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- From: Johan.Winberg@vok.lth.se (Johan Winberg)
- Subject: Water heaters: risk of bacterial growth
- Message-ID: <1993Jan28.151412.11374@pollux.lu.se>
- Followup-To: sci.engr
- Keywords: water heaters, Legionella, storage tanks, district heating
- Sender: news@pollux.lu.se (Owner of news files)
- Nntp-Posting-Host: jwi.vok.lth.se
- Organization: Lund Institute of Technology, Dept of Heat and Power Eng.
- Date: Thu, 28 Jan 1993 15:14:12 GMT
- Lines: 58
-
- Is there an increased risk of bacterial growth in storage tank type hot
- water heaters?
-
- In Sweden (and also Germany and Denmark) people are concerned about the risk
- of bacterial growth in hot water heaters. There has been some cases of the
- Legionnaires' disease caused by the Legionella bacterium. It seems as the
- recommendations of using a rather low hot water temperature (45-50░C) would
- promote bacterial growth. Today I read in the newspaper that the Swedish
- authorities seem to recommend 60░C instead, because of a recent investigation
- where the Legionella bacterium was found in several water heaters.
-
- Will the use of storage type heaters also increase the risk of bacterial
- growth? As I work with district heating subscriber stations, there is of
- course also the opportunity to use instant water heaters (once-through).
- As the water doesn't rest as long in these types of water heaters they are
- perhaps better. Storage tanks keep the water for a longer time and perhaps
- also the temperatures are lower in some places in the tank. This could then
- be critical for the bacterial growth.
-
- Below is an extract telling a little more about bacterial growth. What do
- you think about this? Which type of water heater is the best one?
-
- Bacterial growth
- ================
- During the last few years, increased concern about microbiological growth in
- domestic water systems has developed. LegionnairesÆ disease was discovered in
- 1976, and since then a considerable literature on the subject has been
- published. It is a typical interdisciplinary field, and much of the literature
- does not cover the practical aspects of the subject. An article by Abrahamson
- [18] can serve as an example of the divergence of knowledge, in this case among
- tap manufacturers. However, some attention to this has recently been given by
- Backer and Frederiksen [19]. LegionnairesÆ disease is caused by the Legionella
- bacterium, when inhaled. This can occur when bathing because the bacterium
- grows best at around 36░C and can, when attached to aerosols, enter the lungs.
- LegionnairesÆ disease is a type of pneumonia with a fatality rate of about
- 30% without treatment. There is also a milder form called Pontiac fever,
- which is a type of influenza. It is known that LegionnairesÆ disease is
- caused by live bacteria, and it is possible that Pontiac fever is caused by
- dead bacteria.
-
- Recent Danish investigations have found the Thermus bacterium in calorifiers,
- causing a deteriorated heat transfer due to biofilms. It is also suspected that
- endotoxins from Thermus can cause allergic reactions. It is possible to kill
- the mesophilic bacterium of Legionella, by raising the temperature. However,
- this is in contrary to todayÆs energy-saving principles. The calorifier can
- also reach the temperatures where scaling from hard water becomes a serious
- problem, and also there will be an increased risk of Thermus bacterium growth.
- Backer and Frederiksen [19] advise on how to design and operate
- district heating subscriber stations. They recommend avoiding stagnation and
- temperatures below 40░C, sedimentation, corrosion and deposition and recommend
- using an efficient control method. This advice applies to subscriber stations
- both with and without hot water storage.
-
- _________________________________________________________________
- Johan Winberg Dept. of Heat & Power Engineering
- johan.winberg@vok.lth.se Lund Institute of Technology
- vox: +46-(0)46 104302 P.O. Box 118
- fax: +46-(0)46 104717 S-221 00 LUND, Sweden
-