris
- Morris, MN 56267
-